UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
or
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission file number: 001-12421
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NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
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(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Delaware
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87-0565309
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(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
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75 WEST CENTER STREET
PROVO, UTAH 84601
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(IRS Employer Identification No.)
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(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (801) 345-1000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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Title of each class
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Name of exchange on which registered
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Class A Common Stock, $.001 par value
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New York Stock Exchange
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the
preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§
232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be
contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging
growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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Large accelerated filer
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Accelerated filer
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Non-accelerated filer
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Smaller Reporting Company
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Emerging growth company
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised
financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
Based on the closing sales price of the Class A common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 29, 2018, the last business day of the Registrant’s second fiscal
quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $4.29 billion. All executive officers and directors of the Registrant, and all stockholders holding more than 10% of the Registrant’s
outstanding voting stock (other than institutional investors, such as registered investment companies, eligible to file beneficial ownership reports on Schedule 13G), have been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be
“affiliates” of the Registrant.
As of January 31, 2019, 55,360,994 shares of the Registrant’s Class A common stock, $.001 par value per share, and no shares of the Registrant’s Class B common stock, $.001
par value per share, were outstanding.
Documents incorporated by reference. Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement
for the Registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report. The Definitive Proxy Statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120
days after the Registrant’s fiscal year end.
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PART I
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-1-
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ITEM 1.
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ITEM 1A.
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ITEM 1B.
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ITEM 2.
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ITEM 3.
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ITEM 4.
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PART II
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ITEM 5.
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ITEM 6.
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ITEM 7.
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ITEM 7A.
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ITEM 8.
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ITEM 9.
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ITEM 9A.
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ITEM 9B.
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PART III
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ITEM 10.
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ITEM 11.
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ITEM 12.
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ITEM 13.
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ITEM 14.
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PART IV
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ITEM 15.
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ITEM 16.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K, IN PARTICULAR “ITEM 1. BUSINESS” AND “ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS,” CONTAINS FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 27A OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND SECTION 21E OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED, THAT REPRESENT OUR CURRENT EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS.
ALL STATEMENTS OTHER THAN STATEMENTS OF HISTORICAL FACT ARE "FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS" FOR PURPOSES OF FEDERAL AND STATE SECURITIES LAWS AND INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO, STATEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT'S EXPECTATIONS REGARDING OUR PERFORMANCE,
INITIATIVES, STRATEGIES, PRODUCTS, INGREDIENTS, PRODUCT INTRODUCTIONS AND OFFERINGS, PRODUCT SOURCING, GROWTH, ACQUISITIONS AND ACQUIRED COMPANIES’ PERFORMANCE, OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS; STATEMENTS OF PROJECTIONS REGARDING FUTURE SALES, EXPENSES,
OPERATING RESULTS, TAXES AND DUTIES, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, SOURCES AND USES OF CASH, FOREIGN-CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS OR DEVALUATIONS, AND OTHER FINANCIAL ITEMS; STATEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT'S EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS REGARDING OUR MARKETS, SALES FORCE,
SALES COMPENSATION PLAN AND CUSTOMER BASE; STATEMENTS REGARDING THE PAYMENT OF FUTURE DIVIDENDS AND STOCK REPURCHASES; STATEMENTS REGARDING THE OUTCOME OF LITIGATION AND OTHER LEGAL MATTERS; ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS; STATEMENTS OF BELIEF;
AND STATEMENTS OF ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING ANY OF THE FOREGOING. IN SOME CASES, YOU CAN IDENTIFY THESE STATEMENTS BY FORWARD-LOOKING WORDS SUCH AS "BELIEVE," "EXPECT," "PROJECT," "ANTICIPATE," "ESTIMATE," "COMMIT," "INTEND," "PLAN," "TARGETS,"
"LIKELY," "WILL," "WOULD," "COULD," "MAY," "MIGHT," THE NEGATIVE OF THESE WORDS AND OTHER SIMILAR WORDS. WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO PUBLICLY UPDATE OR REVISE ANY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENT, WHETHER AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR
OTHERWISE, EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW. WE CAUTION AND ADVISE READERS THAT THESE STATEMENTS ARE BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS THAT MAY NOT BE REALIZED AND INVOLVE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES THAT COULD CAUSE ACTUAL RESULTS TO DIFFER MATERIALLY FROM THE EXPECTATIONS
AND BELIEFS CONTAINED HEREIN. FOR A SUMMARY OF THESE RISKS, SEE “ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS.”
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “dollars” and “$” are to United States dollars.
Nu Skin, Pharmanex and ageLOC are our trademarks. The italicized product names used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are product names and also, in
certain cases, our trademarks.
PART I
Founded more than 30 years ago, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. develops and distributes innovative consumer products, offering a comprehensive line of premium-quality beauty and
wellness solutions in approximately 50 markets worldwide. In 2018, our revenue of $2.7 billion was primarily generated by our two category brands: our beauty and personal care category brand known as Nu Skin and our nutritional products category
brand, Pharmanex. We have also leveraged our scientific expertise in the area of anti-aging to develop our ageLOC brand that features innovative products in both of these categories. We operate in
the direct selling channel, primarily utilizing person-to-person marketing to promote and sell our products. In addition, in 2018, we acquired three companies that, respectively, manufacture products for the personal care and nutrition industries
and specialize in product packaging. These companies generated $90.6 million of our 2018 reported revenue (excluding sales to our core Nu Skin business).
About 88% of our revenue came from outside of the United States in 2018, with approximately 33% of our revenue coming from Mainland China, our largest revenue market. Given
the size of our international operations, our results, as reported in U.S. dollars, are often impacted by foreign-currency fluctuations. In 2018, our revenue benefited 1% from foreign-currency fluctuations compared to 2017. In addition, our results
can be impacted by global economic, political, demographic and business trends and conditions.
Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations globally, particularly with respect to our product categories and our distribution channel. See Item 1A. Risk
Factors for a more detailed description of the risks associated with our business.
We have historically acquired ingredients and contracted production of most of our products from trusted third-party suppliers and manufacturers, except in Mainland China,
where we manufacture the majority of our products. We also source some products from the manufacturers we acquired. For more information, see “Sourcing and Production,” below.
PRODUCTS
We offer a branded, differentiated product platform. We believe our innovative approach to product development and distribution provides us with a competitive advantage in
anti-aging and direct selling. We develop and distribute innovative, premium-quality anti-aging personal care products and nutritional supplements under our Nu Skin and Pharmanex category brands, respectively. Over the last several years, we have
introduced new Nu Skin personal care products and Pharmanex nutritional supplements under our ageLOC brand, which features innovative, premium-quality anti-aging products. We also develop and offer products that are conducive to social sharing,
including cosmetics and other socially demonstrable and shareable products. We believe that our acquired and licensed technologies, research collaborations and in-house research expertise enable us to introduce innovative, proprietary products.
Product Categories
We have two primary product categories, each operating under its own brand. We market our premium-quality personal care products under the Nu Skin category brand and our
science-based nutritional supplements under the Pharmanex category brand. Over the last several years, we have introduced new Nu Skin personal care products and Pharmanex nutritional supplements under our ageLOC anti-aging brand. We also offer
products under other brands, including products in our Nu Skin category brand that are conducive to social sharing.
Presented below are the U.S. dollar amounts and associated revenue percentages from the sale of Nu Skin and Pharmanex products for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017,
and 2016. This table should be read in conjunction with the information presented in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which discusses the factors impacting revenue trends and the costs
associated with generating the aggregate revenue presented.
Revenue by Product Category
(U.S. dollars in millions)(1)
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Year Ended December 31,
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Product Category
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2018
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2017
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2016
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Nu Skin
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$
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1,659.7
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62.0
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%
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$
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1,456.4
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63.9
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%
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$
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1,308.2
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59.3
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%
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Pharmanex
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921.3
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34.4
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%
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817.2
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35.9
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%
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892.7
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40.4
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%
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Other(2)
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98.0
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3.6
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%
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5.5
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0.2
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%
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6.9
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0.3
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%
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$
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2,679.0
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100.0
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%
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$
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2,279.1
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100.0
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%
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$
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2,207.8
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100.0
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%
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In 2018, 88% of our sales were transacted in foreign currencies that were then converted to U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes at weighted-average exchange rates.
Foreign-currency fluctuations positively impacted reported revenue by less than 1% in both 2018 compared to 2017 and 2017 compared to 2016.
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Other includes the external revenue from the manufacturing entities acquired in the first quarter of 2018 along with a limited number of other products and services, including household
products and technology services.
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Nu Skin. Our strategy for the Nu Skin category brand is to leverage our
distribution channel to strengthen Nu Skin’s position as an innovative leader in the anti-aging personal care market. We are committed to continuously improving and evolving our product formulations to develop and incorporate innovative and proven
ingredients. We formulate many of the products in our Nu Skin category with ingredients that are scientifically proven to provide visible results. In 2018, our innovative skin care devices and related consumables were our three top-selling products
by revenue in this category: our ageLOC LumiSpa skin treatment and cleansing device, our ageLOC Spa
systems, and our ageLOC Me customized skin care system. Our ageLOC skin care products accounted for 40% of our Nu Skin product category revenue and 24% of our total
revenue in 2018. Also included in our Nu Skin category brand are our Epoch® products, which feature botanical ingredients derived from renewable sources, and a number of other cosmetic and personal care products, some of which are conducive to social
sharing.
Pharmanex. Our strategy for the Pharmanex category brand is to continue to
introduce innovative, substantiated anti-aging products based on research and development and quality manufacturing. Direct selling has proven to be an effective method of marketing our high-quality supplements because our sales force can personally
educate consumers on the quality and benefits of our products, differentiating them from our competitors’ offerings. In 2018, our three top-selling products by revenue in this category were our LifePak nutritional supplements, ageLOC Youth nutritional supplement, and ageLOC TR90 weight management and body shaping system. Our ageLOC nutritional products accounted for 44% of our Pharmanex product category revenue and 17% of our total revenue in 2018. We also offer a number of other anti-aging
nutritional solutions and weight management products.
Product Development
We are committed to developing and marketing innovative products. We have several products in development, including
next-generation skin care products and nutritional supplements. In our research and product development, we seek to better understand the sources of aging, including the influence of certain ingredients on gene expression, to enhance our ability to
innovate in our development of anti-aging products. We also develop and offer products that are conducive to social sharing,
including cosmetics and other socially demonstrable and shareable products.
Our research and product development activities include:
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Global consumer research to identify needs and insights and refine product concepts;
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Internal research, product development and quality testing;
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Joint research projects, collaborations and clinical studies;
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Identification and assessment of technologies for potential licensing arrangements; and
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Acquisition of technologies.
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We maintain research and product development facilities in the United States and Mainland China. We also contract with third parties for clinical studies and collaborate on
basic research projects with researchers from universities and other research institutions in the United States and Asia, whose staffs include scientists with basic research expertise in, among others, natural product chemistry, biochemistry,
dermatology, pharmacology and clinical studies.
We also work to identify and assess innovative technologies developed by third parties for potential licensing, supply or acquisition arrangements. Because of the nature of
our distribution channel, which allows us to provide a high level of product information on a person-to-person basis, we often have third parties who are interested in licensing innovative technologies to us to incorporate into our products and
commercialize through our distribution channel. Licensing arrangements allow us to leverage the research activities of third parties that have resulted in demonstrated technologies, without all of the upfront costs and uncertainty associated with
internal development. We have also invested in acquisitions to supplement our research capabilities and to acquire technologies, including our acquisition of Pharmanex in 1998; the license and acquisition of the technology underlying our BioPhotonic Scanner, a non-invasive tool that measures the level of carotenoid anti-oxidants in skin, in the early 2000s; and the acquisition of assets related to the genetic
sources of aging from LifeGen Technologies, LLC in 2011. We incur expenses for royalties and amortization for previous technology-related acquisitions.
Intellectual Property
Our major trademarks are registered in the United States and in each market where we operate or have plans to operate, and we consider trademark protection to be very
important to our business. Our major trademarks include Nu Skin®, our fountain logos, Pharmanex®, ageLOC®, LifePak®, Galvanic Spa®, TR90®, Epoch®, ageLOC Me® and LumiSpa®. In addition, a number of our products, including our facial spas, ageLOC Body Spa, LumiSpa, TR90
and Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner, are based on proprietary technologies, some of which are patented or licensed from third parties. We also rely on patents and trade
secret protection to protect our proprietary formulas and other proprietary information for our ageLOC products and other products.
Sourcing and Production
For markets other than Mainland China, in 2018, we sourced most of our Nu Skin personal care products and Pharmanex nutritional supplements from trusted third-party
suppliers and manufacturers. In Mainland China, we operate manufacturing facilities where we produce the majority of our personal care products and nutritional supplements sold in Mainland China. We also produce some products at these facilities that
are exported to other markets.
In 2018, we acquired ingredients and products from two suppliers that represented more than 10% of our Nu Skin personal care purchases and three suppliers that represented
more than 10% of our Pharmanex nutritional supplement purchases. We maintain good relationships with these suppliers and do not anticipate that any party will terminate these relationships in the near term. In the event we become unable to source any
products or ingredients from these suppliers, we believe that we would be able to produce or replace those products or substitute ingredients. We also have ongoing relationships with secondary and tertiary suppliers. We procure our ageLOC Spa systems and other products or ingredients from single vendors that own or control the product formulations, ingredients, or other intellectual property rights
associated with the products or ingredients. We maintain good relationships with these vendors and do not anticipate termination of these relationships in the near term. However, to continue offering these product categories following any termination
of our relationship with these vendors, we would need to develop and manufacture alternative products and source them from other vendors. Please refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for a discussion of risks and uncertainties associated with our supplier
relationships and with the sourcing of raw materials and ingredients.
In the first quarter of 2018, we acquired three companies that primarily do the following, respectively: develop and manufacture personal care products, develop and
manufacture nutritional supplements, and source and procure product packaging. We believe these manufacturers allow us to leverage their expertise to enhance our supply chain capabilities. These businesses continue to operate outside of our core
business and sell products to companies in the personal care and nutritional industries, generating $90.6 million in revenue for us in 2018. We also have begun investing in an indoor growing initiative, which is sometimes referred to as controlled
environment agriculture, in order to enhance our ability to source clean, sustainable ingredients.
DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
We operate in the direct selling channel, primarily utilizing person-to-person marketing to promote and sell our products. We support these personal marketing efforts with
marketing content, websites, events and technology solutions. We believe our distribution channel is an effective vehicle to distribute our products because:
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our sales force can personally educate consumers about our products, which we believe is more effective for differentiating our products than using traditional mass-media advertising;
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our distribution channel allows for product demonstrations and trial by potential consumers;
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our distribution channel allows our sales force to provide personal testimonials of product efficacy; and
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as compared to other distribution methods, our sales force has the opportunity to provide consumers higher levels of service and encourage repeat purchases.
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While our person-to-person marketing philosophy remains consistent globally, various aspects of our business may differ from market to market, including product mix and
pricing, compensation structure, access to distribution outlets or product stores, the manner of getting products to consumers, product claims, branding and product formulations. For example, in Mainland China we have implemented a distinct hybrid
business model that utilizes retail stores, sales employees, independent direct sellers and independent marketers to market our products.
In many of our markets, our sales force has had success with social sharing, in which they use online or social media platforms to find new customers and promote and sell
our products. We seek to support these efforts with products that are conducive to social sharing and with technology solutions to facilitate this model. Social sharing presents certain risks and challenges to our business, as discussed further in
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Given that members of our sales force are independent contractors in most markets, we do not control or direct their promotional efforts. We do, however, require that our
sales force abide by policies and procedures that require them to act in an ethical and consumer-protective manner and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. As a member of direct selling associations globally, we promote and abide by
the industry’s codes of ethics and consumer protective standards to support and protect those who sell and purchase our products through the direct selling channel.
Consumer Group and Sales Network
Our distribution channel is composed of two primary groups: our consumer group—individuals who buy our products primarily for personal or family consumption and share
products with friends and family; and our sales network—individuals who personally buy, use and resell products, and who also find new consumers, and recruit, train and develop new sellers. We strive to develop both our consumer group and our sales
network. Our strategy for growing our consumer group is to offer high-quality, innovative products that provide demonstrable benefits. Our strategy for growing our sales network is to provide a meaningful business opportunity for those persons who
demonstrate the desire and ability to develop both a consumer group and a team of sellers, including through sales compensation, incentives and recognition.
To monitor the growth trends in our consumer group, we track the number of persons who purchased products directly from the company during the previous three months
(“Customers”). We believe a significant majority of Customers purchase our products primarily for personal or family consumption but are not actively pursuing the opportunity we offer to generate income by marketing and reselling products. Our
Customer numbers do not include consumers who purchase products directly from members of our sales force.
To monitor the growth in our sales network, we track the number of independent distributors, and sales employees and
independent marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements (“Sales Leaders”). The following chart sets forth information concerning our Customers and Sales
Leaders for the last three years.
Total Number of Customers and Sales Leaders by Region(1)
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As of December 31, 2018
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As of December 31, 2017
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As of December 31, 2016
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Customers
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Sales
Leaders
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Customers
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Sales
Leaders
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Customers
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Sales
Leaders
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Mainland China
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304,000
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33,100
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193,000
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40,600
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175,000
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22,000
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Americas/Pacific
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249,000
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8,300
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244,000
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8,900
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184,000
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7,300
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South Korea
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182,000
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7,600
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173,000
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8,400
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192,000
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9,600
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Southeast Asia
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153,000
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8,900
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122,000
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8,000
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98,000
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7,000
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Japan
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130,000
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5,900
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132,000
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6,600
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137,000
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6,700
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Hong Kong/Taiwan
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77,000
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4,800
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71,000
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4,700
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73,000
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4,600
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EMEA
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149,000
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4,800
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135,000
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4,700
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129,000
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4,400
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Total
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1,244,000
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73,400
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1,070,000
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81,900
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988,000
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61,600
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| (1) |
Our Velocity sales compensation program enhancements have adjusted the requirements for qualifying and maintaining “Sales Leader” status, which could impact the number of independent
distributors under our global compensation program who achieve such requirements. For example, the level of sales volume necessary to achieve initial qualification has been increased in some markets, and the enhanced program also provides
some flexibility to remain a Sales Leader with lower sales volume for a short time. As of the end of 2017, we had launched Velocity only in the Pacific region within our Americas/Pacific segment, and as of the end of 2018, we had launched
it in our South Korea, Americas/Pacific and Japan segments; Taiwan; and most of the markets in our Southeast Asia segment. Mainland China operates under a different business model and is not impacted by these changes.
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Global Direct Selling Channel
Outside of Mainland China, individuals can elect to participate in our business as follows:
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“Distributor-Direct Consumers”—Individuals who purchase products directly from an independent distributor at a price established by the distributor.
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“Company-Direct Consumers”—Individuals who purchase products directly from the company. These consumers are typically referred by a distributor and may purchase at a discount. These
individuals do not have the right to build a Nu Skin business by reselling product or by recruiting others.
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| • |
“Basic Distributors”—Distributors who purchase products for personal or family use or for resale to other consumers. These individuals
are not eligible to receive compensation on a multi-level basis unless they elect to qualify as a Sales Leader under our global sales compensation plan. We consider these
individuals to be part of our consumer group, as we believe a significant majority of these distributors are purchasing products for personal use and not actively recruiting others, and their purchasing levels are similar to our
“Company-Direct Consumers.”
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“Sales Leaders and Qualifiers”—Distributors who have qualified or are trying to qualify as a Sales Leader. These distributors have elected to pursue the business opportunity as a Sales
Leader and are actively recruiting consumers and distributors and building a sales network under our global sales compensation plan and constitute our sales network.
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To become a distributor, an individual signs a distributor agreement and receives a business portfolio, which is free in most markets and in some cases is delivered in
electronic form. In some markets, we charge a small fee for the business portfolio, which is limited to our costs. The business portfolio generally consists of documentation concerning the business, including copies of the sales compensation plan,
distributor policies and procedures, product catalog and other documentation, but does not include products. There are no requirements to purchase products or other materials to become a distributor, and no commissions are paid on any purchase of a
business portfolio.
We offer a generous product return policy, which also includes returns of business support materials. In most markets, we
offer a return policy that allows our distributors to return unopened and unused items for up to 30 days for a full refund, or 12 months subject to a 10% restocking fee. Distributors are not required to terminate their distributorship to return
product. Actual returns have historically been less than 5% of annual revenue. We believe our generous return policy minimizes the financial risks associated with being a
distributor.
In addition to our product return policy, we strive to be as customer protective as possible. We seek to ensure that those who use our products or participate in our
business opportunity are treated fairly and are not misled by inappropriate product or earnings claims.
There are two fundamental ways in which our distributors can earn money:
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by reselling products purchased from the company to consumers; and
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| • |
through sales compensation earned on the sale of products under our global
sales compensation plan.
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We believe that our global sales compensation plan, which has been implemented in each of our markets except Mainland
China, is among the most generous in the direct selling industry and is one of our competitive advantages. Our Sales Leaders can receive sales compensation under our global sales
compensation plan for product sales from the company to their own network of consumers as well as for product sales from the company to other Sales Leaders and their consumer groups. This type of sales compensation is often referred to as
“multi-level” compensation. Our sales force is not required to recruit or sponsor others, and we do not pay any sales compensation for recruiting or sponsoring. While all of our
distributors can sponsor others at any time, our Sales Leaders and those in qualification to become Sales Leaders are those who generally are actively sponsoring others. Pursuant to our global sales compensation plan, we pay consolidated sales
compensation in a Sales Leader's home country, in local currency, for product sales in the Sales Leader’s own consumer group and for product sales in the Sales Leader’s team of Sales Leaders across
all geographic markets.
Mainland China Business Model
Because of restrictions on direct selling and multi-level commissions in Mainland China, we have implemented a business model for that market that is different from the
business model we use in our other markets. We have structured our business model in Mainland China based on several factors: the guidance we have received from government officials, our interpretation of applicable regulations, our understanding of
the practices of other international direct selling companies operating in Mainland China, and our understanding as to how regulators are interpreting and enforcing the regulations.
In Mainland China, we utilize sales employees to sell products through our retail stores and website; independent direct sellers, who can sell away from our stores where we
have obtained direct selling licenses and can also sell through our service centers or our website; and independent marketers, who are licensed business owners authorized to sell our products
at their own approved premises or through our stores and website. We rely heavily on our ability to attract new consumers and promote repeat purchases through our sales employees, independent direct sellers and independent marketers, and to educate
our sales force about our products, culture and policies through frequent training meetings.
Our sales employees, independent direct sellers and independent marketers in Mainland China do not participate in our global sales compensation plan, but are instead
compensated according to a separate compensation model established for Mainland China. Sales employees, independent direct sellers and independent marketers earn bonuses or commissions based on their product sales. In addition, sales employees
receive a salary, and independent marketers receive a service fee, both of which are reviewed and adjusted quarterly.
Operating in Mainland China entails certain risks and uncertainties to our business, as discussed further in Item 1.
Business—“Regulation” and Item 1A. Risk Factors. We endeavor to mitigate these risks and uncertainties through various measures, including by seeking to understand and obey laws and regulations, training our employees and sales force,
engaging in dialogue with government officials to better understand their goals and explain our plans, and cooperating in inquiries and other matters of interest to regulators. However, these efforts do not eliminate the significant risks associated
with operating in Mainland China.
Our global sales compensation plan and our Mainland China business model, including our related know-how, processes and systems, play a significant role in helping us to
attract and incentivize our sales force. We have strategically developed and refined our global sales compensation plan and our Mainland China business model to distinguish the business opportunity that we offer from those of other companies and to
seek to provide us with a competitive advantage.
Sales Incentives, Meetings, Recognition and Training
An important part of our distribution channel is motivating our Sales Leaders and recognizing their achievements. We hold regular meetings and events globally in order to
recognize Sales Leaders who have achieved various levels of success in our business. These meetings also allow the company and key Sales Leaders to provide training to other Sales Leaders. We utilize a variety of sales incentives such as incentive
trips to motivate Sales Leaders. In addition to rewarding performance, incentive trips provide Sales Leaders and the company opportunities to share best practices, generate alignment of Sales Leaders around key initiatives, and provide a high level
of motivation and team building.
Product Launch Process
We use a variety of methods to launch our products, enabling us to tailor the launch process to the specific market and the specific product. Prior to making a key product
generally available for purchase, we may do one or more introductory offerings of the product, such as a preview of the product to our Sales Leaders, a limited-time offer, or other product introduction or promotion. In some of these offerings, we may
sell the product for a limited time, often in limited quantities, and then remove it from the market for a period of time before making it generally available for purchase. We refer to this entire process, beginning with the introductory offering
through general availability of the product, as a product launch or our launch process.
Sales Leader previews, limited-time offers and other product introductions and promotions may generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which can result
in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter and can skew year-over-year and sequential comparisons. We believe our product launch process attracts new Customers and Sales Leaders to our business, increases consumer trial and
provides us with important marketing and forecasting information about our products. Please refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for more information on risks related to our product launch process.
GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
We currently sell and distribute our products in approximately 50 markets. We have divided our markets into seven
segments: Mainland China; South Korea; Southeast Asia, which includes Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam; Americas/Pacific, which includes Australia, Canada, Latin America, New Caledonia, New Zealand and
the United States; Japan; Hong Kong/Taiwan, which also includes Macau; and Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), which includes several markets in Europe as well as Israel, Russia and South Africa.
We also generate revenue in our Other category, which primarily consists of the manufacturing and product-packaging companies that we acquired during the first quarter of 2018. The following table sets forth the revenue for each of the segments and
the Other category for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in millions)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
886.5
|
33
|
%
|
$
|
717.0
|
32
|
%
|
$
|
610.4
|
28
|
%
|
||||||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
385.0
|
14
|
342.4
|
15
|
298.8
|
13
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
373.4
|
14
|
361.7
|
16
|
413.7
|
19
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
316.9
|
12
|
268.6
|
12
|
271.9
|
12
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
254.9
|
10
|
256.1
|
11
|
279.0
|
13
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
185.9
|
7
|
166.7
|
7
|
184.0
|
8
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
182.4
|
7
|
160.3
|
7
|
147.3
|
7
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Other
|
94.0
|
3
|
6.3
|
—
|
2.7
|
—
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679.0
|
100
|
%
|
$
|
2,279.1
|
100
|
%
|
$
|
2,207.8
|
100
|
%
|
||||||||||||
Additional comparative revenue and related financial information is presented in Note 18 to the consolidated
financial statements contained in this report.
REGULATION
Our business is subject to various laws and regulations globally, particularly with respect to our direct selling business models and our product categories. In addition,
as a United States entity operating through subsidiaries in foreign jurisdictions, we are subject to foreign exchange control, transfer pricing and customs laws that regulate the flow of funds between us and our subsidiaries and for product
purchases, management services and contractual obligations, such as the payment of sales commissions.
As is the case with most companies in our industry, we receive inquiries from time to time from government regulatory authorities regarding the nature of our business and
other issues, such as compliance with local direct selling, transfer pricing, customs, taxation, foreign exchange control, securities and other laws. Negative publicity related to government inquiries into our operations in the United States in the
early 1990s, in South Korea in the late 1990s and in Mainland China in 2014 has negatively impacted our business.
Direct Selling Regulations
Direct selling is regulated by various national, state and local government agencies in the United States and foreign
markets. These laws and regulations are generally intended to prevent fraudulent or deceptive schemes, including “pyramid” schemes, which compensate participants primarily for recruiting
additional participants without significant emphasis on product sales to consumers. The laws and regulations in our current markets generally:
| • |
impose requirements related to order cancellations, product returns, inventory buy-backs and cooling-off periods for our sales force and consumers;
|
| • |
require us, or our sales force, to register with government agencies;
|
| • |
impose limits on the amount of sales compensation we can pay;
|
| • |
impose reporting requirements; and
|
| • |
require that our sales force is compensated for sales of products and not for recruiting others.
|
The laws and regulations governing direct selling may be modified or reinterpreted from time to time, which may cause us to modify our sales compensation and business models. In almost all of our markets, regulations are subject to discretionary interpretation by regulators and judicial authorities. There
is often ambiguity and uncertainty with respect to the state of direct selling and anti-pyramiding laws and regulations. In the United States, for example, federal law provides law enforcement agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”),
broad latitude in policing unfair or deceptive trade practices, but does not provide a bright-line test for identifying a pyramid scheme. Several states have passed legislation that more clearly distinguishes between illegal pyramid schemes and
legitimate multi-level marketing business models. Recent settlements between the FTC and other direct selling companies and guidance from the FTC have addressed inappropriate earnings and lifestyle claims and the importance of focusing on consumers.
These developments have created a level of ambiguity as to the proper interpretation of the law and related court decisions. For example, in 2015, the FTC took aggressive actions against a multi-level marketing company, alleging an illegal business
model and inappropriate earnings claims. We have taken additional steps to educate our distributors on proper earnings claims. If our distributors make improper claims, or if regulators determine we are making any improper claims, this could lead to
an FTC investigation and could harm our business.
In 2016, the FTC entered into a settlement with another multi-level marketing company, requiring the company to modify its business model, including basing sales
compensation and qualification only on sales to retail and preferred customers and on purchases by a distributor for personal consumption within allowable limits. Although this settlement does not represent judicial precedent or a new FTC rule, the
FTC has indicated that the industry should look at this settlement, and the principles underlying its specific measures, for guidance. If the requirements in this settlement lead to new industry standards or new rules, our business could be impacted
and we may need to amend our global sales compensation plan. With a majority of our revenue in the United States coming from sales to retail customers, preferred customers, and distributors
who have never sponsored other distributors, we believe that we can demonstrate consumer demand for our products, but we continue to monitor developments to assess whether we should make any changes to our business or global sales compensation plan.
If we are required to make changes or if the FTC seeks to enforce similar measures in the industry, either through rulemaking or an enforcement action against our company, our business could be harmed.
The regulatory environment in Mainland China is particularly complex and continues to evolve. Mainland China’s direct selling and anti-pyramiding regulations contain
various restrictions, including a prohibition on the payment of multi-level compensation. The regulations are subject to discretionary interpretation by state, provincial and local regulators as well as local customs and practices.
Regulators continue to act cautiously as they monitor the development of direct selling in Mainland China. As of January 31, 2019, we have obtained direct selling licenses
in 37 cities in 25 provinces and municipalities in Mainland China. To expand our direct selling model into additional provinces, we currently must obtain a series of approvals from the local
Department of Commerce in such provinces, the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Commerce (our supervisory authority), as well as the Ministry of Commerce, PRC (“MOFCOM”), which is the national governmental authority overseeing direct selling. In the
course of obtaining these approvals, the respective authorities under MOFCOM must also consult and seek opinions on our business operations from the Ministry of Public Security and the Administration for Market Regulation at both provincial and state
levels.
Our operations in Mainland China are subject to significant government and media scrutiny and investigations. At times, investigations and other regulatory actions have
limited our ability to conduct business in Mainland China. For example, due to recent events involving healthcare-related product claims for products of other companies in our industry, there has
been increased regulatory scrutiny of the healthcare market, including direct selling. During the first quarter of 2019, we received guidance to limit certain business meetings in most provinces on a temporary basis. This could negatively impact
our results for the first quarter and future quarters. In addition, following a number of negative media stories published in January 2014, we received inquiries from various government regulators in Mainland China asking us to respond to a
number of allegations relating to our business practices, products and business model. In response to this media scrutiny and government review, we voluntarily took a number of actions in Mainland China, including temporarily suspending our business
meetings, temporarily suspending acceptance of applications for any new sales representatives, and extending our product refund and return policies. The adverse publicity and suspension of business meetings and acceptance of applications had a
significant negative impact on our revenue and the number of Sales Leaders and Customers in the region. We face a risk that future investigations and other regulatory actions may result in fines, revocation of licenses or other significant sanctions.
Several markets, including Mainland China, South Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam, impose limits on the amount of commissions we can pay to our sales force. For example, under
regulations in Mainland China, direct selling companies may pay independent direct sellers in Mainland China up to a maximum 30% of the revenue they generate through their own sales of products to consumers. Additionally, in South Korea, local
regulations limit sales compensation to 35% of our total revenue in South Korea. We have implemented various measures to comply with these limits, including adjusting the commissionable value of some of our products in this market.
In some markets, regulations applicable to the activities of our Sales Leaders may affect our business because we are, or regulators may assert that we are, responsible for
our Sales Leaders’ conduct. In these markets, regulators may request or require that we take steps to ensure that our Sales Leaders comply with local regulations. For example, in Japan, we have taken steps to comply with strict requirements regarding
how distributors approach prospective customers. From time to time, we receive warnings from consumer centers in certain prefectures about the number of general inquiries and complaints about us and our distributors. As a result, we continually
evaluate and enhance our distributor compliance, education and training efforts in Japan.
Our sales force is required to comply with work authorization and other local legal requirements prior to working in a market. Some markets, including Mainland China and
Vietnam, also prohibit or restrict participation of overseas personnel or foreigners in direct selling activities. We have implemented policies that are designed to comply with these regulations and inform our sales force regarding the types of
activities that are not permitted. However, we cannot assure that actions of our sales force will not violate local laws or regulations or our policies.
Please refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for more information on regulatory and other risks associated with our business.
Product Regulations
Our Nu Skin and Pharmanex products and related promotional and marketing activities are subject to extensive government regulation by numerous federal, state and local
government agencies and authorities, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the FTC, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Department of Agriculture, United States and State Attorneys General and other state
regulatory agencies in the United States, as well as the State Administration for Market Regulation in Mainland China, the Food and Drug Administration in Taiwan, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea, the Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare in Japan and similar government agencies in all other markets in which we operate. In the United States, the FDA, in particular, regulates the formulation, manufacture and labeling of over-the-counter (“OTC”) drugs, cosmetics, dietary
supplements, foods and medical devices such as those distributed by us.
Regulation of Personal Care Products in the United States. Our personal care products are subject to various laws and regulations that regulate cosmetic and personal care products and set forth regulations that
among other things determine whether a product can be marketed as a “cosmetic” or requires further approval as an OTC drug. In the United States, the regulation of cosmetic content and labeling is under the primary jurisdiction of the FDA. Cosmetics
are not subject to pre-market approval by the FDA, but their ingredients and their label and labeling content are regulated by the FDA, and it is the burden of those who sell cosmetics to ensure that they are safe for use as directed and not
adulterated or misbranded. The labeling of cosmetic products is subject to the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act and other
FDA regulations.
The FDCA defines cosmetics by their intended use, as “articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human
body . . . for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance.” Among the products included in this definition are skin moisturizers, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations,
shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes and deodorants, as well as material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. A product may be considered a drug if it is intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease, or is intended to affect the structure or any function of the body (“structure/function claims”). A product’s intended use can be inferred from marketing or product claims,
and regulators may consider the marketing claims of our sales force. Structure/function claims are generally prohibited for cosmetic products as are disease prevention and treatment claims. The FDA prohibits certain ingredients from being included in
cosmetic products. It is possible that cosmetic product ingredients now commonly in use that are the product of certain scientific advancements or production processes may be restricted or prohibited in the future as more is learned about such
ingredients.
In recent years, the FDA has issued warning letters to many cosmetic companies alleging improper structure/function claims regarding their cosmetic products, including, for
example, product claims regarding gene activity, cellular rejuvenation, and rebuilding collagen. Cosmetic companies confront difficulty in determining whether a claim would be considered by the FDA to be an improper structure/function claim. Given
this difficulty, and our research and product development focus on the sources of aging and the influence of certain ingredients on gene expression, there is a risk that we could receive a warning letter, be required to modify our product claims or
take other actions to satisfy the FDA if the FDA determines any of our marketing materials contain improper structure/function claims for our cosmetic products. In addition, plaintiffs' lawyers have filed class action lawsuits against some of our
competitors after our competitors received these FDA warning letters. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to government actions or lawsuits, which could harm our business.
Certain products, such as sunscreens and acne treatments, are classified as OTC drugs (and cosmetics, depending on claims) and have specific ingredient, labeling and
manufacturing requirements. OTC drug products may be marketed if they conform to the requirements of an FDA-established OTC drug monograph that is applicable to that drug. Drug products not conforming to monograph requirements require an approved New
Drug Application ("NDA") before marketing may begin. Under these provisions, if the agency were to find that a product or ingredient of one of our OTC drug products is not generally recognized as safe and effective or is not included in a final
monograph that is applicable to one of our OTC drug products, we may be required to reformulate or cease marketing that product until it is the subject of an approved NDA or until the time, if ever, that the monograph is amended to include such
product. The labeling of these products is subject to the requirements of the FDCA and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act and other FDA regulations.
Regulation of Personal Care Products in Other Markets. The other markets in which we operate have similar regulations. In Mainland China, personal care products, other than devices, are placed into one of two
categories, “special-purpose cosmetics” and “non-special-purpose cosmetics.” Products in both categories require submission of formulas and other information with the health authorities, and certain products require human clinical studies. The
product registration process for some categories of personal care products in Mainland China can be unpredictable and generally takes from 9 to 18 months to complete. However, in some cases, product registration in Mainland China has taken several
years. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare regulates the sale and distribution of cosmetics and requires us to have an import business license and to register each personal care product imported into Japan. In Taiwan, all “medicated”
cosmetic products require registration. The sale of cosmetic products is regulated in the European Union (the “EU”) under the EU Cosmetics Directive, which requires a uniform application for foreign companies making personal care product sales.
Similar regulations in any of our markets may limit our ability to import products or utilize key ingredients or technologies globally and may delay product launches while the registration and approval process is pending. Changing regulations may
require us to stop selling, discontinue or reformulate and re-register products in order to sell those products.
Regulation of Nutritional Products in the United States. Our Pharmanex dietary supplement products are also subject to applicable regulations of government agencies in the markets in which we operate. In the
United States, we generally market our nutritional products as conventional foods or dietary supplements. The FDA has jurisdiction over this regulatory area. The FDA imposes specific requirements for the labels and labeling of food and dietary
supplements, including the requirements of the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004, which mandates declaration of the presence of major food allergens. In addition, the
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 contains requirements with regard to the sale and importation of food products in the United States.
The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (“FSMA”), which was signed into law in 2011, also increased the FDA’s authority with respect to food safety and is considered one of
the most significant changes to the FDCA with respect to strengthening the U.S. food safety system in recent years. It enables the FDA to focus more on preventing food safety problems rather
than primarily reacting to problems after they occur. The law also provides the FDA with new enforcement authorities designed to achieve higher rates of compliance with prevention- and risk-based food safety standards and to better respond to and
contain problems when they do occur. The law also gives the FDA important new tools to hold imported foods to the same standards as domestic foods and directs the FDA to build an integrated national food safety system in partnership with state and
local authorities. As the agency finalizes implementation and training of regulations pursuant to FSMA, there is likely to be increased regulatory scrutiny with respect to food and nutritional supplements, and such scrutiny is likely to continue.
The FDA regulates dietary supplements principally under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (“DSHEA”). DSHEA formally defines what may be sold as a
dietary supplement, defines statements of nutritional support and the conditions under which they may lawfully be used, and includes provisions that permit the FDA to regulate manufacturing practices and labeling claims applicable to dietary
supplements. Because the majority of our Pharmanex products are regulated under DSHEA, we are generally not required to obtain regulatory approval prior to introducing a dietary supplement into the United States market. Prior to marketing a product,
we are obligated to notify the FDA of any structure/function claims that we intend to make about the product in any product-related materials.
Generally, under DSHEA, dietary ingredients that were on the market before October 15, 1994 may be used in dietary supplements without notifying the FDA. However, a “new”
dietary ingredient (i.e., a dietary ingredient that was not marketed in the U.S. before October 15, 1994) must be the subject of a new dietary ingredient notification submitted to the FDA unless the ingredient has been “present in the food supply as
an article used for food” without having been “chemically altered.” The enforcement of the term “chemically altered” has been and continues to evolve within the FDA. As such, an ingredient that is deemed today not to be “chemically altered” may be
viewed otherwise in the future, which could lead to our being required to reformulate or cease marketing the product until such time that we can find a suitable replacement. A new dietary ingredient notification must provide the FDA with evidence of
a “history of use or other evidence of safety” which establishes that use of the dietary ingredient “will reasonably be expected to be safe.” A new dietary ingredient notification must be submitted to the FDA at least 75 days before the new dietary
ingredient can be marketed. Under DSHEA, the FDA may seek to remove from the market any new dietary ingredient that the FDA determines to be unsafe. In addition, the FDA may also deem a dietary supplement an unapproved drug where the marketing claims
made in connection with the sale or promotion of the product effectively place it in the drug category.
Regulation of Nutritional Products Globally. In our foreign markets,
nutritional supplements are generally regulated by similar government agencies, such as the Mainland China State Administration for Market Regulation, the South Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
and the Taiwan Department of Health. We typically market our Pharmanex products in international markets as foods, health foods, dietary supplements, food supplements or other similar
categorizations under applicable regulatory regimes. With few exceptions, in the event a product or ingredient is classified as a drug or pharmaceutical product in any market, we will generally not be able to distribute that product in that market
through our distribution channel because of pre-market approvals and strict regulations applicable to drug and pharmaceutical products. Mainland China also has highly restrictive nutritional supplement product regulations. Products marketed as
“health foods” are subject to extensive laboratory and clinical analysis by government authorities, and the product registration process in Mainland China takes a minimum of two years and may be substantially longer. In some cases it has taken us
four years or longer to obtain product registrations. We market both “health foods” and “general foods” in Mainland China. There is some risk associated with the common practice in Mainland China of marketing a product as a “general food” while
seeking “health food” classification. If government officials feel the categorization of our products is inconsistent with product claims, form of delivery, ingredients or function, this could end or limit our ability to market such products in
Mainland China in their current form. In addition, we are not permitted to market or sell “general foods” through our direct sales channel in Mainland China and any efforts by our independent direct sellers to do so could result in negative
publicity, fines and other government sanctions being imposed against us.
The markets in which we operate all have varied regulations that distinguish foods and nutritional supplements from “pharmaceutical products.” Because of the varied
regulations, some products or ingredients that are recognized as a “food” in certain markets may be treated as a “pharmaceutical” in other markets. In Japan, for example, if a specified ingredient is not listed as a “food” by the Ministry of Health
and Welfare, we must either modify the product to eliminate or substitute that ingredient, or petition the government to treat such ingredient as a food. We experience similar issues in our other markets. This is particularly a challenge in Europe,
where regulations often still differ from member state to member state, despite EU regulations designed to harmonize the laws of EU member states. As a result, we must often modify the ingredients and/or the levels of ingredients in our products for
certain markets, or create unique formulations for multiple markets. In some circumstances, the regulations in foreign markets may require us to obtain regulatory approval prior to introduction of a new product or limit our use of certain ingredients
altogether.
Because of negative publicity associated with some adulterated or misbranded supplements, including pharmaceutical drugs marketed as dietary supplements, there has been an
increased movement in the United States and other markets to expand the regulation of dietary supplements, which could lead to additional restrictions or requirements in the future. In general, the regulatory environment is becoming more complex with
increasingly stricter regulations each year.
Manufacturing Process. In 2008, and as updated more recently under the
regulations implementing the Food Safety Modernization Act, the FDA established regulations to require current “good manufacturing practices” for dietary supplements and food products in the United States. The regulations ensure that dietary
supplements and food products are produced in a quality manner, do not contain contaminants or impurities above pre-established levels, and are accurately labeled. The regulations include requirements for establishing quality control procedures for
us and our vendors and suppliers, designing and constructing manufacturing plants, and testing ingredients and finished products throughout our supply chain. The regulations also include requirements for record keeping and handling consumer product
complaints. If dietary supplements or food products contain contaminants or allergens or do not contain the type or quantity of dietary ingredient they are represented to contain, the FDA would consider those products to be adulterated or misbranded.
Our business is subject to additional FDA regulations, such as new dietary ingredient regulations and adverse event reporting regulations that require us to document and track adverse events and report serious adverse events that involve
hospitalization, permanent impairment or death associated with consumers’ use of certain of our products. Compliance with these regulations has increased, and may further increase, the cost of manufacturing and selling certain of our products as we
incur internal costs, oversee and inspect more aspects of third-party manufacturing and work with our vendors to assure they are in compliance and maintain accurate recordkeeping to establish
controls. Failure to comply with good manufacturing practices could also result in product recalls.
Advertising and Product Claims. Most of our major markets also regulate
advertising and product claims regarding the efficacy and quality of products and require adequate and reliable scientific substantiation of all claims. In most of our foreign markets, we are typically not able to make any “medicinal” claims with
respect to our Pharmanex products. In some cases, such regulations may limit our ability to inform consumers of some of the benefits our products offer.
In the United States, the FDA generally prohibits disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment claims when made for a
dietary supplement. DSHEA, however, permits substantiated, truthful and non-misleading “statements of nutritional support” to be included in labeling for dietary supplements without FDA pre-approval. Such statements may describe how a
particular dietary ingredient affects the structure, function or general well-being of the body, or the mechanism of action by which a dietary ingredient may affect the structure, function or well-being of the body, but such statements may not state
that a dietary supplement will reduce the risk or incidence of a disease unless such claim has been reviewed and approved by the FDA. In addition, the FDA permits companies to use FDA-approved full and qualified health claims for products containing
specific ingredients that meet stated requirements.
A company that uses a statement of nutritional support in labeling must possess evidence substantiating that the statement is truthful and not misleading. In 2004, the FDA
issued guidance, paralleling an earlier guidance from the FTC, defining a manufacturer’s obligations to substantiate structure/function claims. Such statements, when used in labeling, must also be submitted to the FDA no later than thirty days after
first marketing the product with the statement that they possess the necessary evidence and must be accompanied by an FDA mandated label disclaimer that “This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose,
treat, cure or prevent any disease.” There can be no assurance, however, that the FDA or FTC will not determine that a particular statement of nutritional support that we want to use is an unacceptable disease claim or an unauthorized
nutrient-disease relationship claim otherwise permitted with FDA approval as a “health claim” or that such claims have competent and reliable scientific evidence. Such a determination might prevent the use of such a claim or result in additional FDA
enforcement.
We are aware of media reports regarding dietary supplements, which call for the repeal or amendment of DSHEA. Individuals or groups that are opposed to supplements or
question their safety or efficacy may attempt to use these media reports to propose legislation intended to amend or repeal DSHEA. Some of the legislative proposals may include variations on premarket approval, enhanced premarket safety or
substantiation required and changing the definition of a “dietary ingredient” to remove either botanicals or selected classes of ingredients now treated as dietary ingredients.
Most of the other markets in which we operate have not adopted legislation like DSHEA, and we may be subject to
more restrictive limitations on the claims we can make about our products in these markets. For example, in Japan, our nutritional supplements are marketed as food products, which significantly limits our ability to make claims regarding these
products. If marketing materials produced or used by us or our sales force globally make claims that exceed the scope of allowed claims for nutritional supplements, the FDA or other regulatory
authorities could deem our products to be unapproved drugs. In Mainland China, we also face significant restrictions on our ability to make product claims regarding the efficacy of our products. In a series of articles in 2014, prominent media
outlets in Mainland China questioned some of the product claims made by our sales people and the scientific basis of these claims. This resulted in significant negative media attention for us. Such attention could harm consumers’ perception of our
business and our products and could negatively impact the registration, licensing status and sales of our products.
The FTC, which exercises primary jurisdiction over the advertising of all of our products in the United States, has instituted enforcement actions against dietary
supplement, food, and cosmetic companies for, among other things, deceptive advertising and lack of adequate scientific substantiation for claims. We also face limitations on our use of the scientific experts who have helped us develop and test some
of our products. In the United States, for example, the FTC’s Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising may restrict marketing to those results obtained by a “typical” consumer and require disclosure of any material
connections between an endorser and the company or products they are endorsing. In Mainland China, some media outlets have questioned the nature and extent of our connections with our Scientific Advisory Board and others who have helped in developing
our scientific approach or testing our products. This negative publicity could harm consumers’ perception of our business and our products, which could negatively impact our revenue. We cannot be sure that the FTC, or comparable foreign agencies,
will not question our advertising or other operations in the future.
In recent years, the FTC has initiated numerous investigations of and actions against companies that sell dietary supplements and cosmetic products. The FTC has issued
guidance to assist companies in understanding and complying with its substantiation requirement. The FTC may enforce compliance with the law in a variety of ways, both administratively and judicially, using compulsory process, cease and desist
orders, and injunctions. FTC enforcement can result in consent decrees or orders requiring, among other things, injunctive provisions, corrective advertising, consumer redress, and such other relief as the agency deems necessary to protect the
public. Violation of these consent decrees or orders could result in substantial financial or other penalties. No assurance can be given that the FTC will not question our advertising or other operations in the United States in the future. Any action
in the future by the FTC could materially and adversely affect our ability to successfully market our products in the United States.
In connection with investigations that occurred in the early 1990s of certain alleged unsubstantiated product and
earnings claims made by our distributors, we entered into a consent decree with the FTC and various agreements with state regulatory agencies. The consent decree requires us to, among other things, supplement our procedures to enforce our policies,
not allow our distributors to make earnings representations without making certain average earnings disclosures and not allow our distributors to make unsubstantiated product claims. The FTC could initiate an enforcement action to the extent the FTC determines that our advertising or promotional practices are deceptive or contrary to the requirements of the consent decree.
Regulation of Medical Devices. In 2014, our facial spa was cleared for
marketing through the 510(k) process with the FDA as a medical device with cosmetic benefit. Medical devices are highly regulated by the FDA. Manufacturers of medical devices must register and list their products with the FDA annually, whether they are located domestically or overseas. Foreign jurisdictions may take note of the fact that we have registered a medical device in the U.S. and require us to register in their market
as well. The FDA has broad regulatory powers in the areas of clinical testing, manufacturing and labeling of medical devices. Medical devices must be labeled in accordance with the FDA’s general device labeling requirements and whatever particular
label requirements the FDA may designate for that type of device.
In addition, medical device manufacturers must adhere to certain “good manufacturing practices” in accordance with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, which regulates the
manufacture of medical devices, prescribes record-keeping procedures and provides for the routine inspection of facilities for compliance with such regulations. If in connection with these inspections, the FDA believes the manufacturer has failed to
comply with applicable regulations and/or procedures, it may issue observations that would necessitate prompt corrective action. If the FDA inspection observations are not addressed and/or corrective action taken in a timely manner and to the FDA’s
satisfaction, the FDA may issue a Warning Letter (which would similarly necessitate prompt corrective action) and/or proceed directly to other forms of enforcement action. Failure to respond timely to FDA inspection observations, a Warning Letter or
other notice of noncompliance and to promptly come into compliance could result in the FDA bringing enforcement action against us, which could include the shutdown of our production facilities, denial of importation rights to the U.S. for products
manufactured in overseas locations and criminal and civil fines.
Our Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner, ageLOC LumiSpa and ageLOC Spa systems may be subject to the regulations of various health, consumer-protection and other government authorities around the world.
These regulations vary from market to market and affect whether our products are required to be registered as medical devices, the claims that can be made with respect to these products, who can use them, and where they can be used. We have been
required to register our ageLOC Spa systems as medical devices in a few markets. Under applicable direct selling regulations in Mainland China, our Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner, ageLOC LumiSpa
and ageLOC Spa systems are registered as “health care equipment” or “household appliances.” We have been
subject to regulatory inquiries in the United States, Japan and other markets with respect to the status of the Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner as a non-medical device. Any determination that medical device clearance is required for one of our products, in a market where we currently market and sell such product as a cosmetic or non-medical
device, could require us to expend significant time and resources in order to meet the additional stringent standards imposed on medical device companies or prevent us from marketing the product. Please refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for
more information on the regulatory risks associated with our Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner, ageLOC LumiSpa and ageLOC Spa systems.
Direct Selling
We compete with other direct selling organizations, some of which have a longer operating history, and greater visibility, name recognition and financial resources than we
do. Leading global direct selling companies include Amway, Avon Products, Herbalife and Mary Kay. We also compete with local direct selling companies. For example, the leading direct selling companies in Mainland China are Infinitus, Perfect and
Joymain. We compete with these companies to attract and retain our sales force and consumers based on the strength of our product offerings, sales compensation, multiple business opportunities, management and international operations.
Products
The markets for our Nu Skin and Pharmanex products are highly competitive. Our competitors include a broad array of marketers of personal care and nutritional products and
pharmaceutical companies, many of which have longer operating histories and greater name recognition and financial resources than we do. We compete in these markets by emphasizing the innovation, value and premium quality of our products and the
convenience of our distribution system.
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 4,900 full- and part-time employees worldwide. This does not include approximately 40,000 sales employees in our Mainland
China operations. Although we have statutory employee representation obligations in certain markets, our employees are generally not represented by labor unions except where expressly required by law. We believe that our relationship with our
employees is good, and we do not foresee a shortage in qualified personnel necessary to operate our business.
Our website address is www.nuskin.com. We make available, free of charge on our Investor Relations website, ir.nuskin.com, our annual reports on Form10-K, quarterly reports
on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with,
or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.
We also use our Investor Relations website, ir.nuskin.com, as a channel of distribution of additional Company information that may be deemed material. Accordingly,
investors should monitor this channel, in addition to following our press releases, Securities and Exchange Commission filings and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of our website shall not be deemed to be incorporated herein by
reference.
We have adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our subsidiaries. Our Code of Conduct is available in the
“Corporate Governance” section of our Investor Relations website at ir.nuskin.com. In addition, stockholders may obtain a copy, free of charge, by making a written request to Investor Relations, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc., 75 West Center Street,
Provo, Utah 84601. Any amendments or waivers (including implicit waivers) regarding the Code of Conduct requiring disclosure under applicable SEC rules or NYSE listing standards will be disclosed in the same section of our website.
Our executive officers as of January 31, 2019 are as follows:
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Name
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Age
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Position
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Steven J. Lund
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65
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Executive Chairman of the Board
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Ritch N. Wood
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53
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Chief Executive Officer
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Ryan S. Napierski
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45
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President
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Mark H. Lawrence
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49
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Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
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Joseph Y. Chang
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66
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Executive Vice President of Product Development and Chief Scientific Officer
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D. Matthew Dorny
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54
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Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
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Steven J. Lund has served as Executive Chairman of our board of directors since May 2012. Mr.
Lund previously served as Vice Chairman of our board of directors from September 2006 to May 2012 and as President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of our board of directors from 1996, when we went public, until 2003. Mr. Lund was a founding
stockholder of our company. Mr. Lund is a trustee of the Nu Skin Force for Good Foundation, a charitable organization established in 1996 by our company to help encourage and drive the philanthropic efforts of our company and its sales force and
employees to enrich the lives of others. Mr. Lund worked as an attorney in private practice prior to joining our company as Vice President and General Counsel. He received a B.A. degree from Brigham Young University and a J.D. degree from Brigham
Young University’s J. Reuben Clark Law School.
Ritch N. Wood has served as our Chief Executive Officer since March 2017. Previously, he
served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2002. Mr. Wood joined our company in 1993 and served in various capacities before his appointment as Chief Financial Officer, including Vice President of Finance and Vice President of New Market
Development. Prior to joining us, he worked for the accounting firm of Grant Thornton LLP. Mr. Wood earned a B.S. and a Master of Accountancy degree from Brigham Young University.
Ryan S. Napierski has served as our Company’s President since March 2017. Previously, he
served as President of Global Sales and Operations from September 2015 to March 2017. Prior to serving in that position, he served as both President of our North Asia region since June 2014 and President of Nu Skin Japan since June 2010. Mr.
Napierski has fulfilled multiple leadership positions for Nu Skin since joining our company in 1995, including Vice President of Business Development and General Manager of the United Kingdom. Mr. Napierski has a Bachelor’s degree in business, a
Master’s degree in business administration from Duke University and a Master’s degree in international business from Goethe Universitat in Germany.
Mark H. Lawrence has served as our Chief Financial Officer since March 2017. From May 2016 to
March 2017, Mr. Lawrence served as vice president of finance for the Innovation Center at Vivint Smart Home, a privately-owned home automation company. From October 2013 to May 2016, Mr. Lawrence was head of finance at Amazon Lab126, a consumer
electronics research and development company that is a subsidiary of Amazon.com. He served from March 2013 to September 2013 as senior vice president of worldwide finance at Polycom, a voice and video communications company, and from 2002 to March
2013 he served in various financial positions at Brocade Communications Systems, a networking hardware, software and services company. Mr. Lawrence holds a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University and a Master of Business Administration degree
from the University of California, Davis.
Joseph Y. Chang has served as our Chief Scientific Officer and Executive Vice President of
Product Development since 2006. Dr. Chang served as President of our Pharmanex division from 2000 to 2006. From 1997 to 2000, he served as Vice President of Clinical Studies and Pharmacology of Pharmanex. Dr. Chang has over 35 years of pharmaceutical
experience. He received a B.S. degree from Portsmouth University and a Ph.D. degree from the University of London.
D. Matthew Dorny has served as our General Counsel and Secretary since 2003. Mr. Dorny
previously served as Assistant General Counsel from 1998 to 2003. Prior to joining us, Mr. Dorny was a securities and business attorney in private practice in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mr. Dorny received B.A., M.B.A. and J.D. degrees from the University
of Utah.
We face a number of substantial risks. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading
price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, which should be considered together with the other items in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Item 1. Business and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations.
Adverse publicity concerning our business, marketing plan, products or people could harm our business and reputation.
Growth in our sales force and consumers and our results of operations can be particularly impacted by adverse publicity regarding us, the nature of our direct selling
business models, our products or the actions of our sales force and employees. Given the nature of our operations, lack of clarity on applicable legal requirements and standards, and our continuous need to recruit and retain consumers and members of
our sales force, we are particularly vulnerable to adverse publicity. Specifically, we are susceptible to adverse publicity concerning:
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suspicions about the legality and ethics of network marketing;
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continued media or regulatory scrutiny regarding our business and our business model in Mainland China;
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the safety or effectiveness of ingredients in our or our competitors' products;
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inquiries, investigations, fines, legal actions, or mandatory or voluntary product recalls involving us, our competitors, our
business models or our respective products;
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the actions of our current or former sales force and employees, including any allegations that our sales force or employees have overstated or made false product claims or earnings
representations, or engaged in unethical or illegal activity;
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misperceptions about the types and magnitude of economic benefits offered at different levels of sales engagement in our business; and
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public, governmental or media perceptions of the direct selling, nutritional supplement or personal care industries generally.
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In addition, these issues have previously resulted in negative publicity and have harmed our business. Critics of our industry, short sellers and other individuals who want
to pursue an agenda have in the past and may in the future utilize the Internet, the press and other means to publish criticisms of the industry, our company and our competitors, or make allegations regarding our business and operations, or the
business and operations of our competitors. In some cases, such adverse publicity or allegations can lead to government and regulatory scrutiny. In Mainland China, we have recently seen increased adverse publicity regarding the direct selling and
healthcare products industries. We or others in our industry may receive similar negative publicity or allegations in the future, and it may harm our business and reputation.
Our operations in Mainland China are subject to significant government scrutiny, and we could be subject to fines or other penalties.
Our operations in Mainland China are subject to significant regulatory scrutiny. The legal system in Mainland China provides government authorities broad latitude to
conduct investigations and many Chinese regulations, including those governing our business, are subject to significant interpretation, which may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Because of significant government concerns in Mainland China
regarding improper direct selling activities, government regulators closely scrutinize activities of direct selling companies and activities that resemble direct selling. The government in Mainland China continues to inspect and interview the direct
selling industry on a regular basis, which has and may continue to increase regulatory scrutiny of the industry and our business. As a result of negative media coverage about the
healthcare-related product claims made by a competitor in the direct selling industry in Mainland China, the government has recently increased its scrutiny of activities within the healthcare market, including direct selling. Government regulators
frequently make inquiries into our business activities and investigate complaints from consumers and others regarding our business. Some of these inquiries and investigations in the past have resulted in the payment of fines by us or members of our
sales force, interruption of sales activities at stores and warnings. We continuously face the risk of new regulatory inquiries and investigations, and any determination that our operations or activities, or the activities of our sales employees,
independent direct sellers or independent marketers, are not in compliance with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines, extended interruptions of business, and termination of necessary licenses and permits, including our direct
selling and other licenses, all of which could harm our business.
We work diligently to train our sales force in Mainland China on how our Mainland China business model differs from our global business model. However, Sales Leaders in
Mainland China may attend regional and global events or interact with Sales Leaders from other markets. Because our global model varies significantly from our Mainland China business model, mistakes may be made as to how those working in Mainland
China should promote the business in Mainland China. These mistakes by our sales force may lead to government reviews and investigations of our operations in Mainland China. For example, in January 2014, a series of articles was published in Mainland
China containing a number of allegations, including, among other things, that our compensation practices violated Chinese regulations against pyramid and multi-level sales models, that our recruiting and training techniques were unlawful or
inappropriate and that certain of our sales force in Mainland China failed to adequately follow and enforce our policies and regulations. As a result of these allegations, in 2014 Chinese regulators commenced a review of our business model and
operations in Mainland China. For a further description of these matters, see “We may become involved in legal proceedings and other matters that, if adversely adjudicated or settled, could adversely affect our financial results.” In response to
media scrutiny and this government review, we voluntarily took a number of actions in Mainland China, including temporarily suspending our business meetings, temporarily suspending acceptance of applications for any new sales representatives, and
extending our product refund and return policies. The adverse publicity and suspension of business meetings and acceptance of applications had a significant negative impact on our revenue and the number of Sales Leaders and Customers in the region.
Further media scrutiny, particularly any coming from media outlets with close connections to the government of Mainland China, could result in further regulatory scrutiny and investigations in Mainland China and could negatively impact our revenue,
sales force and business in this market, including the interruption of sales activities, loss of licenses, and the imposition of fines, and any other adverse actions or events.
If direct selling regulations in Mainland China are modified, interpreted or enforced in a manner that results in negative changes to our business model
or the imposition of a range of potential penalties, our business would be significantly negatively impacted.
The government of Mainland China has adopted direct selling and anti-pyramiding regulations that impose significant restrictions and limitations on businesses in our
industry. Most notably, the regulations prohibit multi-level compensation, which is the basis of how we compensate our sales force outside of Mainland China. The regulations also prohibit overseas personnel from participating in direct selling in
Mainland China. We have structured our business model in Mainland China based on several factors: the guidance we have received from government officials, our interpretation of applicable regulations, our understanding of the practices of other
international direct selling companies operating in Mainland China, and our understanding as to how regulators are interpreting and enforcing the regulations. In Mainland China, we utilize sales
employees to sell products through our retail stores and website; independent direct sellers, who can sell away from our stores where we have obtained direct selling licenses and can also sell through our service centers or our website; and
independent marketers, who are licensed business owners authorized to sell our products at their own approved premises or through
our stores and website. We generally compensate our Sales Leaders at a level that is competitive with other direct selling companies in the market and reflective of the compensation of our Sales Leaders globally. The nature of the
political, regulatory and legal systems in Mainland China gives regulatory agencies at both the local and central levels of government broad discretion to interpret and enforce regulations as they deem appropriate to promote social order. We face a
risk that regulators may change the way in which they currently interpret and enforce the direct selling regulations, or that such regulations may be modified.
If our business practices are deemed to be in violation of applicable regulations as they may be interpreted or enforced, in particular our use of the sales productivity of
a Sales Leader and the sales representatives that such Sales Leader trains, manages and services in setting his/her salary on a quarterly basis, then we could be sanctioned and/or required to change our business model, either of which could
significantly harm our business.
Our ability to expand our business in Mainland China could be negatively impacted if we are unable to obtain additional necessary national and local
government approvals in Mainland China.
As of January 31, 2019, we have obtained direct selling licenses in 37 cities in 25 provinces and municipalities in Mainland China. To expand our direct selling model into
additional provinces, we currently must obtain a series of approvals from district, city, provincial and national government agencies with respect to each province in which we wish to expand. The process for obtaining the necessary government
approvals to conduct direct selling continues to evolve and is lengthy, as we are required to work with a large number of provincial, city, district and national government authorities. The complexity of the approval process as well as the
government's continued cautious approach as direct selling develops in Mainland China makes it difficult to predict the timeline for obtaining these approvals. Furthermore, any media or regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China could
increase the time and difficulty we may face in obtaining additional licenses. If media or regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China results in significant delays in obtaining licenses elsewhere in Mainland China, or if the current
processes for obtaining approvals are delayed further for any reason or are changed or interpreted differently than currently understood, our ability to receive direct selling licenses in Mainland China and our growth prospects in this market, could
be negatively impacted.
If we are not able to register products for sale in Mainland China, our business could be harmed.
We face lengthy timelines with respect to product registrations in Mainland China. The process for obtaining product permits and licenses may require extended periods of
time that may prevent us from launching new product initiatives in Mainland China on the same timelines as other markets around the world. For example, products marketed in Mainland China as “health foods” are subject to extensive laboratory and
clinical analysis by government authorities, and the product registration process in Mainland China takes a minimum of two years and may be substantially longer. If the recent media and government scrutiny of the healthcare industry results in more
burdensome regulations related to product registration, we may have more difficulty getting new nutritional products registered for sale in Mainland China. We market both "health foods" and "general foods" in Mainland China. There is some risk
associated with the common practice in Mainland China of marketing a product as a "general food" while seeking "health food" classification. If government officials feel the categorization of our products is inconsistent with product claims, form of
delivery, ingredients or function, we could be prohibited or limited in marketing such products in Mainland China in their current form.
As we expand our direct selling channel, we face additional product marketing restrictions compared to our retail store channel. Under applicable direct selling regulations
in Mainland China, we can only register products for direct selling if we manufacture them and if they fall within categories that are authorized for direct selling, such as cosmetics, cleaning supplies, health foods, healthcare devices, small
kitchen utensils and household appliances. Products that are not categorized as direct selling products and products that are manufactured by third parties are prohibited from marketing or selling through our direct sales channel. If we cannot
successfully manufacture our own direct selling products, we will not be able to sell these products through the direct sales channel. Any marketing and sale of non-direct selling products by our independent direct sellers could result in negative
publicity, fines and other government sanctions being imposed against us.
Recently enacted tariffs, other potential changes to tariff and import/export regulations, and ongoing trade disputes between the United States and other
jurisdictions may have a negative effect on global economic conditions and our business, financial results and financial condition.
The United States has proposed and enacted additional tariffs on certain items. Further, there have been ongoing discussions and activities regarding changes to other U.S.
trade policies and treaties. In response, a number of our markets, including Mainland China, have indicated that they may impose tariffs on U.S. imports, or have already implemented tariffs on U.S. imports, or they may take other measures in response
to these U.S. actions. These developments may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and they may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between Mainland China
and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity, create anti-American consumer sentiment, restrict our access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of
operations. In addition, any actions by foreign markets to implement further trade policy changes, including limiting foreign investment or trade, increasing regulatory scrutiny or taking other actions which impact U.S. companies’ ability to obtain
necessary licenses or approvals could negatively impact our business.
Tariff discussions between the U.S. and its trading partners are ongoing and fluid. Any additional tariffs are subject to a number of uncertainties as they are implemented,
including future adjustments and changes to the products covered by additional tariffs and to the countries included or excluded from such tariffs. The ultimate reaction of other countries, and the individuals in each of these countries, and the
impact of these tariffs or other actions on the United States, Mainland China, the global economy and our business, financial condition and results of operations, cannot be predicted at this time, nor can we predict the impact of any other
developments with respect to global trade.
Inability of products and other initiatives to gain or maintain sales force and market
acceptance could harm our business.
Our operating results could be adversely affected if our products, business opportunities, and other initiatives do not generate sufficient enthusiasm and economic benefit
to retain our existing consumers and sales force or to attract new consumers and people interested in joining our sales force. Potential factors affecting the attractiveness of our products, business opportunities, and other initiatives include,
among other items, perceived product quality and value, product exclusivity or effectiveness, economic success in our business opportunity, adverse media attention or regulatory restrictions on claims.
In addition, our ability to develop and introduce new products could be impacted by, among other items, government regulations, the inability to attract and retain
qualified research and development staff, the termination of third-party research and collaborative arrangements, intellectual property of competitors that may limit our ability to offer innovative products or that challenge our own intellectual
property, or problems related to manufacturing or quality control, and difficulties in anticipating changes in consumer tastes and buying preferences. For example, in 2015, a limited-time offer of our
ageLOC Me customized skin care system in South Korea generated less revenue than we expected. In that
offer, we bundled the ageLOC Me device with a 12-month product subscription commitment, which we believe may have muted initial sales and contributed to the
lower-than-expected results. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if our products fail to gain or maintain sales force and market acceptance.
In addition, in our more mature markets, one of the challenges we face is keeping Sales Leaders with established businesses and high-income levels motivated and actively
engaged in business building activities and in developing new Sales Leaders. We may also face challenges retaining our sales force as the population of our markets transitions to a new, millennial demographic, with its associated new and different
dynamics of loyalty. Many millennials are particularly savvy with social sharing across multiple business opportunity platforms. There can be no assurance that our initiatives will continue to generate excitement among our sales force in the long term or that planned initiatives will be successful in maintaining sales force activity and productivity or in motivating Sales
Leaders to remain engaged in business building and developing new Sales Leaders. Some initiatives may have unanticipated negative impacts on our sales force, particularly changes to our sales compensation plans. The introduction of a new product or key initiative can also negatively impact other product lines to the extent our Sales Leaders focus their efforts on the new product
or initiative. In addition, if any of our products fails to gain acceptance, we could see an increase in product returns.
Challenges to the form of our network marketing system could harm our business.
We may be subject to challenges by government regulators regarding the form of our network marketing system. Legal and regulatory requirements concerning the direct selling
industry generally do not include "bright line" rules and are inherently fact-based and subject to interpretation. As a result, regulators and courts have discretion in their application of these laws and regulations, and the enforcement or
interpretation of these laws and regulations by government agencies or courts can change.
Recent settlements between the FTC and other direct selling companies and guidance from the FTC have addressed inappropriate earnings and lifestyle claims and the
importance of focusing on consumers. These developments have created a level of ambiguity as to the proper interpretation of the law and related court decisions. Any adverse rulings or legal actions could impact our business if direct selling laws or
anti-pyramid laws are interpreted more narrowly or in a manner that results in additional burdens or restrictions on direct selling companies. For example, in 2015, the FTC took aggressive actions against a multi-level marketing company, alleging an
illegal business model and inappropriate earnings claims. We have taken additional steps to educate our distributors on proper earnings claims. If our distributors make improper claims, or if regulators determine we are making any improper claims,
this could lead to an FTC investigation and could harm our business.
In 2016, the FTC entered into a settlement with another multi-level marketing company, requiring the company to modify its business model, including basing sales
compensation and qualification only on sales to retail and preferred customers and on purchases by a distributor for personal consumption within allowable limits. Although this settlement does not represent judicial precedent or a new FTC rule, the
FTC has indicated that the industry should look at this settlement, and the principles underlying its specific measures, for guidance. If the requirements in this settlement lead to new industry standards or new rules, our business could be impacted
and we may need to amend our global sales compensation plan. With a majority of our revenue in the United States coming from sales to retail customers, preferred customers, and distributors who have never sponsored other distributors, we believe that
we can demonstrate consumer demand for our products, but we continue to monitor developments to assess whether we should make any changes to our business or global sales compensation plan. If we are required to make changes or if the FTC seeks to
enforce similar measures in the industry, either through rulemaking or an enforcement action against our company, our business could be harmed.
Following an audit of our Vietnam business during 2017, regulators in Vietnam informed us that an account transfer fee that we charge to distributors who transfer their
business to a different market may be viewed, with respect to distributors who transfer to Vietnam, as an illegal sign-up fee under Vietnam's anti-pyramid laws. The account transfer fee is approximately $25. We have held discussions with the Vietnam
authorities about this matter. Consequences for violating Vietnam's anti-pyramid laws may include monetary penalties and revocation of our license to do business in Vietnam. Our Vietnam subsidiary's revenue represented 1.6% of our 2018 consolidated
revenue.
We could also be subject to challenges by private parties in civil actions. We are aware of recent civil actions against some of our competitors in the United States, which
have and may in the future result in significant settlements. Allegations by short sellers directed at us and our competitors regarding the legality of multi-level marketing in various markets and adverse media reports have also created intense
public scrutiny of us and our industry. Our business has also been subject to formal and informal inquiries from various government regulatory authorities in the past regarding our business and our compliance with local laws and regulations. All of
these actions and any future scrutiny of us or our industry could generate negative publicity or further regulatory actions that could result in fines, restrict our ability to conduct our business in our various markets, enter into new markets,
motivate our sales force and attract consumers.
Foreign-currency fluctuations and inflation in foreign markets could impact our financial position and results of operations.
In 2018, approximately 88% of our sales occurred in markets outside of the United States in each market’s respective local currency. We purchase inventory primarily in the
United States in U.S. dollars. In preparing our financial statements, we translate revenue and expenses in our markets outside the United States from their local currencies into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. If the U.S. dollar
strengthens relative to local currencies, our reported revenue, gross profit and net income will likely be reduced. Foreign-currency fluctuations can also cause losses and gains resulting from translation of foreign-currency-denominated balances on
our balance sheet.
In addition, high levels of inflation and currency devaluations in any of our markets could negatively impact our balance sheet and results of operations. Gains and losses
resulting from the remeasurement of non-U.S. dollar monetary assets and liabilities of our subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies are recorded in our net earnings. For example, during 2015 and 2014, we recorded $10.2 million and
$46.3 million, respectively, of non-cash foreign-currency charges related to the devaluation of the Venezuela currency after Venezuela was designated as a highly inflationary economy under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. During the
third quarter of 2016, we ceased business operations in Venezuela. Argentina also was recently designated as a highly inflationary economy; accordingly, beginning with the third quarter of 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for
our Argentina operations, which could result in additional foreign-currency charges. Other markets, including Ukraine, have experienced weakening currencies, and it is possible that this and other markets may be so designated in the future. Our
Venezuela, Argentina and Ukraine subsidiaries’ net sales revenue each represented less than 1.6% of consolidated net sales revenue during each of the periods ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Although we may engage in transactions intended to reduce our exposure to foreign-currency fluctuations, there can be no assurance that these transactions will be
effective. Complex global political and economic dynamics can affect exchange rate fluctuations. For example, significant foreign-currency fluctuations occurred as a result of the June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom in which voters approved an
exit from the European Union. Rules related to the 2017 U.S. tax reform legislation also could affect foreign-currency fluctuations. In addition, members of the current U.S. presidential administration have expressed antipathy toward some
international trade agreements and have begun to implement or have suggested the implementation of tariffs, border taxes or other measures that could impact the level of trade between the U.S. and other markets. Any such proposal or measure could
impact the value of the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict future fluctuations and the effect these fluctuations may have upon future reported results or our overall financial condition.
Difficult economic conditions could harm our business.
Global economic conditions continue to be challenging. Difficult economic conditions could adversely affect our business by causing a decline in demand for our products,
particularly if the economic conditions are prolonged or worsen. In addition, such economic conditions may adversely impact access to capital for us and our suppliers, may decrease the ability of our sales force and consumers to obtain or maintain
credit cards, and may otherwise adversely impact our operations and overall financial condition. For example, certain economic indicators cause uncertainty regarding the potential for growth in the economies of the United States and Mainland China.
Declines in economic conditions in these markets could negatively impact our business and revenue in these markets and in other markets globally.
Improper sales force actions could harm our business.
Sales force activities that violate applicable laws or regulations could result in government or third-party actions against us, which could harm our business.
For example, in 2014, allegations were made by various media outlets that certain of our sales representatives in Mainland China failed to adequately follow and enforce our
policies and regulations. In response to these and other allegations, Chinese regulators commenced a review of our business in Mainland China. In response to this media scrutiny and government review, we voluntarily took a number of actions in
Mainland China, including temporarily suspending our business meetings, temporarily suspending acceptance of applications for any new sales representatives, and extending our product refund and return policies. The adverse publicity and suspension of
business meetings and acceptance of applications had a significant negative impact on our revenue and the number of Sales Leaders and Customers in the region. Similar or more extreme actions by government agencies in Mainland China in the future
could have a significant adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
The direct selling industry in Japan continues to experience regulatory and media scrutiny, and other direct selling companies have been suspended from sponsoring
activities in the past. Japan imposes strict requirements regarding how distributors approach prospective customers. From time to time, we receive warnings from consumer centers in certain prefectures about the number of general inquiries and
complaints about us and our distributors. As a result, we continually evaluate and enhance our distributor compliance, education and training efforts in Japan. However, we cannot be certain that our efforts will successfully prevent regulatory
actions against us, including fines, suspensions or other sanctions, or that the company and the direct selling industry will not receive further negative media attention, all of which could harm our business.
Except in Mainland China, members of our sales force are not employees and act independently of us. The most significant area of risk for such activities relates to
improper product claims and claims regarding the business opportunity of joining our sales force. We implement strict policies and procedures to ensure our sales force complies with legal requirements. However, given the size of our sales force, we
experience problems from time to time. For example, product claims made by some of our sales force in 1990 and 1991 led to a United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) investigation that resulted in our entering into a consent agreement with the
FTC and various agreements with state regulatory agencies. In addition, rulings by the South Korean Federal Trade Commission and by judicial authorities against us and other companies in South Korea indicate that, if our sales force engages in
criminal activity, we may be held liable or penalized for failure to supervise them adequately. Our sales force may attempt to anticipate which markets we will open in the future and begin
marketing and sponsoring activities in markets where we are not qualified to conduct business. We could face fines, suspensions or other legal action if our sales force violates applicable laws and regulations, and our reputation and brand could be
negatively impacted.
We have also seen an increase in the use of social media by our sales force to promote our business opportunity and products, which increases the burden on us to monitor
compliance of such activities and increases the risk that such social media content could contain problematic claims in violation of our policies and applicable regulations. In addition, social media platforms could decide to block, or decrease the
prominence of, our sales force’s content for any reason, including if our sales force violates the social media platform’s policies.
If our business practices or policies or the actions of our sales force are deemed to be in violation of applicable local regulations regarding
foreigners, then we could be sanctioned and/or required to change our business model, which could significantly harm our business.
Our sales force is required to comply with work authorization and other local legal requirements prior to working in a market. Some markets, including Mainland China and
Vietnam, also prohibit or restrict participation of foreigners in direct selling activities. We have implemented policies that are designed to comply with these regulations and inform our sales force regarding the types of activities that are not
permitted. However, we cannot assure that actions of our sales force will not violate local laws or regulations or our policies. If our business practices or policies or the actions of our sales force are deemed to be in violation of applicable
regulations as they may be interpreted or enforced, then we could be sanctioned and/or required to change our business model, which could result in adverse publicity and significantly harm our business.
If we are unable to retain our existing sales force and recruit additional people to join our sales force, our revenue will not increase and may even
decline.
Our products are primarily marketed by our sales force and we depend on them to generate virtually all of our revenue. Our sales force may terminate their services at any
time, and like most direct selling companies, we experience relatively high turnover among our sales force from year to year. People who join our company to purchase our products for personal consumption or for short-term income goals frequently only
stay with us for a short time. Sales Leaders who have committed time and effort to build a sales organization will generally stay for longer periods. To increase our revenue, we must increase the number of and/or the productivity of our sales force.
We have experienced periodic fluctuations in both Sales Leaders and Customers in the past and could experience such fluctuations again in the future. Our ability to retain
our Sales Leaders and Customers could be affected as our sales force makes increased use of social sharing channels, which may allow them to more easily engage their consumers and sales network in other opportunities. If our initiatives do not drive
growth in both Sales Leaders and Customers, our operating results could be harmed. While we take many steps to help train, motivate and retain our sales force, we cannot accurately predict how the number and productivity of our sales force may
fluctuate because we rely primarily upon our Sales Leaders to find new consumers, and to find, train and develop new Sales Leaders. Our operating results could be harmed if we and our Sales Leaders do not generate sufficient interest in our business
and its products to retain and motivate our existing sales force and attract new people to join our sales force.
The number and productivity of our sales force could be negatively impacted by several additional factors, including:
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any adverse publicity regarding us, our products, our distribution channel, or our competitors;
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lack of interest in, dissatisfaction with, or the technical failure of, existing or new products;
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lack of compelling products or income opportunities, including through our sales compensation plans and other incentive trips and offerings;
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negative sales force reaction to changes in our sales compensation plans;
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any negative public perception of our products and their ingredients;
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any negative public perception of our sales force and direct selling businesses in general;
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our actions to enforce our policies and procedures;
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any regulatory actions or charges against us or others in our industry;
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general economic and business conditions, including employment levels;
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recruiting efforts of our competitors; and
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potential saturation or maturity levels in a given market, which could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain our sales force in such market.
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The loss of key Sales Leaders could negatively impact our growth and our revenue.
As of December 31, 2018, we had a global network of approximately 1,244,000 Customers. Approximately 73,400 of our
Customers were Sales Leaders. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 810 Sales Leaders occupied the highest level under our global sales compensation plan, and in Mainland China we
have approximately 350 key Sales Leaders who play a significant role in managing, training and servicing our sales force in that market and driving sales. As a result, the loss of a high-level
or key Sales Leader or a group of leading Sales Leaders, whether by their own choice or through disciplinary actions by us for violations of our policies and procedures, could negatively impact our growth and our revenue.
Our business could be negatively impacted if we fail to execute our product launch process or ongoing product sales due to difficulty in forecasting or
increased pressure on our supply chain, information systems and management.
Prior to making a key product generally available for purchase, we may do one or more introductory offerings of the product, such as a preview of the product to our Sales
Leaders, a limited-time offer, or other product introduction or promotion. These offerings may generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which can result in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter and skew
year-over-year and sequential comparisons. These offerings may also increase our product return rate. We may experience difficulty effectively managing growth associated with these offerings
and may face increased risk of improper sales force activities and related government scrutiny.
In addition, the size and condensed schedule of these product offerings increase pressure on our supply chain and order processing systems. We have in the past, and may in
the future, failed to appropriately scale our system capacity and operations in response to changes in demand for our existing products or to the demand for new products, which reduces our sales force’s confidence in our business and could harm our
reputation and profitability.
As our sales force increases its use of social platforms to interact with customers, our business results could be adversely affected if our implementation of new platforms
and processes to support our sales force is delayed. In addition, we are dependent on third parties for testing and delivery of portions of these and other of our information system platforms. Unanticipated changes or system failures by third parties
could harm our ability to meet the expectations of our sales force, thus resulting in harm to our revenue, reputation and sales force confidence in our systems.
If we are unable to accurately forecast sales levels in each market for product launches or ongoing product sales, obtain sufficient ingredients, components or packaging or
produce a sufficient supply to meet demand, we may incur higher expedited shipping costs and we may temporarily run out of stock of certain products, which could negatively impact the enthusiasm of our sales force and consumers. Conversely, if demand
does not meet our expectations for a product launch or ongoing product sales or if we change our planned launch strategies or initiatives, we could incur inventory write-downs. For example, in 2015 and 2014, we incurred inventory write-downs of $37.9
million and $50.0 million, respectively, which primarily resulted from reduced sales expectations primarily in our Greater China region. Any additional write-down of inventory in any of our markets would negatively impact our gross margins. If we
fail to effectively forecast product demand in the product launch process or for ongoing product sales, our reputation and profitability could be negatively impacted.
If our ageLOC Spa systems, Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner or ageLOC LumiSpa are
determined to be medical devices in a particular geographic market or if our sales force uses these products for medical purposes or makes improper medical claims, our ability to continue to market and distribute such devices could be harmed, and we
could face legal or regulatory actions.
One of our strategies is to market unique and innovative products that allow our sales force to distinguish our products, including our ageLOC Spa systems, Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner
or ageLOC LumiSpa. Any determination by regulatory authorities in our markets that these products must receive clearance or be registered as medical devices could restrict
our ability to import or sell the product in such market until registration is obtained. While we have not been required to register our ageLOC Spa systems, Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner or ageLOC LumiSpa as medical devices in most of our markets, we
have registered our ageLOC Spa systems as a medical device in Indonesia, Thailand and Colombia. In addition, we have received clearance from the United States Food and
Drug Administration to market our facial spa for over-the-counter use. There have been legislative proposals in the Philippines relating to the regulation of medical devices that could affect the way we market our ageLOC Spa systems, Pharmanex BioPhotonic Scanner and ageLOC LumiSpa in this market. In addition, if our sales force attempts to import or export products from one market to another in violation of our policy or is making medical claims regarding our products or using our products to
perform medical diagnoses or other activities limited to licensed professionals or approved medical devices (in markets where the product is not approved), it could negatively impact our ability to market or sell these products and subject us to
legal or regulatory actions. For example, in January 2016, our Taiwan subsidiary received a notification of charges alleging that certain of our employees and distributors in Taiwan inappropriately imported and sold ageLOC Body Spa devices in Taiwan in 2012 and 2011. Although we ultimately prevailed in this matter and were found by the court to be not guilty, we cannot provide assurance that we will prevail if
other allegations related to our devices arise in the future.
Where necessary, obtaining medical device registrations and clearances could require us to provide documentation concerning product manufacturing and clinical utility, to
make design, specification and manufacturing process modifications to meet standards imposed on medical device companies, and to modify our marketing claims regarding the registered product. While we successfully obtained clearance to market our
facial spa for over-the-counter use in the United States, and registered our ageLOC Spa systems as a medical device in Indonesia, Thailand and Colombia, because medical
device regulations vary widely from market to market, there can be no assurance we will not face challenges or delays in obtaining clearance in other markets, or that we will be able to make any required modifications or provide documentation
necessary to obtain clearance. If we obtain such medical device clearance in order to sell a product in one market, such clearance may be used as precedent for requiring similar approval for the product in another market, or for similar products in
the same market. These additional requirements could increase the cost associated with manufacturing and selling these products as non-medical devices in such markets.
Laws and regulations may prohibit or severely restrict direct selling and cause our revenue and profitability to decline, and regulators could adopt new
regulations that harm our business.
Various government agencies throughout the world regulate direct sales practices. Laws and regulations in Japan, South Korea and Mainland China are particularly stringent
and subject to broad discretion in enforcement by regulators. These laws and regulations are generally intended to prevent fraudulent or deceptive schemes, often referred to as “pyramid schemes,” that compensate participants primarily for recruiting
additional participants without significant emphasis on product sales to consumers. The laws and regulations in our current markets often:
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impose requirements related to sign-up, order cancellations, product returns, inventory buy-backs and cooling-off periods for our
sales force and consumers;
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require us, or our sales force, to register with government agencies;
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impose limits on the amount of sales compensation we can pay;
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impose reporting requirements; and
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require that our sales force is compensated primarily for selling products and not for recruiting others.
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Complying with these widely varying and sometimes inconsistent rules and regulations can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and may require significant resources.
The laws and regulations governing direct selling are modified from time to time, and, like other direct selling companies, we are subject from time to time to government inquiries and investigations in our various markets related to our direct
selling activities. This can require us to make changes to our business model and aspects of our sales compensation plan in the markets impacted by such changes and investigations. In addition, markets where we currently do business could change
their laws or regulations to prohibit direct selling. For example, Vietnam recently made significant changes to its direct selling laws and, as a result, is requiring all companies to renew their licenses. In the license-renewal process, government
authorities may examine all aspects of our business practices and claims. Because all companies are required to obtain recertification, there has been a significant backlog and only a small number of companies received the new certification prior to
the original deadline. The government has extended the deadline. If we are unable to obtain necessary licenses and certifications within required deadlines or continue business in existing markets or commence operations in new markets because of
these laws, our revenue and profitability may decline.
Limits on the amount of sales compensation we pay could inhibit our ability to attract and retain our sales force, negatively impact our revenue and
cause regulatory risks.
Several markets, including Mainland China, South Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam, impose limits on the amount of sales compensation we can pay to our sales force. For example,
under regulations in Mainland China, direct selling companies may pay independent direct sellers in Mainland China up to a maximum 30% of the revenue they generate through their own sales of products to consumers. Additionally, in South Korea, local
regulations limit sales compensation to 35% of our total revenue in South Korea. These regulations may limit the incentive for people to join our sales force and may reduce our ability to differentiate ourselves from our competitors in attracting and
retaining our sales force.
In addition, we have been required to modify our sales compensation plan in certain markets, including South Korea,
from time to time to remain in compliance with applicable sales compensation limits. Because sales compensation, as a percentage of revenue, can fluctuate as sales force productivity fluctuates, we may be required to make further changes to stay
within applicable sales compensation limits or may be at risk of exceeding them. In addition, which revenues and expenses are within the scope of these regulations is not always clear, and interpretation and enforcement of these laws are subject to
change, which could require us to make further changes or result in non-compliance with these regulations. Any failure to keep sales compensation within legal limits in Mainland China, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam or any other market that imposes
a sales compensation limit could result in fines or other sanctions, including suspensions.
Government regulations and private party actions relating to the marketing and advertising of our products and services may restrict, inhibit or delay
our ability to sell our products and harm our business.
Government authorities regulate advertising and product claims regarding the efficacy and benefits of our products. These regulatory authorities typically require adequate
and reliable scientific substantiation to support any marketing claims. What constitutes such reliable scientific substantiation can vary widely from market to market and there is no assurance that the research and development efforts that we
undertake to support our claims will be deemed adequate for any particular product or claim. If we are unable to show adequate and reliable scientific substantiation for our product claims, or our marketing materials or the marketing materials of our
sales force make claims that exceed the scope of allowed claims for dietary supplements, cosmetics or devices that we offer, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could take enforcement
action requiring us to revise our marketing materials, amend our claims or stop selling certain products, which could harm our business.
For example, in recent years, the U.S. FDA has issued warning letters to many cosmetic companies alleging improper structure/function claims regarding their cosmetic
products, including, for example, product claims regarding gene activity, cellular rejuvenation, and rebuilding collagen. There is a degree of subjectivity in determining whether a claim is an improper structure/function claim. Given this
subjectivity and our research and development focus on the sources of aging and the influence of certain ingredients on gene expression, there is a risk that we could receive a warning letter, be required to modify our product claims or take other
actions to satisfy the FDA if the FDA determines any of our marketing materials include improper structure/function claims for our cosmetic products. In addition, plaintiffs' lawyers have filed class action lawsuits against some of our competitors
after our competitors received these FDA warning letters. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to government actions or class action lawsuits, which could harm our business.
In 2009 in the United States, the FTC approved revisions to its Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising (“Guides”) that require disclosure
of material connections between an endorser and the company they are endorsing and generally do not allow marketing using atypical results. Our sales force has historically used testimonials
and “before and after” photos to market and sell some of our popular products such as our ageLOC Spa systems and ageLOC Transformation anti-aging skin care system. We intend to continue to use testimonials for our popular products, including weight management products. In
highly regulated and scrutinized product categories such as weight management, if we or our sales force fails to comply with the Guides or makes improper product claims, the FTC
could bring an enforcement action against us and we could be fined and/or forced to alter our marketing materials.
Regulations governing the registration or pre-approval of our products could harm our business.
Our products are subject to numerous domestic and foreign government agencies' and authorities' laws and extensive regulations governing the ingredients and products that
may be marketed without pre-market approval and/or registration. Many of these laws and regulations involve a high level of subjectivity, are inherently fact-based and subject to interpretation, and vary significantly from market to market. These
laws and regulations can also limit the claims we can make regarding our products and often restrict our ability to introduce products or ingredients into one or more markets.
At times these laws and regulations may delay or prevent us altogether from launching a product in a market, require us to reformulate a product or limit or amend the
claims made regarding a product. If these laws and regulations further restrict, inhibit or delay our ability to introduce or market our products or limit the claims we are able to make regarding our products, our business may be harmed.
For example, in the United States, some legislators and industry critics have pushed for years to increase
regulatory authority by the FDA over nutritional supplements. In 2011, the FDA proposed draft guidance to clarify the FDA's interpretation of the dietary ingredient notification requirements, and in August 2016, the FDA issued a revised draft
guidance that superseded the 2011 version. This draft guidance is not yet final but appears to indicate that the FDA is expanding its definition of what is considered a “new dietary ingredient” in the United States. The industry has worked with the
FDA for several years, providing comments to the FDA to modify this guidance. While still in flux, if enacted in final form as proposed, this guidance could impose new and significant regulatory barriers for our nutritional supplement products or
unique ingredients, which could delay or inhibit our ability to formulate, introduce and sell nutritional supplements as we have in the past.
We face similar pressures in our other markets, including Europe, which continue to set new limits on acceptable maximum levels of various vitamins and minerals, as well as
on permitted ingredients and ingredient characterization, quality and levels. In Europe, for example, we are unable to market supplements that contain ingredients that were not marketed in Europe prior to May 1997 ("novel foods") without going
through an extensive registration and pre-market approval process.
Such regulations in any given market can also limit our ability to import products and can delay product launches as we go through the registration and approval process for
those products. Furthermore, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we could face enforcement action, and we could be fined or forced to alter or stop selling our products.
The FDA does not have a pre-market approval system for cosmetics. However, cosmetic products may become subject to more extensive regulation in the future. These events
could interrupt the marketing and sale of our products, severely damage our brand reputation and image in the marketplace, increase the cost of our products, cause us to fail to meet customer expectations or cause us to be unable to deliver
merchandise in sufficient quantities or of sufficient quality to our stores, any of which could result in lost sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability and cash flows.
New regulations governing the formulation, introduction, marketing and sale of our products to consumers could harm our business.
Our operations could be harmed if new laws or regulations are enacted that restrict our ability to market or distribute our products or impose additional burdens or
requirements on us in order to continue selling our products. In addition, the adoption of new regulations or changes in the interpretations and enforcement of existing regulations may result in significant compliance costs or discontinuation of
product sales and may impair the marketability of our products, resulting in significant loss of net sales.
We have observed a general increase in regulatory activity and activism in the United States and across many markets globally where we operate, and the regulatory landscape is becoming more complex with increasingly strict requirements. In particular, the requirements are impacting the ingredients we can include in our products, the accepted quantities of
those ingredients and the quality and characterization of the ingredients. Global regulators have in recent years become overall more restrictive on the accepted levels of active ingredients that we can use in our product, in some cases banning them
outright. They have also become more restrictive on permitted contaminant levels in ingredients and, in many cases, have forced
complete removal of such contaminants. In certain cases, such as regarding some pesticides which are virtually ubiquitous in nature, it has proven difficult to comply with the requirements. Further, many of the restrictions regarding ingredient
quality are not directly applicable to our products, leaving the possibility that our interpretation of compliance may not match that of the enforcing authorities. Often there is a lack of an equivalent active ingredient present in the marketplace.
In other cases, the removal or reduction of a technical ingredient, such as various types of parabens, leads to a significant change to the character of the product that may make it no longer desirable or safe to the consumer. If this trend in new
regulations continues, we may find it necessary to alter some of the ways we have traditionally marketed our products in order to stay in compliance with a changing regulatory landscape and this could add to the costs of our operations and/or have an
adverse impact on our business.
We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations, or applications, nor can we determine what effect additional governmental regulations or
administrative orders, when and if promulgated, would have on our business. Future changes could include requirements for the reformulation of certain products to meet new standards, the recall or discontinuation of certain products that cannot be
reformulated, additional record keeping, expanded documentation of the properties of certain products, expanded or different labeling, and additional scientific substantiation. Any or all of these requirements could have a material adverse effect on
our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Our operations could be harmed if we fail to comply with Good Manufacturing Practices.
Across our markets, there are regulations on a diverse range of Good Manufacturing Practices that apply to us and to our vendors covering product categories such as dietary
supplements, cosmetics, foods, over-the-counter drugs and medical devices. The Good Manufacturing Practices impose stringent requirements on a variety of topics, including vendor qualifications, ingredient identification, manufacturing controls and
record keeping. Ingredient identification requirements, which often require us to confirm the levels, identity and potency of ingredients listed on our product labels within a narrow range, are particularly burdensome and difficult for us because our
products contain many different ingredients. Additionally, certain Good Manufacturing Practices obligate us to track and periodically report adverse events to government agencies. Compliance with these increasing regulations may further increase the
cost of manufacturing certain of our products as we work with our vendors to assure they are qualified and in compliance. In addition, our operations could be harmed if regulatory authorities determine that we or our vendors are not in compliance
with these regulations or if public reporting of adverse events harms our reputation for quality and safety. A finding of noncompliance may result in administrative warnings, penalties or actions impacting our ability to continue selling certain
products, including public withdrawals, seizures and recalls. For example, in prior years, we have had product recalls in the United States based on labeling issues. Problems associated with product
recalls could be exacerbated due to the global nature of our business because a recall in one jurisdiction could lead to recalls in other jurisdictions. In addition, these risks associated with noncompliance could increase as we acquire businesses,
including the businesses we acquired during the first quarter of 2018 and any businesses we may acquire in the future.
The loss of suppliers or shortages in ingredients could harm our business.
We and our supply chain acquire ingredients, components, products and packaging from third-party suppliers and manufacturers. A loss of any of these suppliers and any
difficulties in finding or transitioning to alternative suppliers could harm our business. In addition, we obtain some of our products and ingredients from sole suppliers that own or control the product formulations, ingredients or other intellectual
property rights associated with such products. We also license the right to distribute some of our products from third parties. In the event we are unable to renew these contracts, we may need to discontinue some products or develop substitute
products, which could harm our revenue. In addition, if we experience supply shortages or regulatory impediments with respect to the raw materials, ingredients, components or packaging we use
for our products, we may need to seek alternative supplies or suppliers and may experience difficulties in finding replacements that are comparable in quality and price. For example, some of our nutritional products, including g3 juice and ageLOC Youth (Youthspan
or Y-Span in some markets), incorporate unique natural ingredients that are only harvested once a year and may have limited global supplies. If demand exceeds forecasts,
we may have difficulties in obtaining additional supplies to meet the excess demand until the next growing season. If we are unable to successfully respond to such issues, our business could be harmed.
Production difficulties, quality control problems, inaccurate forecasting and reliance on
third-party suppliers could harm our business.
Production difficulties, quality control problems, inaccurate forecasting and our reliance on third party suppliers to manufacture and deliver products that meet our
specifications in a timely manner could harm our business. Occasionally, we have experienced production difficulties with respect to our products, including the availability of raw materials, components, packaging and products that do not meet our
specifications and quality control standards. These production difficulties and quality problems have in the past, and could in the future, result in stock outages or shortages in our markets with respect to such products, harm our sales, or create
inventory write-downs for unusable products.
For example, our ageLOC Me customized skin care system contains a large number of SKUs, and
there is a degree of unpredictability in forecasting inventory needs globally due to the complexity and number of customized cartridges available. During the initial launch of ageLOC
Me, we experienced production difficulties and a slightly higher return rate and complaint rate. Although these issues have been addressed, any future problems with ageLOC
Me or our other products, including our ageLOC LumiSpa skin treatment and cleansing device, could lead to an increase in product returns or stock-outs and
negatively impact our reputation, revenue and profitability.
Product diversion may have a negative impact on our business.
We see our products being sold through online marketplace sites and other distribution channels in certain markets. Although we continually take steps to control product
diversion, including products sold in Mainland China, this activity continues to be a challenge, and we believe that changes to our global sales compensation plan or increased use of online channels for conducting sales transactions have and may
continue to lead to increased product diversion. Product diversion causes confusion regarding our distribution channels and negatively impacts the ability of our sales force to sell our
products. It also creates a negative impression regarding the viability of the business opportunity for our sales force, which can harm our ability to recruit new people to join our sales force. Product diversion schemes may also involve illegal importation, investment or other activities and harm our brand if gray market or counterfeit goods are passed off as our own. If we
are unable to effectively address this issue or if diversion increases, our business could be harmed.
Changes to our sales compensation plans could be viewed negatively by some of our sales force,
could fail to achieve desired long-term results and have a negative impact on revenue.
Our sales compensation includes some components that differ from market to market. We modify components of our sales compensation from time to time to keep our sales
compensation plans competitive and attractive to our existing sales force and people interested in joining our sales force, to address changing market dynamics, to provide incentives to our sales force that we believe will help grow our business, to
conform to local regulations and to address other business needs. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we began to implement significant changes to our global sales compensation plan, which we have now rolled out across most of our markets. Although we
believe these changes have yielded positive results in many of our markets to date, they have not been viewed positively by some of our sales force, and it is difficult to predict the long-term impacts of these changes. Certain changes we made to our
global sales compensation plan in the past, which were successful in several markets, did not achieve anticipated results in certain other markets and negatively impacted our business.
Among the recent changes to our global sales compensation program is a new bonus program for our sales force, funded in part by slightly increased prices for some of our
products. These price increases could decrease consumer demand, causing the bonus program to result in higher selling expenses without a corresponding increase in revenue.
In addition, we have been required to modify our sales compensation plan in certain markets, including South Korea, from time to time to remain in compliance with
applicable sales compensation limits. Changes to reduce sales compensation have had a negative impact on the sales force in the past and could in the future.
We may become involved in legal proceedings and other matters that, if adversely adjudicated or settled, could adversely affect our financial results.
We have been, and may again become in the future, party to litigation, investigations, audits or other legal matters. For example, in 2014, we were named as a defendant in
a purported class action complaint relating to negative media and regulatory scrutiny of our business in Mainland China and as a nominal defendant in a shareholder derivative suit relating to the same issues. Also, beginning in 2014, we were in
discussions with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which discussions were focused on a charitable donation we made in Mainland China in 2013 and issues related thereto. In April 2015, the SEC informed us that it was initiating a
non-public, formal investigation into these issues. We also have been involved in two separate disputes with customs authorities in Japan with respect to customs assessments on several of our products. Although we settled the purported class action,
shareholder derivative action and SEC investigation during 2016 and the Japan courts reached final decisions on the customs disputes in 2013 and 2018, these matters were, and any future matters that we may become involved in may be, expensive and
time consuming. In general, litigation claims or other legal matters could result in settlements or damages that could significantly affect financial results. It is not possible to predict the final resolution of any litigation to which we may become
party, and the impact of these matters on our business, results of operations and financial condition could be material.
Non-compliance with anti-corruption laws could harm our business.
Our international operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA"). Allegations that we are not in compliance with
anti-corruption laws may require us to dedicate time and resources to an internal investigation of the allegations or may result in a government investigation. Any determination that our operations or activities are not in compliance with existing
anti-corruption laws or regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines and other penalties from U.S. or other regulatory entities, which have recently brought a number of enforcement actions against companies with extensive
international operations. For example, in 2014, one of our competitors entered into a large settlement with U.S. regulators related to allegations that its employees violated the FCPA in Mainland China and other markets. Additionally, in September
2016, we reached a resolution with the SEC, in which the SEC found that our books and records and internal controls related to a charitable contribution in Mainland China in 2013 were insufficient, and we agreed to pay $765,688 to the SEC. In
agreeing to this settlement, we neither admitted nor denied the SEC's findings. Although we have implemented additional anti-corruption policies, controls and training globally to prevent similar situations from arising in the future, we cannot be
certain that these efforts will be effective or prevent future fines or penalties under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws.
Our ability to conduct business in international markets may be affected by political, legal, tax and regulatory risks.
Our ability to capitalize on growth in new international markets and to maintain the current level of operations in our existing international markets is exposed to risks
associated with our international operations, including:
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the possibility that a government might ban or severely restrict our sales compensation and business models;
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the possibility that local civil unrest, political instability or changes in diplomatic or trade relationships might disrupt our operations in an international market;
|
| • |
the lack of well-established or reliable legal systems in certain areas where we operate;
|
| • |
the presence of high inflation in the economies of international markets in which we operate;
|
| • |
the possibility that a government authority might impose legal, tax, customs, or other financial burdens on us or our sales force,
due, for example, to the structure of our operations in various markets;
|
| • |
the possibility that a government authority might challenge the status of our sales force as independent contractors or impose
employment or social taxes on our sales force; and
|
| • |
the possibility that governments may impose currency remittance restrictions limiting our ability to repatriate cash.
|
We depend on our key personnel, and the loss of the services provided by any of our executive officers
or other key employees could harm our business and results of operations.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our senior and regional management, many of whom would be difficult to replace. Our senior
and regional management employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. In addition, we need to continue to attract and develop qualified management personnel to sustain growth in our markets. If we are not able to
successfully retain existing personnel and identify, hire and integrate new personnel, our business and growth prospects could be harmed.
Government authorities may question our tax or customs positions or change their laws in a manner that could increase our effective tax rate or otherwise
harm our business.
As a U.S. company doing business globally, we are subject to all applicable tax and customs laws, including those relating to intercompany pricing regulations and
transactions between our corporate entities in the jurisdictions in which we do business. Periodically, we are audited by tax and customs authorities around the world. If authorities challenge our tax or customs positions, including those regarding
transfer pricing and customs valuation and classification, we may be subject to penalties, interest and payment of back taxes or customs duties. The tax and customs laws in each jurisdiction are continually changing and are further subject to
interpretation by the local government agencies. We have experienced increased efforts by customs authorities in some markets to reclassify our products or otherwise increase the level of duties we pay on our products. Despite our best efforts to be
aware of and comply with tax and customs laws, including changes to and interpretations thereof, there is a potential risk that the local authorities may argue that we are out of compliance. Such situations may require that we defend our positions
and/or adjust our operating procedures in response to such changes. Any or all of these potential risks may increase our effective tax rate, increase our overall tax or customs expense or otherwise harm our business.
We may be held responsible for certain taxes or assessments relating to the activities of our sales force, which could harm our financial condition and
operating results.
We are subject to the risk in some jurisdictions of being responsible for social security, withholding or other taxes with respect to payments to our sales force. In
addition, authorities in some jurisdictions have challenged the “independent contractor” status of distributors of some multi-level marketing companies, and they may continue to do so. In the event that local laws and regulations, or the interpretation of local laws and regulations, change to require us to treat members of our sales force as employees rather than
independent contractors, or that our independent distributors are deemed by local regulatory authorities in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we operate to be our employees rather than independent contractors under existing laws and
interpretations, we may be held responsible for a variety of obligations that are imposed upon employers relating to their employees, including social security, withholding and related taxes, minimum wage laws, and any related assessments and
penalties, which could harm our financial condition and operating results. This risk increases as our sales force increases its use of social sharing, as several jurisdictions’ regulations protect in-person or in-home sales demonstrations from
creating an employment relationship but are less protective of online demonstrations. If our independent distributors were deemed to be employees rather than independent contractors, we would also face the risk of increased liability for their
actions.
We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities,
which could have a material and adverse impact on our operating results, cash flows and financial condition.
We are subject to taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions, where a number of our subsidiaries are organized. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices
and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to change, with or without notice, due to economic, political and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in
evaluating and estimating our provision for income taxes. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, changes in our business
operations, acquisitions, entry into new markets, the amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have a lower statutory rate and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have a
higher statutory rate, losses incurred in jurisdictions, the inability to realize tax benefits, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation. In
addition, a number of countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, as the U.S. did with its tax reform legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Reform Act”).
Foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to the Tax Reform Act that could result in further changes to global taxation and may materially affect our operating results and financial condition.
The Tax Reform Act made significant changes to the rules applicable to the taxation of corporations, such as reduction of the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The
Tax Reform Act changes are complex and subject to additional guidance to be issued by the U.S. Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service. The Tax Reform Act requires complex computations that were not previously required by U.S. tax law, significant
judgments to be made in interpretation of the provisions of the Tax Reform Act and the preparation and analysis of information not previously relevant or regularly produced. As future guidance is issued, we may make adjustments to amounts we have
previously recorded that may materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made. In addition, the individual states’ reactions to the federal tax changes are evolving. As a result, the overall impact of
the Tax Reform Act is uncertain. It is possible that the application of any new rules may have a material and adverse impact on our operating results, cash flows and financial condition.
We are currently subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an
audit, investigation or other tax controversy could have a material effect on our operating results, cash flows or financial condition in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We
regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations and any other tax
controversies could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions.
The loss of or a disruption in our manufacturing and distribution operations could adversely affect our business.
As of December 31, 2018, our principal properties consisted of our corporate headquarters and other office locations, distribution centers and warehouses, research and
development centers, manufacturing facilities, retail stores and service centers located in many of our markets. Additionally, we also use third party manufacturers to manufacture many of our key products. As a company engaged in manufacturing,
distribution and research and development on a global scale, we are subject to the risks inherent in such activities, including industrial accidents, environmental events, fires, strikes and other labor or industrial disputes, disruptions in
logistics or information systems, loss or impairment of key manufacturing or distribution sites, import and export restrictions or delays, product quality control, safety, licensing requirements and other regulatory or government issues, as well as
natural disasters, pandemics, border disputes, acts of terrorism and other external factors over which we have no control. For example, the earthquake and tsunami in 2011 disrupted our operations in Japan and negatively impacted our operating
results. These risks may be heightened if we consolidate certain of our manufacturing, distribution or supply facilities or if we are unable to successfully enhance our disaster recovery planning. The loss of, or damage to, any of our facilities or
centers, or that of our third-party manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Disruptions to transportation channels that we use to distribute our products to international warehouses may adversely affect our margins and
profitability in those markets.
We may experience disruptions to the transportation channels used to distribute our products, including increased airport and shipping port congestion, a lack of
transportation capacity, increased fuel expenses, import or export controls or delays, and labor disputes or shortages. Disruptions in our container shipments may result in increased costs, including the additional use of airfreight to meet demand.
Congestion to ports can affect previously negotiated contracts with shipping companies, resulting in unexpected increases in shipping costs and reduction in our profitability.
Our markets are intensely competitive and market conditions and the strengths of competitors may harm our business.
The markets for our products are intensely competitive. Our results of operations may be harmed by market conditions and competition in the future. Many competitors have
much greater name recognition and financial resources than we have, which may give them a competitive advantage. For example, our Nu Skin products compete directly with branded, premium retail products and with the products of other direct selling
companies. Because of regulatory restrictions concerning claims about the efficacy of personal care products and dietary supplements, we may have difficulty differentiating our products from our competitors’ products, and competing products entering
the personal care and nutritional market could harm our revenue. In addition, our business may be negatively impacted if we fail to adequately adapt to trends in consumer behavior and technologies.
We also compete with other direct selling companies to attract and retain our sales force and consumers. Some of
these competitors have longer operating histories and greater visibility, name recognition and financial resources than we do. Some of our competitors have also adopted and could continue to adopt some of our successful business strategies, including
our global sales compensation plan. Consequently, to successfully compete in this industry, and attract and retain our sales force
and consumers, we must ensure that our business opportunities and sales compensation plans are financially rewarding. We believe we have significant competitive advantages, but we cannot
assure that we will be able to continue to successfully compete in this industry.
We may incur product liability claims that could harm our business.
We sell a variety of different products for human consumption and use, including cosmetics, dietary supplements, conventional foods, OTC drugs and devices. Our cosmetics,
dietary supplements and conventional foods are not generally subject to pre-market approval or registration processes so we cannot rely upon a government safety panel to qualify or approve our products for use, and some ingredients may not have long
histories of human consumption or use. We rely upon published and unpublished safety information including clinical studies on ingredients used in our products and conduct our own clinical and safety studies on some key ingredients and products, but
not all products. A product may be safe for the general population when consumed or used as directed but could cause an adverse reaction for some individuals, such as a person who has a health condition or allergies or who is taking a prescription
medication. While we include what we believe are adequate instructions and warnings and we have historically had low numbers of reported reactions, previously unknown adverse reactions could occur. If we discover that our products are causing adverse
reactions, or if we determine that any of our employees have not properly handled reports of adverse reactions, we could suffer further adverse publicity or government sanctions.
As a result of the type of products that we sell, we may be subject to various product liability claims, including that the products fail to meet quality or manufacturing
specifications, contain contaminants, include inadequate instructions as to their proper use, include inadequate warnings concerning side effects and interactions with other substances or for persons with health conditions or allergies, or cause
adverse reactions or side effects. Consumer protection laws and regulations governing our business continue to expand, and in some states such as California, class-action lawsuits based on increasingly novel theories of liability are expanding.
Product liability claims could increase our costs, and adversely affect our business and financial results. As we continue to offer an increasing number of new products through larger scale, limited-time offers our product liability risk may
increase.
If our sales force or employees provide improper or inappropriate advice regarding our products, their use or
safety, we may be subject to additional product liability.
We have generally elected to self-insure our product liability risks. We continue to periodically evaluate whether we can and should obtain product liability insurance.
Based upon our current approach to product liability risk management, if any of our products are found to cause any injury or damage or we become subject to product liability claims, we will be subject to the full amount of liability associated with
any injuries or damages. This liability could be substantial and may exceed our existing reserves and harm our business.
Our intellectual property may infringe on the rights of others, resulting in costly litigation.
In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. In particular, there has been an
increase in the filing of suits alleging infringement of intellectual property rights, which pressure defendants into entering settlement arrangements quickly to dispose of such suits, regardless of their merit. Other companies or individuals may
allege that we, or our sales force, consumers, licensees or other parties indemnified by us infringe on their intellectual property rights. Even if we believe that such claims are without
merit, defending such intellectual property litigation can be costly, distract management’s attention and resources, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected
products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our products. Any of these results may adversely affect our
financial condition.
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our ability to compete could be negatively impacted.
The market for our products depends to a significant extent upon the value associated with our product innovations and our brand equity. We rely upon patent, copyright,
trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and similar laws in other markets, and non-disclosure, confidentiality and other types of agreements with our employees, sales force, consumers, suppliers and other parties, to establish, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be
challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit us to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly product redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain
product offerings or other competitive harm. In addition, the laws of certain foreign markets where we have significant business, including markets such as Mainland China, do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws
of the United States. The costs required to protect our patents and trademarks may be substantial or even not practical. We have filed patent and trademark applications to protect our intellectual property rights in our new technologies, however,
there can be no assurance that our patent and trademark applications will be approved and issue, that any patents and trademarks issued will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents and trademarks will not be challenged by
third parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, many of our products rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and
technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all.
To enforce and protect our intellectual property rights, we may initiate litigation against third parties, such as patent and trademark infringement suits or interference
proceedings and seek indemnification by contract or otherwise. Any lawsuits that we initiate could be expensive, take significant time and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, and we may ultimately fail to prevail or recover on
any indemnification claim. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not
prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may adversely affect our financial condition or diminish our investments in this area.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our products could be adversely affected.
In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes and know-how. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual
property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific
advisors and third parties. Our employees may leave to work for competitors. Our distributors or Sales Leaders may seek other opportunities. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our
trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our current or former employees, distributors, Sales Leaders, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by
others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our
rights and adversely affect our financial condition.
We may be subject to claims that we, or our employees, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other proprietary
information of our employees’ former employers.
We employ individuals who were previously employed at other personal care product or nutritional supplement companies, including our competitors or potential competitors.
To the extent that our employees are involved in research areas that are similar to those in which they were involved with their former employers, we may be subject to claims that such employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed the
alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims.
Any future acquisitions may expose us to additional risks.
We have recently acquired certain businesses, and we may continue to do so in the future as we encounter acquisition prospects that would complement our current product
offerings, increase the size and geographic scope of our operations or otherwise offer growth and operating efficiency opportunities. The financing for any of these acquisitions could dilute the interests of our stockholders, result in an increase in
our indebtedness or both. Acquisitions may entail numerous risks, including:
| • |
difficulties in assimilating acquired operations or products, including the loss of key employees from acquired businesses and disruption to our direct selling channel;
|
| • |
diversion of management’s attention from our core business;
|
| • |
increased fixed costs;
|
| • |
adverse effects on existing business relationships with our suppliers, sales force or consumers; and
|
| • |
risks associated with entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience.
|
Our failure to successfully complete the integration of any acquired business, or a failure to adjust our fixed costs quickly enough or sufficiently to adapt to rapidly
changing market conditions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to
identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate acquisitions on favorable terms.
A failure of our internal controls over financial reporting or our compliance efforts could harm our stock price and our financial and operating results
or could result in fines or penalties.
We have implemented internal controls to help ensure the accuracy and completeness of our financial reporting and have implemented compliance policies and programs to help
ensure that our employees and sales force comply with applicable laws and regulations. Our internal audit team regularly audits our internal controls and various aspects of our business and
compliance program, and we regularly assess the effectiveness of our internal controls. There can be no assurance, however, that our internal or external assessments and audits will identify all significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our
internal controls. If a material weakness results in a material misstatement of our financial results, we would be required to restate our financial statements. For example, for the first three quarters of 2014, our management concluded that we did
not maintain effective controls over the presentation and disclosure of hyper-inflationary accounting for our Venezuela subsidiary. As a result of this material weakness, we decided to restate our consolidated financial statements for the first
quarter of 2014.
From time to time, we initiate further investigations into our business operations based on the results of our internal and external audits or on complaints, questions or
allegations made by employees or other parties regarding our business practices and operations. In addition, our business and operations may be investigated by applicable government authorities. In the event any of these investigations identify
material violations of applicable laws by our employees, sales force or affiliates, we could be subject to adverse publicity, fines,
penalties or loss of licenses or permits.
System failures, capacity constraints and other information technology difficulties could harm
our business.
With global operations and a complex sales compensation plan, our business is highly dependent on efficiently functioning information technology systems, including
websites, mobile applications, data centers, databases, networks and other systems. We rely on these systems for accepting and processing sales orders, operating our sales force and customer support operations, tracking and compensating our sales
force, conducting our corporate and regional operations, and other aspects of our business. Accordingly, the performance, reliability and availability of our systems are critical to our business, reputation, and ability to attract and retain our
sales force and customers.
Our systems may be damaged or disrupted by fires, floods, earthquakes or other natural disasters, human error, telecommunications failures, power loss, physical or
electronic break-ins, computer viruses, cyber attacks, changes in our information technology systems or organization, and other events. We have, and may in the future, experienced system failures and outages. We have adopted and implemented a
Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery Plan under which our data is archived and stored at third-party secure sites, and we have recovery sites for certain critical data and operations. However, we cannot guarantee that these backup systems, security
protocols, network protection mechanisms and other procedures currently in place, or that may be in place in the future, will be adequate to prevent or remedy system failure or interruption, data loss, security breaches or other data security
incidents. Furthermore, any mitigation process could take several days or more, thus resulting in a loss of revenue, loss of confidence of our sales force and harm to our reputation.
In addition, we make significant expenditures on our information technology infrastructure and other technology initiatives, and these items could become obsolete or
impaired. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we engaged a chief transformation officer, who was charged with reviewing and evaluating our information technology infrastructure and organization and our social sharing and digital initiatives. Following
this review, we determined to alter our strategic direction with respect to some of our systems and tools, resulting in impairment charges of approximately $49 million. We also incurred approximately $22 million in severance payments and other
expenses related to the reorganization of our Information Technology Department and other corporate and regional offices. In addition to these charges that we have already incurred, additional cash outlay and new personnel will also be necessary for
execution of new plans and strategy, and we cannot provide assurance that these new plans and strategy will be successful.
Our systems could also be strained by growth in our business. Although we work to expand and enhance our ecommerce features, network infrastructure and other technologies
to accommodate increases in the volume of traffic to our ecommerce channels, we may be unsuccessful in these efforts. Our failure, or our suppliers’ failure, to achieve or maintain system capacity could significantly reduce our ability to fulfill
orders and could harm our business, reputation, revenue and financial condition.
Cyber security risks and the failure to maintain the integrity of company, employee, sales force or guest data could expose us to data loss, litigation,
liability and harm to our reputation.
We collect, store and transmit large volumes of company, employee, sales force and guest data, including payment card information, personally identifiable information and
other personal information, for business purposes, including for transactional and promotional purposes, and our various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data. The integrity and protection of this data is
critical to our business.
We are subject to significant security and privacy regulations, as well as requirements imposed by the payment card industry. For example, during 2018, the General Data
Protection Regulation went into effect in the European Union, imposing increased data protection regulations, the violation of which could result in fines of up to 4% of our annual revenue. In addition, California recently enacted the California
Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which will, among other things, require covered companies to provide certain disclosures to California consumers and allow such consumers to opt-out of certain sharing of personal information when it goes into effect on
January 1, 2020. The CCPA has already been amended, and it remains unclear whether it will be further amended or how it will be interpreted.
In the United States, congressional committees have recently held preliminary hearings about the advisability of a federal data privacy law, but it is uncertain whether the
federal government will adopt such a law and whether it would preempt state data privacy laws. The prospect of new data privacy laws and ambiguity regarding the interpretation of existing laws has resulted in significant uncertainty and compliance
costs. In addition to laws specifically governing privacy and data security, in some cases, federal and state regulators and state attorneys general and administrative agencies have interpreted more general consumer protection laws to impose
standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data. Although we monitor regulatory developments in this area, any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with these requirements could subject us to significant penalties,
lawsuits and negative publicity and require changes to our business practices. In particular, maintaining compliance with these and other evolving regulations and requirements around the world often requires changes to our information system
architecture and data storage processes. Making these changes is, and will likely continue to be, difficult and expensive. Investigations by the regulators of data security laws could also result in the payment of fines and harm our reputation. In
2017, our South Korea business was investigated by regulators in that market, and although the investigation did not result in significant fines, future investigations could result in significant fines or harm to our reputation. Private actions by
affected individuals could also result in significant monetary or reputational damage.
Similarly, a failure to adhere to the payment card industry’s data security standards could cause us to incur penalties from payment card associations, termination of our
ability to accept credit or debit card payments, litigation and adverse publicity, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
In addition, a penetrated or compromised data system or the intentional, inadvertent or negligent release, misuse or disclosure of data could result in theft, loss or
fraudulent or unlawful use of company, employee, sales force or guest data. Although we take measures to protect the security, integrity and confidentiality of our data systems, we experience cyber attacks of varying degrees and types on a regular
basis. Our infrastructure may be vulnerable to these attacks, and in some cases it could take time to discover them. Our security measures may also be breached due to employee error or malfeasance, system errors or otherwise. Additionally, outside
parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, users, or customers to disclose sensitive information to gain access to our data or our users’ or customers’ data. Any such breach or unauthorized access could result in the unauthorized
disclosure, misuse or loss of sensitive information and lead to significant legal and financial exposure, regulatory inquiries or investigations, loss of confidence by our sales force, disruption of our operations and damage to our reputation. These
risks are heightened as we work with third-party partners and as our sales force uses social media, as the partners and social media platforms could be vulnerable to the same types of breaches. Acquisition activity, which we have recently engaged in
and which we may continue to engage in, may also heighten these risks, as the systems of the companies we acquire are not under our control prior to the acquisitions and it may take time to evaluate these systems and implement appropriate
modifications to them.
Epidemics and other crises could negatively impact our business.
Due to the person-to-person nature of direct selling, our results of operations could be harmed if the fear of a communicable and rapidly spreading disease or other crises
such as natural disasters result in travel restrictions or cause people to avoid group meetings or gatherings or interaction with other people. It is difficult to predict the impact on our business, if any, of the emergence of new epidemics or other
crises. In addition, most of our Pharmanex nutritional supplement revenue is generated from products that are encapsulated in bovine- and/or porcine-sourced gel capsules. If we experience production difficulties, quality control problems or shortages
in supply in connection with bovine or porcine related health concerns, this could result in additional risk of product shortages or write-downs of inventory. We may be unable to introduce our products in some markets if we are unable to obtain the
necessary regulatory approvals or if any product ingredients are prohibited, which could harm our business.
The market price of our Class A common stock is subject to significant fluctuations due to a number of factors that are beyond our control.
Our Class A common stock closed at $51.88 per share on January 31, 2017 and closed at $65.65 per share on January 31, 2019. During this two-year period, our Class A common
stock traded as low as $47.10 per share and as high as $88.68. per share. Many factors, including some we may be unable to control, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fall. Some of these factors include:
| • |
fluctuations in our operating results;
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government investigations of our business;
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| • |
trends or adverse publicity related to our business, products, industry or competitors;
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| • |
the sale of shares of Class A common stock by significant stockholders;
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| • |
demand, and general trends in the market, for our products;
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acquisitions by us or our competitors;
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economic or currency exchange issues in markets in which we operate;
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changes in estimates of our operating performance or changes in recommendations by securities analysts;
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| • |
speculative trading, including short selling and options trading; and
|
| • |
general economic, business, regulatory and political conditions.
|
Broad market fluctuations could also lower the market price of our Class A common stock regardless of our actual operating performance.
Some of the markets in which we operate have currency controls in place, which may restrict our repatriation of cash.
If foreign governments restrict transfers of cash out of their country and control exchange rates, we may be limited as to the timing and amount of cash we can repatriate
and may not be able to repatriate cash at beneficial exchange rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We typically fund the cash requirements of our operations in the U.S. through intercompany dividends, intercompany loans and intercompany charges for products, use of
intangible property, and corporate services. However, some markets impose government-approval or other requirements for the repatriation of dividends. For example, in Mainland China, we are unable to repatriate cash from current operations in the
form of dividends until we file the necessary statutory financial statements for the relevant period. As of December 31, 2018, we had $122.9 million in cash denominated in Chinese RMB. Currency exchange restrictions in Venezuela also impeded our
Venezuela subsidiary’s ability to obtain U.S. dollars to pay for imported products or to repatriate dividends to the United States. We ceased business operations in Venezuela in 2016.
None.
Our principal properties consist of the following:
Offices
We have administrative offices at our corporate headquarters in Provo, Utah, and in various markets, including in Shanghai, China.
Distribution Centers
We distribute our products through distribution centers and warehouses in many of our markets, including in Provo, Utah; Shanghai, China; Chungcheong buk-do, South Korea;
Venlo, Netherlands; and Tokyo, Japan.
Research and Development Centers
We operate research and development centers in Provo, Utah, and in Shanghai, China.
Manufacturing Facilities
We operate manufacturing facilities in Mainland China, and in 2018 we acquired two manufacturing companies in Utah.
Retail Stores, Service Centers, Walk-in Centers and Pick-up Locations
We operate walk-in centers and pick-up locations in many of our markets. We also operate retail stores and service centers in Mainland China.
We own our corporate headquarters buildings, distribution center and research and development center located in Provo, Utah; the structure and improvements of our
administrative offices in Shanghai, China; our distribution center in Chungcheong buk-do, South Korea; and a few other minor facilities. We currently lease the other properties described above.
From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.
Not applicable.
PART II
Market Information and Holders
Our Class A common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and trades under the symbol “NUS.” The approximate number of holders of record of our Class A
common stock as of January 31, 2019 was 258. This number of holders of record does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of shares of our Class A common stock because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers
and others for the benefit of individual owners who have the right to vote their shares.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
(d)
|
|||||||||||||
|
Period
|
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
|
Average
Price Paid
per Share
|
Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or
Programs
|
Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans or
Programs
(in millions)(1)
|
||||||||||||
|
October 1 – 31, 2018
|
64,083
|
$
|
72.50
|
64,083
|
$
|
487.7
|
||||||||||
|
November 1 – 30, 2018
|
248,564
|
67.18
|
248,564
|
471.0
|
||||||||||||
|
December 1 – 31, 2018
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
471.0
|
||||||||||||
|
Total
|
312,647
|
68.27
|
312,647
|
|||||||||||||
| (1) |
In August 2018, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase plan. Under this plan, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500 million of our
outstanding Class A common stock on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.
|
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph shows the changes in value over the five-year period ended December 31, 2018 of an assumed $100 investment in our Class A common stock, the S&P
MidCap 400 Consumer Staples Index and the S&P 500 Index. The stock performance graph in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the 2017 fiscal year included an index of publicly-traded peers (the “Peer Group”). We have determined to begin including
the S&P MidCap 400 Consumer Staples Index rather than the Peer Group to provide a more objective representation of companies in our industry. As required by SEC rules, we include the Peer Group in the graph below because we included it for the
immediately preceding fiscal year. The Peer Group consists of Avon Products, Inc., The Estée Lauder Companies Inc., Herbalife Nutrition Ltd., Mannatech, Inc., Nature’s Sunshine Products, Inc., Tupperware Brands Corporation, USANA Health Sciences,
Inc. and Weight Watchers International, Inc.
COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
Among Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc., the S&P 500 Index, the S&P MidCap 400 Consumer Staples Index,
and a Peer Group
|
Measured Period
|
Nu Skin
|
S&P 500 Index
|
S&P MidCap 400
Consumer Staples Index
|
Peer Group Index
|
||||
|
December 31, 2013
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
||||
|
December 31, 2014
|
32.45
|
113.69
|
135.21
|
79.34
|
||||
|
December 31, 2015
|
29.04
|
115.26
|
130.39
|
84.58
|
||||
|
December 31, 2016
|
37.87
|
129.05
|
147.44
|
76.45
|
||||
|
December 31, 2017
|
55.49
|
157.22
|
152.28
|
116.70
|
||||
|
December 31, 2018
|
50.87
|
150.33
|
141.39
|
128.02
|
The Stock Performance Graph above shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or subject to the
liabilities of Section 18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In addition, it shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any statement that incorporates this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference into
any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference.
The following selected consolidated financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from the audited
consolidated financial statements:
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
2015
|
2014
|
||||||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands, except per share data and cash dividends)
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Income Statement Data:
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Revenue
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
$
|
2,247,047
|
$
|
2,569,495
|
||||||||||
|
Cost of sales
|
634,140
|
502,078
|
500,457
|
(1)
|
489,510
|
(2)
|
478,434
|
(2)
|
||||||||||||
|
Gross profit
|
2,044,868
|
1,777,021
|
1,707,340
|
1,757,537
|
2,091,061
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Operating expenses:
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Selling expenses
|
1,071,020
|
938,024
|
922,083
|
951,372
|
1,116,572
|
|||||||||||||||
|
General and administrative expenses
|
662,302
|
564,514
|
554,153
|
561,463
|
622,301
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Restructuring and impairment expenses(3)
|
70,686
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Total operating expenses
|
1,804,008
|
1,502,538
|
1,476,236
|
1,512,835
|
1,738,873
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Operating income
|
240,860
|
274,483
|
231,104
|
244,702
|
352,188
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Other income (expense), net
|
(21,194
|
)
|
(8,916
|
)
|
(18,265
|
)
|
(32,743
|
)(4)
|
(53,681
|
)(4)
|
||||||||||
|
Income before provision for income taxes
|
219,666
|
265,567
|
212,839
|
211,959
|
298,507
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Provision for income taxes
|
97,779
|
136,130
|
(5)
|
69,753
|
78,913
|
109,331
|
||||||||||||||
|
Net income
|
$
|
121,887
|
$
|
129,437
|
$
|
143,086
|
$
|
133,046
|
$
|
189,176
|
||||||||||
|
Net income per share:
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Basic
|
$
|
2.21
|
$
|
2.45
|
$
|
2.58
|
$
|
2.29
|
$
|
3.20
|
||||||||||
|
Diluted
|
$
|
2.16
|
$
|
2.36
|
$
|
2.55
|
$
|
2.25
|
$
|
3.11
|
||||||||||
|
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (000s):
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Basic
|
55,170
|
52,806
|
55,412
|
57,997
|
59,073
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Diluted
|
56,476
|
54,852
|
56,097
|
59,057
|
60,887
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Balance Sheet Data (at end of period):
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Cash and cash equivalents and current investments
|
$
|
398,257
|
$
|
438,246
|
$
|
368,126
|
$
|
303,725
|
$
|
300,208
|
||||||||||
|
Working capital
|
359,582
|
330,419
|
315,326
|
298,795
|
416,338
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Total assets
|
1,694,446
|
1,589,872
|
1,474,045
|
1,505,843
|
1,614,434
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Current portion of long-term debt
|
69,455
|
77,840
|
82,727
|
67,849
|
82,770
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Long-term debt
|
361,008
|
310,790
|
334,165
|
181,745
|
164,567
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Stockholders’ equity
|
781,867
|
704,596
|
664,070
|
825,621
|
942,438
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Cash dividends declared per share
|
1.46
|
1.44
|
1.42
|
1.40
|
1.38
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Supplemental Operating Data (at end of period):
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Approximate number of Customers(6)
|
1,244,000
|
1,070,000
|
988,000
|
994,000
|
1,208,000
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Number of Sales Leaders(7)
|
73,400
|
81,900
|
61,600
|
67,600
|
62,000
|
|||||||||||||||
| (1) |
Includes a non-cash Japan customs expense of $31.4 million.
|
| (2) |
Includes write-downs of inventory of $37.9 million and $50.0 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, resulting primarily from reduced sales expectations primarily in our Greater China
region.
|
| (3) |
Consists of expenses incurred in connection with restructuring and exit activities.
|
| (4) |
Includes $10.2 million and $46.3 million of foreign currency charges in 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to the devaluation of the Venezuela currency.
|
| (5) |
Includes a negative non-cash net impact of $47.7 million from 2017 tax reform legislation in the United States.
|
| (6) |
“Customers” are persons who purchased products directly from the company during the previous three months. Our Customer numbers do not include consumers who purchase products directly
from members of our sales force.
|
| (7) |
“Sales Leaders” are independent distributors, and sales employees and independent marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.
|
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes,
which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Business Overview
Our Products
Founded more than 30 years ago, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. develops and distributes innovative consumer products, offering
a comprehensive line of premium-quality beauty and wellness solutions in approximately 50 markets worldwide. In 2018, our revenue of $2.7 billion was primarily generated by our two category brands: our beauty and personal care category brand
known as Nu Skin and our nutritional products category brand, Pharmanex. We have also leveraged our scientific expertise in the area of anti-aging to develop our ageLOC brand that features innovative products in both of these categories. We operate
in the direct selling channel, primarily utilizing person-to-person marketing to promote and sell our products.
In 2018, we acquired three companies that, respectively, manufacture products for the personal care and nutrition industries and specialize in product packaging. These
companies provide products and services not only to our core Nu Skin business but also to external customers so that these companies can build their own brands within their own industries to better achieve their growth potential. Our manufacturing
and packaging companies generated $90.6 million of our 2018 reported revenue (excluding sales to our core Nu Skin business).
Our Global Operations
Nu Skin’s operations span approximately 50 markets with approximately 88% of our 2018 revenue coming from outside of the United States. Given the size of our international
operations, our results, as reported in U.S. dollars, are often impacted by foreign-currency fluctuations. In 2018, our revenue benefited 1% from foreign-currency fluctuations compared to 2017. In addition, our results can be impacted by global
economic, political, demographic and business trends and conditions.
A Global Network of Sales Leaders and Customers
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 1,244,000 persons who purchased products directly from the company during the previous three months (“Customers”). We believe
a significant majority of Customers purchase our products primarily for personal or family consumption but are not actively pursuing the opportunity to generate income by marketing and reselling products.
Our revenue is highly influenced by the number and productivity of our Sales Leaders. Sales Leaders are independent distributors, and sales employees and independent
marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.
We have been successful in attracting and motivating our sales force by:
| • |
developing and marketing innovative, technologically and scientifically advanced products;
|
| • |
providing compelling initiatives and strong support; and
|
| • |
offering an attractive sales compensation structure.
|
Our global sales force helps us to rapidly introduce products and penetrate our markets with modest up-front promotional expense. We rely on our sales force to create
consumer demand for our products, as opposed to a traditional approach of advertising-generated consumer awareness. Our approach is particularly effective with products that benefit from personal education and demonstration. Similar to other
companies in our industry, we experience relatively high turnover among our sales force.
To enhance customer retention, we have developed product subscription and loyalty programs that provide incentives for consumers to commit to purchase a specific amount of
product on a monthly basis. All purchases under these programs are subject to our standard product payment and return policies. We believe these subscription and loyalty programs have improved consumer retention, have had a stabilizing impact on
revenue and have helped generate recurring sales.
Product Innovation
Our sales force markets and sells our products, and attracts others to the opportunity, based on the distinguishing benefits and innovative characteristics of our products.
As a result, we leverage our scientific expertise and product development resources to introduce innovative beauty and wellness products. We are also seeing a greater use of social media by our sales force to market and sell our products. To continue
to leverage social media, it is imperative that we develop demonstrable products that are unique and engaging to a younger generation.
Since 2008, we have focused on the development of products under our ageLOC brand, an innovative line of anti-aging
solutions that feature skin treatment and nutritional products. This anti-aging line includes such products as our ageLOC LumiSpa skin treatment and cleansing device, ageLOC TR90 weight management system, ageLOC Spa systems and gels, ageLOC Youth nutritional supplement and ageLOC Me customized skin care system. Any delays or difficulties in introducing compelling products or attractive
initiatives or tools into our markets may have a negative impact on our revenue and our number of Customers and Sales Leaders.
Our Product Launch Process
We use a variety of methods to launch our products, enabling us to tailor the launch process to the specific market and the specific product. Prior to making a key product
generally available for purchase, we often do one or more introductory offerings of the product, such as a preview of the product to our Sales Leaders, a limited-time offer, or other product introduction or promotion. These offerings may generate
significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which can result in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue during the quarter and can skew year-over-year and sequential comparisons. We
believe our product launch process attracts new Customers and Sales Leaders to our business, increases consumer trial and provides important marketing and forecasting information about the products to our company.
Income Statement Presentation
We report revenue in seven segments, and we translate revenue from each market’s local currency into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. The following table
sets forth revenue information by segment for the periods indicated. This table should be reviewed in connection with the information presented under “Results of Operations,” which describes selling expenses and other costs associated with generating
the aggregate revenue presented.
Revenue by Segment
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in millions)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
886.5
|
33
|
%
|
$
|
717.0
|
32
|
%
|
$
|
610.4
|
28
|
%
|
||||||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
385.0
|
14
|
342.4
|
15
|
298.8
|
13
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
373.4
|
14
|
361.7
|
16
|
413.7
|
19
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
316.9
|
12
|
268.6
|
12
|
271.9
|
12
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
254.9
|
10
|
256.1
|
11
|
279.0
|
13
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
185.9
|
7
|
166.7
|
7
|
184.0
|
8
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
182.4
|
7
|
160.3
|
7
|
147.3
|
7
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Other
|
94.0
|
3
|
6.3
|
—
|
2.7
|
—
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679.0
|
100
|
%
|
$
|
2,279.1
|
100
|
%
|
$
|
2,207.8
|
100
|
%
|
||||||||||||
Cost of sales primarily consists of:
| • |
cost of products purchased from third-party vendors;
|
| • |
costs of self-manufactured products;
|
| • |
cost of adjustments to inventory carrying value;
|
| • |
freight cost of shipping products to our sales force and import duties for the products; and
|
| • |
royalties and related expenses for licensed technologies.
|
We source the majority of our products from third-party vendors. Under direct selling regulations in Mainland China, we are required to manufacture the products we
distribute through independent direct sellers in Mainland China. We also recently acquired three companies in the United States that are producing some of our products. Cost of sales and gross profit, on a consolidated basis, may fluctuate as a
result of changes in the ratio between self-manufactured products and products sourced from third-party vendors. In addition, because we purchase a significant amount of our goods in U.S. dollars and recognize revenue in local currencies, our gross
margin is subject to exchange rate risks. Because our gross margins vary from product to product and due to higher pricing in some markets, changes in product mix and geographic revenue mix can impact our gross margin on a consolidated basis.
Selling expenses are our most significant expense and are classified as operating expenses. Selling expenses include sales commissions paid to our sales force, special incentives, costs for incentive trips and other rewards, as well as wages, benefits, bonuses and other labor and unemployment expenses we pay to our sales force in Mainland China. Selling
expenses do not include amounts we pay to our sales force based on their personal purchases; rather, such amounts are reflected as reductions to revenue. Our global sales compensation plan,
which we employ in all our markets except Mainland China, is an important factor in our ability to attract and retain our Sales Leaders. Under our global sales compensation plan, Sales
Leaders can earn “multi-level” compensation, where they earn commissions for product sales to their consumer groups as well as the product sales made through the sales network they have developed
and trained. We do not pay commissions on sales materials. Fluctuations occur in the amount of commissions paid as the Customers and Sales Leaders change from month to month, but the fluctuation in the overall payout as a percentage of
revenue tends to be relatively small. Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue typically increase in connection with a significant product offering due to growth in the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for increased sales compensation and
promotional incentives. From time to time, we make modifications and enhancements to our global sales compensation plan in an effort to help motivate our sales force and develop leadership characteristics, which can have an impact on selling expenses. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2017, we began to implement significant enhancements to our global sales
compensation plan, which we have now rolled out across most of our markets. One of the changes is a new bonus program for our sales force, which has an increasing effect on our selling expenses as a percentage of revenue.
Outside of Mainland China, distributors also have the opportunity to make profits by purchasing products from us at a discount and selling them to consumers with a mark-up.
We do not account for, nor pay, additional commissions on these mark-ups received by distributors. In many markets, we also allow individuals who are not part of our sales force, whom we refer to as “preferred customers,” to buy products directly
from us at a discount. We pay commissions on preferred customer purchases to the referring member of our sales force.
General and administrative expenses include:
| • |
wages and benefits;
|
| • |
rents and utilities;
|
| • |
depreciation and amortization;
|
| • |
promotion and advertising;
|
| • |
professional fees;
|
| • |
travel;
|
| • |
research and development; and
|
| • |
other operating expenses.
|
Labor expenses are the most significant portion of our general and administrative expenses. Promotion and advertising expenses include costs of sales force conventions held in various markets worldwide, which we generally expense in the period in which they are incurred. Because our various sales force
conventions are not held during each fiscal year, or in the same period each year, their impact on our general and administrative expenses may vary from year to year and from quarter to quarter. For example, we held our global convention in October
2017 and will have another global convention in the fall of 2019 as we currently plan to hold a global convention every other year. In addition, we hold regional conventions and conventions in our major markets at different times during the year.
These conventions have significant expenses associated with them. Because we have not incurred expenses for these conventions during every fiscal year or in comparable interim periods, year-over-year comparisons have been impacted accordingly.
Provision for income taxes depends on the statutory tax rates in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, statutory tax rates in 2018 were approximately
16.5% in Hong Kong, 20.0% in Taiwan, 22.35% in South Korea, 35.88% in Japan and 25% in Mainland China. We are subject to taxation in the United States at the statutory corporate federal tax rate of 21% in 2018, and we pay taxes in multiple states
within the United States at various tax rates. Our overall effective tax rate was 44.5% for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Critical Accounting Policies
The following critical accounting policies and estimates should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.
Management considers our critical accounting policies to be the recognition of revenue, accounting for income taxes and accounting for intangible assets. In each of these areas, management makes estimates based on historical results, current trends
and future projections.
Revenue. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for
transferring products. All revenue is recognized when we satisfy our performance obligations under the contract. We recognize revenue by transferring the promised products to the customer, with revenue recognized at shipping point, the point in time
the customer obtains control of the products. We recognize revenue for shipping and handling charges at the time the products are delivered to or picked up by the customer. In most markets, we offer a return policy that allows our sales force to
return unopened and unused product for up to 12 months subject to a 10% restocking fee. Reported revenue is net of returns, which have historically been less than 5% of annual revenue. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance
obligation and are short term in nature. Sales taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from net sales.
Through our product subscription and loyalty programs, which vary from market to market, participants who commit to purchase on a monthly basis receive a discount from
suggested retail or wholesale prices, as applicable. We account for this discount as a reduction in the transaction price. Participants may cancel their commitment at any time, however some markets charge a one-time early cancellation fee. All
purchases under these programs are subject to our standard product payment and return policies.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the Financial
Accounting Standards Codification. This Topic establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the effects of income taxes that result from an enterprise’s
activities during the current and preceding years. We take an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting of income taxes. We pay income taxes in many foreign jurisdictions based on the profits realized in those jurisdictions,
which can be significantly impacted by terms of intercompany transactions between Nu Skin affiliates around the world. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are created in this process. As of December 31, 2018, we had net deferred tax assets of $19.1
million. We net these deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities by jurisdiction. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be ultimately realized. These deferred tax assets
assume sufficient future earnings will exist for their realization, and are calculated using anticipated tax rates. In certain jurisdictions, valuation allowances have been recorded against the deferred tax assets specifically related to use of
foreign tax credits, research and development credits, interest expense limitations, and net operating losses. When we determine that there is sufficient taxable income to utilize the foreign tax credits, the research and development credits, the
interest expense limitation, or the net operating losses, the valuation allowances will be released. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the
deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made.
We evaluate our indefinite reinvestment assertions with respect to foreign earnings for each period. Other than earnings we intend to reinvest indefinitely, we accrue for
the U.S. federal and state income taxes applicable to the earnings. For all foreign earnings, we accrue the applicable foreign income taxes. We intend to utilize the offshore earnings to fund foreign investments, specifically capital expenditures.
Undistributed earnings that we have indefinitely reinvested aggregate to $60.0 million as of December 31, 2018. If this amount were repatriated to the United States, the amount of incremental taxes would be approximately $6.0 million.
The company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. The company is no longer subject to tax examinations
from the IRS for all years for which tax returns have been filed before 2015. With a few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state and local income tax examination by tax authorities for the years before 2016. In 2009, we entered into a voluntary
program with the IRS called Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”). The objective of CAP is to contemporaneously work with the IRS to achieve federal tax compliance and resolve all or most of the issues prior to filing of the tax return. We have
elected to participate in the CAP program for 2019 and may elect to continue participating in CAP for future tax years; we may withdraw from the program at any time. In major foreign jurisdictions, we are generally not subject to income tax
examinations for years before 2012. However, statutes in certain markets may be as long as ten years for transfer pricing related issues. We are currently under examination in certain foreign jurisdictions; however, the outcomes of those reviews are
not yet determinable.
Our unrecognized tax benefits are related to multiple foreign and domestic jurisdictions. There are potential changes in unrecognized tax benefits from the multiple
jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as the expiration of various statutes of limitation and possible completion of tax examinations; however, we do not anticipate that our total unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change over the next
12 months.
At December 31, 2018, we had $11.5 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $11.4 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. In comparison, at
December 31, 2017, we had $5.5 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $5.2 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. We recognized a benefit of approximately $0.7 million in interest and penalties during the year ended
December 31, 2017 and $1.3 million in interest and penalties during the year ended December 31, 2018. We had approximately $0.9 million, $1.6 million and $2.9 million of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions at December
31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of income tax expense.
We are subject to regular audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in additional tax liabilities. We account for such contingent
liabilities in accordance with relevant accounting standards and believe we have appropriately provided for income taxes for all years. Several factors drive the calculation of our tax reserves. Some of these factors include: (i) the expiration of
various statutes of limitations; (ii) changes in tax law and regulations; (iii) issuance of tax rulings; and (iv) settlements with tax authorities. Changes in any of these factors may result in adjustments to our reserves, which would impact our
reported financial results.
Intangible Assets. Acquired intangible assets may represent indefinite-lived assets, determinable-lived
intangibles or goodwill. Of these, only the costs of determinable-lived intangibles are amortized to expense over their estimated life. The value of indefinite-lived intangible assets and residual goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least
annually for impairment. Our impairment testing for goodwill is performed separately from our impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangibles. We test goodwill for impairment, at least annually, by reviewing the book value compared to the fair
value at the reportable unit level. Beginning in 2011, we had the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a
reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is
less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. We elected to perform the qualitative
assessment during fiscal year 2018. We used the quantitative assessment for fiscal years 2017 and 2016. Considerable management judgment is necessary to measure fair value. We did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets
during the periods presented.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Revenue
|
100.0
|
%
|
100.0
|
%
|
100.0
|
%
|
||||||
|
Cost of sales
|
23.7
|
22.0
|
22.7
|
|||||||||
|
Gross profit
|
76.3
|
78.0
|
77.3
|
|||||||||
|
Operating expenses:
|
||||||||||||
|
Selling expenses
|
40.0
|
41.1
|
41.7
|
|||||||||
|
General and administrative expenses
|
24.7
|
24.8
|
25.1
|
|||||||||
|
Restructuring and impairment expenses
|
2.6
|
—
|
—
|
|||||||||
|
Total operating expenses
|
67.3
|
65.9
|
66.8
|
|||||||||
|
Operating income
|
9.0
|
12.1
|
10.5
|
|||||||||
|
Other income (expense), net
|
(0.8
|
)
|
(0.4
|
)
|
(0.8
|
)
|
||||||
|
Income before provision for income taxes
|
8.2
|
11.7
|
9.7
|
|||||||||
|
Provision for income taxes
|
3.7
|
6.0
|
3.2
|
|||||||||
|
Net income
|
4.5
|
%
|
5.7
|
%
|
6.5
|
%
|
||||||
2018 Compared to 2017
Overview
Revenue in 2018 increased 17.5% to $2.68 billion from $2.28 billion in 2017. As of the end of the fourth quarter of 2018, Sales Leaders were down 10% and Customers were up
16% compared to the prior year. Earnings per share for 2018 were $2.16, compared to $2.36 for 2017.
The growth in our business reflects success with our growth strategy that focuses on platforms, products and programs. Our Sales Leaders continued to have success with
social sharing initiatives, particularly in our Americas/Pacific, Southeast Asia and EMEA segments, and we believe our Velocity sales compensation program enhancements, which we have rolled out to most of our markets, also helped drive increases in
Customer and Sales Leader activity. Our ageLOC LumiSpa skin treatment and cleansing device continues to generate strong sales and sales force engagement, particularly in
our Mainland China, Southeast Asia and Americas/Pacific segments. We began the launch process for this product in the fourth quarter of 2017, and we made it generally available for purchase in each of our markets during 2018. Our 2018 revenue
includes approximately $278 million in LumiSpa sales, compared to approximately $130 million in 2017. As previously disclosed, our Sales Leader number at the end of 2017
was higher due to these initial LumiSpa offerings, followed by an expected decline in the first quarter of 2018. Sales Leaders increased sequentially each quarter
throughout 2018 after the first quarter.
Our revenue benefited 4% in 2018, compared to the prior year, from the businesses we acquired during the first quarter of 2018. Our revenue also benefited 1% from
foreign-currency fluctuations in 2018.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, we adopted a restructuring program, under which we incurred charges totaling $70.7 million for impairment of information technology assets
and employee severance. The year-over-year decrease in our earnings per share primarily reflects this restructuring charge, as well as foreign-currency charges of $16.4 million due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar and a $7.2 million charge in
the first quarter of 2018 related to the conversion of our then-outstanding convertible notes. These charges were partially offset by increased revenue in 2018 and a $47.7 million charge in 2017 due to tax reform legislation in the United States. Our
acquisitions in the first quarter of 2018 also resulted in a $13.6 million gain in the first quarter, which was partially offset by $9.2 million in amortization of acquired intangible assets under acquisition accounting throughout 2018. For more
information about these items, see “Restructuring and impairment expenses” and “Other income (expense), net,” below.
Segment Results
We report our business in seven segments to reflect our current management approach. Effective as of the first quarter of 2018, we reorganized the structure of our segments
to reflect that our Pacific region, which was previously managed by our Southeast Asia regional management and was included in our South Asia/Pacific operating segment, is now managed by our Americas regional management and is included in our
Americas/Pacific operating segment. Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 has been recast to reflect this change.
The following table sets forth revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 for each of our reportable segments (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ended
December 31,
|
Constant | |||||||||||||||
|
Currency
|
||||||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
Change
|
Change(1)
|
|||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
886,472
|
$
|
716,991
|
24
|
%
|
21
|
%
|
||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
385,034
|
342,429
|
12
|
%
|
20
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
373,357
|
361,692
|
3
|
%
|
1
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
316,890
|
268,631
|
18
|
%
|
18
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Japan
|
254,939
|
256,085
|
—
|
(2
|
%)
|
|||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/ Taiwan
|
185,893
|
166,696
|
12
|
%
|
11
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
182,394
|
160,275
|
14
|
%
|
10
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Other
|
94,029
|
6,300
|
1,393
|
%
|
1,393
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
18
|
%
|
17
|
%
|
||||||||
| (1) |
Constant-currency revenue change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," below.
|
The table below sets forth segment contribution for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 for each of our reportable segments (U.S. dollars in thousands). Segment
contribution excludes certain intercompany charges, specifically royalties, license fees, transfer pricing and other miscellaneous items. We use segment contribution to measure the portion of profitability that the segment managers have the ability
to control for their respective segments. For additional information regarding our segments and the calculation of segment contribution, see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report.
|
2018
|
2017
|
Change
|
||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
253,598
|
$
|
211,625
|
20
|
%
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
52,433
|
51,885
|
1
|
%
|
||||||||
|
South Korea
|
107,215
|
100,964
|
6
|
%
|
||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
78,598
|
63,296
|
24
|
%
|
||||||||
|
Japan
|
56,676
|
51,372
|
10
|
%
|
||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
33,392
|
27,958
|
19
|
%
|
||||||||
|
EMEA
|
14,773
|
11,749
|
26
|
%
|
||||||||
The following table provides information concerning the number of Customers and Sales Leaders as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. “Customers” are persons who have purchased
products directly from the Company during the three months ended as of the date indicated. Our Customer numbers do not include consumers who purchase products directly from members of our sales force. “Sales Leaders” are independent distributors, and
sales employees and independent marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements. Our Velocity sales compensation program enhancements have adjusted the requirements for qualifying and maintaining “Sales Leader” status,
which could impact the number of independent distributors under our global compensation program who achieve such requirements. For example, the level of sales volume necessary to achieve initial qualification has been increased in some markets, and
the enhanced program also provides some flexibility to remain a Sales Leader with lower sales volume for a short time. As of the end of 2018, we had launched Velocity in our South Korea, Americas/Pacific and Japan segments; Taiwan; and most of the
markets in our Southeast Asia segment. Mainland China operates under a different business model and is not impacted by these changes.
|
As of
December 31, 2018
|
As of
December 31, 2017
|
% Increase
(Decrease)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
304,000
|
33,100
|
193,000
|
40,600
|
58
|
%
|
(18
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
249,000
|
8,300
|
244,000
|
8,900
|
2
|
%
|
(7
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
182,000
|
7,600
|
173,000
|
8,400
|
5
|
%
|
(10
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
153,000
|
8,900
|
122,000
|
8,000
|
25
|
%
|
11
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
130,000
|
5,900
|
132,000
|
6,600
|
(2
|
%)
|
(11
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
77,000
|
4,800
|
71,000
|
4,700
|
8
|
%
|
2
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
149,000
|
4,800
|
135,000
|
4,700
|
10
|
%
|
2
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
1,244,000
|
73,400
|
1,070,000
|
81,900
|
16
|
%
|
(10
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
Following is a narrative discussion of our results in each segment, which supplements the tables above.
Mainland China. Our business’s performance in Mainland China in 2018 was strong. The year-over-year
increase in revenue reflects continued interest in LumiSpa, which we began launching in this segment in the fourth quarter of 2017. As expected, following the LumiSpa offering and a sales promotion in the fourth quarter
of 2017, our Sales Leaders declined in the first quarter 2018, followed by increases during the year. Our 58% year-over-year increase in Customers reflects successful Customer growth initiatives, primarily in the fourth quarter.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution primarily reflects higher revenue in 2018.
Due to recent events involving healthcare-related product claims for products of other companies in our industry, there has been increased regulatory scrutiny of the
healthcare market, including direct selling. During the first quarter of 2019, we received guidance to limit certain business meetings in most provinces on a temporary basis. This could negatively impact our results for the first quarter and future
quarters.
To date, the recently enacted tariffs and trade dispute between the United States and Mainland China have not materially impacted our business, although we believe it has
impacted foreign currency exchange rates which will have a negative impact on our revenue in Mainland China on a U.S. dollar basis if they do not return to prior levels. In the event the trade disputes between the United States and Mainland China
continue or intensify, our business could be negatively impacted in the future. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors—“Recently enacted tariffs, other potential changes to tariff and import/export regulations, and ongoing trade disputes
between the United States and other jurisdictions may have a negative effect on global economic conditions and our business, financial results and financial condition.”
Americas/Pacific. Our business in this segment improved on a year-over-year basis, with increases in our
revenue and Customers. These improvements are largely due to interest in LumiSpa, growth in some of our Latin America markets and social sharing initiatives in the United
States. In the second half of the year, our Argentina business experienced sequential declines in revenue, Sales Leaders and Customers. The 8% foreign currency impact on the segment’s revenue was
primarily attributable to Argentina. Argentina was classified as a highly inflationary economy under U.S. accounting standards in the third quarter of 2018. We have implemented price increases in response to inflation in Argentina.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution primarily reflects increased revenue and a 1.5 percentage-point improvement in gross margin, partially offset by a 2.8
percentage-point increase in selling expenses as a percentage of revenue. These changes in selling expenses and gross margin reflect the impact of Velocity. As previously disclosed, Velocity
includes a new bonus program for our sales force that is funded by slightly increased prices for some of our products, causing both gross margin and selling expenses as a percentage of revenue to increase. The increase in selling expenses
was also impacted by the number of Sales Leaders qualifying for incentive trips and other promotional incentives and the cost of such trips and incentives, which were higher for the first quarter of 2018 in North America and Latin America on a
year-over-year basis.
South Korea. While our business in this segment continued to be challenged in 2018, the business showed
improvements in the fourth quarter due to the launch of Velocity and a new product, such that we reported slight growth in revenue for the year. We believe the difficulties we have experienced in this segment are a result of the political and
economic environment in South Korea and online competitive pressures.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution primarily reflects reductions in general and administrative expenses, primarily due to decreased expenses related to
distributor events.
Southeast Asia. The year-over-year increases in revenue, Sales Leaders and Customers in our Southeast Asia
segment reflect growth in most markets within this segment. The growth was primarily driven by successful social sharing initiatives, interest in LumiSpa and distributor
events. Eighty percent of our year-over-year revenue growth in this segment was attributable to Vietnam and Malaysia, reflecting strong interest in LumiSpa in those
markets. In addition, we launched Velocity in most markets within this segment during the third quarter, which we believe benefited Customer acquisition.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution primarily reflects higher revenue in 2018, as well as improvements in gross margin due to changes in product mix.
Japan. Our revenue, Sales Leader and Customer numbers
in our Japan segment continued to reflect a soft direct selling market, which we believe is attributable to a challenging regulatory environment and an aging demographic.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution reflects a 1.0 percentage-point decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of revenue and a 1.2 percentage-point
decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue.
Hong Kong/Taiwan. The year-over-year growth in revenue
in our Hong Kong/Taiwan segment reflects strong interest in LumiSpa, which also contributed to Sales Leader and
Customer growth. The increase in Customers also reflects successful social sharing initiatives in Hong Kong.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution for 2018 primarily reflects higher revenue in 2018 and a 1.3 percentage-point decrease in selling expenses as a
percentage of revenue, as ticket sales for a regional convention in Hong Kong during the second quarter of 2018 did not carry any selling expenses.
EMEA. The year-over-year growth in revenue and
Customers in this segment reflects continued success of Sales Leader social sharing initiatives, as well as successful product initiatives, including seasonal promotions and products that are conducive to social sharing. The 14% increase in
reported revenue for 2018 also reflects a favorable foreign-currency impact of 4%.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution for 2018 primarily reflects higher revenue in 2018. Segment contribution also benefited from decreased general and
administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue due to the fixed nature of certain of our general and administrative expenses as revenue increased.
We currently do not expect that the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union will have a material impact on our business. We continue to monitor this situation
closely.
Other. In addition to our seven segments, the manufacturing and product-packaging companies that we
acquired during the first quarter of 2018 generated $90.6 million of reported revenue in 2018. These companies provide products and services both to our company and to external customers. Reported revenue includes only the revenue generated by sales
to external customers.
As a result of these acquisitions, we incurred $9.2 million of expense associated with the amortization of acquired intangible assets under acquisition accounting in 2018.
We currently expect that these expenses will decrease to less than $1.0 million per quarter in 2019. For information about these acquisitions, see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report.
Consolidated Results
Revenue
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 17.5% to $2.68 billion compared to $2.28 billion in the prior-year period. For a discussion and analysis of this
increase in revenue, see “Overview” and “Segment Results,” above.
Gross profit
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased to 76.3% in 2018 compared to 78.0% in 2017. The year-over-year decrease was driven by a negative impact of 1.8 percentage
points in 2018 from the manufacturing and product-packaging businesses we acquired in the first quarter of 2018. As previously disclosed, these businesses operate at significantly lower gross margins than that of our core business, and therefore, we
would expect to report a lower gross margin than we reported prior to the acquisitions. The gross margin of our core business remained relatively even with the prior year, as changes in product mix and other savings offset the impact on our gross
margin caused by LumiSpa, which we launched during the fourth quarter of 2017 and which has a lower gross margin than other products.
Selling expenses
Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased to 40.0% in 2018 compared to 41.1% in 2017. The revenue from our acquired companies does not carry significant selling
expenses, which lowered selling expenses as a percentage of revenue by 1.4 percentage points. This impact was partially offset by a 1.0 percentage point impact of the new bonus program related to Velocity.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses increased to $662.3 million in 2018, compared to $564.5 million in 2017. The $97.8 million increase primarily reflects a $57.3 million
increase in labor expense due to increased employee headcount and the payment of increased employee incentive compensation upon achievement of performance goals. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative was flat, at 24.7% and 24.8% for
2018 and 2017 respectively.
Restructuring and impairment expenses
In the fourth quarter of 2018, we adopted a restructuring program. This program primarily impacted our information technology infrastructure and organization and other
departments within our corporate and Americas offices. As a result of the restructuring program, we recorded a non-cash charge of $48.6 million for impairment of information technology assets, including internally developed software for our social
sharing and digital initiatives, and $22.1 million of cash charges, including $20.1 million for employee severance and $2.0 million for other related cash charges with our restructuring. We additionally recorded $7.2 million of non-cash inventory
write-offs as restructuring charges, which were recorded in cost of sales and in connection with our business strategy. The restructuring charges were predominately recorded in our Corporate and Other category. Because of our planned investment to
transition to the cloud and secure required talent to execute this transition, we do not anticipate the restructuring to result in significant cost savings for 2019.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net for 2018 was $21.2 million of expense, compared to $8.9 million of expense in 2017. This increase in expense reflects a 2018 foreign currency
translation expense of $16.4 million primarily resulting from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the China yuan and Argentina peso, as well as a non-cash charge of $7.2 million in the
first quarter of 2018 related to the conversion of our then-outstanding convertible notes. These increases in expense were partially offset by a non-cash gain of $13.6 million on our step acquisitions in the first quarter of 2018, as the fair value
of our pre-acquisition interests in these companies exceeded the book value at the time of the acquisitions. For more information on these items, see Notes 6 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report.
Provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes decreased to $97.8 million in 2018 from $136.1 million in 2017. Our effective tax rate decreased to 44.5% of pre-tax income in 2018 from 51.3% in
2017. Our increased effective tax rate in 2017 primarily reflects the impact of the U.S. tax reform legislation that was enacted in December 2017. Our 2018 effective tax rate was impacted significantly by the restructuring and impairment expenses incurred in the fourth quarter of 2018, which reduced our pre-tax income.
For 2019, we currently anticipate that our effective tax rate will be approximately 33-36%. Our actual 2019 effective tax rate could differ materially from this estimate.
Due to the U.S. tax reform legislation, our future effective tax rates could fluctuate significantly, being affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, changes in our business operations, foreign audits, increases in uncertain
tax positions, acquisitions, entry into new markets, the amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have a lower statutory rate and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have
a higher statutory rate, losses incurred in jurisdictions, the inability to realize tax benefits, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors—“We could be subject to changes in our tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities,
which could have a material and adverse impact on our operating results, cash flows and financial condition.”
Net income
As a result of the foregoing factors, net income in 2018 decreased to $121.9 million, compared to $129.4 million in 2017.
2017 Compared to 2016
Overview
Revenue in 2017 increased 3% to $2.28 billion from $2.21 billion in 2016. As of the end of the fourth quarter of 2017, Sales Leaders were up 33% and Customers were up 8%
compared to the prior year. Earnings per share for 2017 were $2.36, compared to $2.55 for 2016.
In 2017, our Mainland China segment generated 17% revenue growth compared to 2016. Revenue in our Americas and EMEA segments also increased 15% and 9%, respectively,
reflecting the success of social sharing initiatives in certain markets of those segments. These gains were partially offset by declines in our South Korea, Japan and Hong Kong/Taiwan segments.
In the fourth quarter of 2017, we began the launch process of our ageLOC LumiSpa skin
treatment and cleansing device. Our initial offerings of this product generated approximately $130 million of revenue in the fourth quarter and drove growth in our Sales Leaders. In 2016, major product initiatives for our ageLOC Youth nutritional supplement and our ageLOC Me customized skin care system generated approximately $162 million in revenue.
The year-over-year decrease in our earnings per share primarily reflects a negative net impact of $0.87 on our 2017 earnings per share from the tax reform legislation that
was enacted in the United States in December 2017. This negative impact was partially offset by our higher revenue in 2017, lower weighted-average shares outstanding in 2017 due to approximately $71.7 million in stock repurchases during 2017, and two
charges incurred in 2016: a non-cash Japan customs expense of $31.4 million and a foreign-currency charge of $11.1 million.
Segment Results
Effective as of the first quarter of 2017, we report our business in seven segments. The following table sets forth revenue for the years ended December 30, 2017 and 2016
for each of our reportable segments (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ended
December 31,
|
Constant
Currency
|
|||||||||||||||
|
2017
|
2016
|
Change
|
Change(1)
|
|||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
716,991
|
$
|
610,414
|
17
|
%
|
19
|
%
|
||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
342,429
|
298,774
|
15
|
%
|
15
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
361,692
|
413,696
|
(13
|
%)
|
(15
|
%)
|
||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
268,631
|
271,897
|
(1
|
%)
|
—
|
|||||||||||
|
Japan
|
256,085
|
279,042
|
(8
|
%)
|
(5
|
%)
|
||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/ Taiwan
|
166,696
|
183,979
|
(9
|
%)
|
(12
|
%)
|
||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
160,275
|
147,318
|
9
|
%
|
6
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Other
|
6,300
|
2,677
|
135
|
%
|
135
|
%
|
||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
3
|
%
|
3
|
%
|
||||||||
| (1) |
Constant-currency revenue change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," below.
|
The table below sets forth segment contribution for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 for each of our reportable segments (U.S. dollars in thousands). Segment
contribution excludes certain intercompany charges, specifically royalties, license fees, transfer pricing and other miscellaneous items. We use segment contribution to measure the portion of profitability that the segment managers have the ability
to control for their respective segments. For additional information regarding our segments and the calculation of segment contribution, see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report.
|
2017
|
2016
|
Change
|
||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
211,625
|
$
|
135,174
|
57
|
%
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
51,885
|
47,803
|
9
|
%
|
||||||||
|
South Korea
|
100,964
|
117,142
|
(14
|
%)
|
||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
63,296
|
67,952
|
(7
|
%)
|
||||||||
|
Japan
|
51,372
|
59,175
|
(13
|
%)
|
||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
27,958
|
35,978
|
(22
|
%)
|
||||||||
|
EMEA
|
11,749
|
10,386
|
13
|
%
|
||||||||
The following table provides information concerning the number of Customers and Sales Leaders as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. “Customers” are persons who have purchased
products directly from the Company during the three months ended as of the date indicated. Our Customer numbers do not include consumers who purchase products directly from members of our sales force. “Sales Leaders” are independent distributors, and
sales employees and independent marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.
|
As of
December 31, 2017
|
As of
December 31, 2016
|
% Increase
(Decrease)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
193,000
|
40,600
|
175,000
|
22,000
|
10
|
%
|
85
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
244,000
|
8,900
|
184,000
|
7,300
|
33
|
%
|
22
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
173,000
|
8,400
|
192,000
|
9,600
|
(10
|
%)
|
(13
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
122,000
|
8,000
|
98,000
|
7,000
|
24
|
%
|
14
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
132,000
|
6,600
|
137,000
|
6,700
|
(4
|
%)
|
(1
|
%)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
71,000
|
4,700
|
73,000
|
4,600
|
(3
|
%)
|
2
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
135,000
|
4,700
|
129,000
|
4,400
|
5
|
%
|
7
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
1,070,000
|
81,900
|
988,000
|
61,600
|
8
|
%
|
33
|
%
|
||||||||||||||||
Following is a narrative discussion of our results in each segment, which supplements the tables above.
Mainland China. Our business’s performance in Mainland China in 2017 was steady, with revenue, Sales
Leaders and Customers each increasing on a year-over-year basis. The momentum in this segment reflects favorable responses to our product and sales compensation initiatives, the launch of ageLOC Me in the first half of 2017, and an offering of ageLOC LumiSpa during the fourth quarter of 2017. The LumiSpa offering generated approximately $53 million in revenue and, together with a sales promotion in the fourth quarter, drove Sales Leader growth. The year-over-year revenue comparison also reflects
approximately $65 million generated by a limited-time offer of ageLOC Me during 2016.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution reflects increased revenue and a 3.3 percentage point decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of revenue due to
tightening of the qualification criteria for incentive trips. In addition, the salaries of our sales employees in Mainland China are fixed for a three-month period of time, until they are adjusted during a quarterly evaluation process. Consequently,
the increased revenue in the fourth quarter of 2017 caused our selling expenses as a percentage of revenue to be lower in that quarter. The year-over-year increase in segment contribution also reflects a $16.3 million decrease in general and
administrative expenses driven primarily by a reduction in promotional expense.
Americas/Pacific. Our business in this segment improved on a year-over-year basis, with increases in our
revenue, Sales Leaders and Customers. These improvements are largely due to growth in some of our Latin America markets and social sharing initiatives in the United States.
The year-over-year increase in segment contribution primarily reflects increased revenue, partially offset by increased selling expenses and general and administrative
expenses.
South Korea. Our business in this segment continued to experience difficulties in 2017, with revenue, Sales
Leaders and Customers each decreasing on a year-over-year basis. We believe that Customer acquisition has been strained due to online competitive pressures. We also believe the political and economic environment in South Korea has negatively impacted
our performance in this market. The year-over-year decline in revenue is also partially attributable to less revenue from major product introductions in 2017 than in 2016; an offering of ageLOC LumiSpa during the fourth quarter of 2017 generated approximately $27 million, compared to approximately $49 million of revenue generated in a 2016 limited-time offer of a local variation of ageLOC Youth.
The year-over-year decline in segment contribution primarily reflects decreased revenue, as well as the fixed nature of certain of our general and administrative expenses
as revenue decreased.
Southeast Asia. The increases in Sales Leaders and Customers in this segment for 2017 were primarily driven
by successful social sharing initiatives in several markets of the segment and by an offering of ageLOC LumiSpa during the fourth quarter of 2017. The 2017 LumiSpa offering generated approximately $15 million in revenue. A 2016 limited-time offer of ageLOC
Youth generated approximately $35 million in revenue.
The year-over-year decrease in segment contribution primarily reflects a 1.8 percentage point decrease in gross margin due to product promotions and changes in product mix.
Japan. The declines in revenue, Sales Leaders and Customers continued to reflect a soft direct selling
market and challenging regulatory environment in Japan. Foreign-currency fluctuations also negatively impacted revenue 3% in 2017 compared to 2016.
The year-over-year decline in segment contribution reflects decreased revenue and a 1.5 percentage point decrease in gross margin. These declines were partially offset by a
1.0 percentage point decline in selling expenses as a percentage of revenue.
Hong Kong/Taiwan. The declines in revenue and Customers in this segment were driven by lower Sales Leader
levels throughout most of 2017 as fewer people were selling our products. Our initiatives generally did not generate the increases in Sales Leaders during 2017 that we had been targeting in this segment. The number of Sales Leaders as of the end of
2017 was higher than the end of 2016 due to an offer of LumiSpa in the fourth quarter of 2017.
The year-over-year decrease in segment contribution reflects decreased revenue, which also caused a 1.7 percentage point increase in general and administrative expenses as
a percentage of revenue due to the fixed nature of certain of our general and administrative expenses as revenue decreased.
EMEA. The year-over-year growth in revenue, Sales Leaders and Customers in this segment reflects continued
success of Sales Leader social sharing initiatives in certain markets of the region. Foreign-currency fluctuations also positively impacted revenue 3% in 2017 compared to 2016.
Segment contribution in 2017 increased proportionately with revenue; as a percentage of revenue, segment contribution was 7.2% in 2017 compared to 7.0% in 2016.
Consolidated Results
Revenue
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 3% to $2.28 billion compared to $2.21 billion in the prior-year period. For a discussion and analysis of this
increase in revenue, see “Overview” and “Segment Results,” above.
Gross profit
Gross profit as a percentage of revenue increased to 78.0% compared to 77.3% in 2016. This year-over-year increase was primarily driven by the non-cash Japan customs
expense of $31.4 million in the first quarter of 2016 that is discussed in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report. The year-over-year increase in gross margin caused by this 2016 expense was partially offset by the
impact of changes in product mix in 2017; specifically, our LumiSpa device has a slightly lower margin than other products because of the higher cost of the unit.
Significant sales of this device will lower our gross margins slightly.
In the fourth quarter of 2017, we began to implement significant changes to our global sales compensation plan, which we have now rolled out in most of our markets.
Selling expenses
Selling expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased to 41.1% in 2017 compared to 41.7% in 2016. The decline in selling expenses as a percentage of revenue reflects normal
fluctuations in our sales compensation.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses increased to $564.5 million in 2017, compared to $554.2 million in 2016. As a percentage of revenue, this represents a small decrease to
24.8% compared to 25.1% in 2016.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net for 2017 was $8.9 million of expense compared to $18.3 million of expense in 2016. This decrease in expense reflects a 2016 foreign currency
translation expense of $11.1 million that resulted primarily from the strengthening of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar and its impact on our Japanese yen-denominated debt and liabilities. The year-over-year decrease caused by this 2016
expense was partially offset by a $6.6 million increase in interest expense in 2017, primarily due to the convertible notes that we issued in June 2016.
Provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes increased to $136.1 million in 2017 from $69.8 million in 2016. The effective tax rate increased to 51.3% of pre-tax income in 2017 from 32.8% in
2016. The increase in the effective tax rate primarily reflects the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”), which was enacted in the United States in December 2017. The Tax
Reform Act contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the United States corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. As a result of the Tax Reform Act, we recorded a $52.0 million valuation allowance on our foreign tax credit
carryover. In addition, we recognized $7.3 million in additional tax expense for previously indefinitely reinvested earnings. The valuation allowance and additional expense was partially offset by an $11.6 million benefit due to the write-off and
remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities.
Net income
As a result of the foregoing factors, net income in 2017 decreased to $129.4 million, compared to $143.1 million in 2016.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, our principal uses of cash have included operating expenses (particularly selling expenses) and working capital (principally inventory purchases), as well as
capital expenditures, stock repurchases, dividends, debt repayment and the development of operations in new markets. We have at times incurred long-term debt, or drawn on our revolving line of credit, to fund strategic transactions and stock
repurchases. We typically generate positive cash flow from operations due to favorable margins and have generally relied on cash from operations to fund operating activities. We generated $202.7 million in cash from operations during 2018, compared
to $302.6 million in cash from operations during 2017. This decrease in cash generated from operations during 2018 primarily reflects (1) the payment of significant accruals as of the end of 2017, particularly commissions based on the initial LumiSpa offerings in the fourth quarter of 2017; (2) payments to build up inventory for our increased sales, including of LumiSpa, in 2018; and (3) increased salary and employee incentive compensation payments due to increased employee headcount and the achievement of performance goals in 2018. The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for
2018, 2017 and 2016 contained in this report also includes adjustments related to the impairment of information technology assets, deferred taxes due to the 2017 tax reform and Japan customs expense, respectively, because these items were non-cash
charges.
As of December 31, 2018, cash and cash equivalents, including current investments, were $398.3 million compared to $438.2 million as of December 31, 2017. This decrease in
cash and cash equivalents primarily reflects the quarterly dividend payments, cash paid for 2018 acquisitions, debt repayments, repurchases of our common stock and purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by cash flow from operations and
proceeds from debt. Working capital as of December 31, 2018 was $359.6 million compared to $330.4 million as of December 31, 2017. The increase in working capital was primarily due to a higher inventory balance and accounts receivable due to our
first quarter acquisition of manufacturing entities, partially offset by a lower cash balance at the end of 2018 compared to 2017.
Capital expenditures. Capital expenditures in 2018 totaled $70.4 million. We expect that the capital
expenditures in 2019 will be primarily related to:
| • |
the expansion and upgrade of facilities in our various markets; and
|
| • |
purchases and expenditures for computer systems and equipment, software, application development and the migration of legacy systems to cloud-based systems.
|
We estimate that capital expenditures for the uses listed above will total approximately $65 – 75 million for 2019. In addition, we are also in the planning phase for a new
manufacturing plant in Mainland China. We currently expect that our expenditures for this project will be approximately $55 million over the next 2-3 years, including approximately $20-30 million during 2019.
Conversion and satisfaction of convertible notes. In June 2016, we issued $210.0 million principal amount
of convertible 4.75% senior notes due 2020 (the “Convertible Notes”) to Ping An ZQ China Growth Opportunity Limited (“Ping An ZQ”) at face value. During the first quarter of 2018, Ping An ZQ elected to convert the Convertible Notes pursuant to their
terms. In connection with such conversion and pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, we became obligated to deliver shares of Class A common stock and cash to Ping An ZQ. We satisfied our obligation to deliver shares
of Class A common stock to Ping An ZQ during the first quarter of 2018 and, in April 2018, satisfied our obligations under the Convertible Notes by paying Ping An ZQ $213.4 million.
New credit agreement. In April 2018, we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with
several financial institutions as lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. The New Credit Agreement provides for a $400 million term loan facility and a $350 million revolving credit facility, each with a term of five years.
Concurrently with the closing of the New Credit Agreement, we drew the full amount of the term loan facility and $78.5 million of the revolving facility, each of which initially bear interest at the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 2.25%.
We used the proceeds of the term loan and the draw on the revolving facility to pay off the Previous Credit Agreement, as defined below, and the outstanding balance on the Convertible Notes. The interest rate applicable to the facilities is subject
to adjustment based on our consolidated leverage ratio. The term loan facility will amortize in quarterly installments in amounts resulting in an annual amortization of 5.0% during the first and second years, 7.5% during the third and fourth years
and 10.0% during the fifth year after the closing date of the New Credit Agreement, with the remainder payable at final maturity. The New Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not exceeding 2.25 to 1.00 and a
consolidated interest coverage ratio of no less than 3.00 to 1.00. We are currently in compliance with these debt covenants.
Modification of previous credit agreement. In April 2018, we repaid debt that was outstanding under our
credit agreement, dated as of October 9, 2014, with several financial institutions as lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Previous Credit Agreement”). We had indebtedness of $185.8 million and $257.6 million in principal
amount outstanding under the Previous Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2017 and the repayment date of April 18, 2018 respectively. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report for further information regarding the
New Credit Agreement, Convertible Notes and other debt.
Stock repurchase plan. In 2015, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase plan authorizing us to
repurchase up to $500 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock on the open market or in private transactions, and in July 2018, our board of directors terminated the 2015 stock repurchase plan and approved a new repurchase plan with
an initial authorization amount of $500 million. During 2018, we repurchased approximately 0.5 million shares of our Class A common stock under the 2015 plan for $40.6 million and approximately 0.4 million shares under the 2018 plan for $29.0
million. At December 31, 2018, $471.0 million was available for repurchases under the 2018 plan. Our stock repurchases are used primarily to offset dilution from our equity incentive plans and for strategic initiatives.
Dividends. Our board of directors declared and paid cash dividends on our Class A common stock of $0.365
per share during each quarter of 2018. These quarterly cash dividends totaled approximately $80.6 million. The board of directors has approved an increased quarterly cash dividend of $0.37 per share of Class A common stock to be paid on March 13,
2019, to stockholders of record on February 25, 2019. Annually, this would increase the dividend to $1.48 from $1.46 in 2018. Currently, we anticipate that our board of directors will continue to declare quarterly cash dividends and that the cash
flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our future dividend payments. However, the continued declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon various factors, including our net earnings,
financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other relevant factors.
Cash from foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we held $398.3 million and $438.2
million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents, including current investments. These amounts include $348.1 million and $413.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, held in our operations outside of the U.S. Substantially all
of our non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents are readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other currencies, subject to procedural or other requirements in certain markets, as well as an indefinite-reinvestment designation, as described below.
We typically fund the cash requirements of our operations in the U.S. through intercompany dividends, intercompany loans and intercompany charges for products, use of
intangible property, and corporate services. However, some markets impose government-approval or other requirements for the repatriation of dividends. For example, in Mainland China, we are unable to repatriate cash from current operations in the
form of dividends until we file the necessary statutory financial statements for the relevant period. As of December 31, 2018, we had $122.9 million in cash denominated in Chinese RMB. We also have intercompany loan arrangements with some of our
markets, including Mainland China, that allow us to access available cash, subject to certain limits in Mainland China and other jurisdictions. We also have drawn on our revolving line of credit to address cash needs until we can repatriate cash from
Mainland China or other markets, and we may continue to do so. Except for $60 million of earnings in Mainland China that we designated as indefinitely reinvested during the second quarter of 2018, we currently plan to repatriate undistributed
earnings from our non-U.S. operations as necessary, considering the cash needs of our non-U.S. operations and the cash needs of our U.S. operations for dividends, stock repurchases, capital investments, debt repayment and strategic transactions.
Repatriation of non-U.S. earnings is subject to withholding taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions. Accordingly, we have accrued the necessary withholding taxes related to the non-U.S. earnings.
We currently believe that existing cash balances, future cash flows from operations and existing lines of credit will be adequate to fund our cash needs on both a short-
and long-term basis. The majority of our historical expenses have been variable in nature and as such, a potential reduction in the level of revenue would reduce our cash flow needs. In the event that our current cash balances, future cash flow from
operations and current lines of credit are not sufficient to meet our obligations or strategic needs, we would consider raising additional funds in the debt or equity markets or restructuring our current debt obligations. Additionally, we would
consider realigning our strategic plans, including a reduction in capital spending, stock repurchases or dividend payments.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Constant-currency revenue growth is a non-GAAP financial measure that removes the impact of fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating
period-to-period comparisons of the company’s performance. It is calculated by translating the current period’s revenue at the same average exchange rates in effect during the applicable prior-year period and then comparing this amount to the
prior-year period’s revenue.
Contractual Obligations and Contingencies
The following table sets forth payments due by period for fixed contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Total
|
2019
|
2020-2021
|
2022-2023
|
Thereafter
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Long-term debt obligations(1)
|
$
|
385,000
|
$
|
20,000
|
$
|
57,500
|
$
|
307,500
|
$ |
─
|
||||||||||
|
Interest payable
|
75,216
|
20,365
|
34,490
|
20,361
|
─
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Operating lease obligations
|
116,478
|
39,358
|
47,819
|
21,673
|
7,628
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Financing obligations
|
4,943
|
726
|
1,505
|
1,564
|
1,148
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Purchase obligations
|
160,480
|
126,043
|
24,864
|
5,216
|
4,357
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Other long-term liabilities reflected on the balance sheet(2)
|
111,916
|
8,551
|
13,575
|
13,430
|
76,360
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
854,033
|
$
|
215,043
|
$
|
179,753
|
$
|
369,744
|
$ |
89,493
|
||||||||||
| (1) |
The carrying value of the debt reflects the amounts stated in the above table less a debt discount of $4 million.
|
| (2) |
The timing of the commitments in Other long-term liabilities reflected on the balance sheet is uncertain and represents management’s best estimate.
|
Contingent Liabilities
Please refer to Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report for information regarding our contingent liabilities.
Seasonality and Cyclicality
In addition to general economic factors, we are impacted by seasonal factors and trends such as major cultural events and vacation patterns. For example, most Asian markets
celebrate their respective local New Year in the first quarter, which generally has a negative impact on that quarter. We believe that direct selling is also generally negatively impacted during the third quarter, when many individuals, including our
sales force, traditionally take vacations.
Prior to making a key product generally available for purchase, we often do one or more introductory offerings of the product, such as a preview of the product to our Sales
Leaders, a limited-time offer, or other product introduction or promotion. These offerings may generate significant activity and a high level of purchasing, which can result in a higher-than-normal increase in revenue, Sales Leaders and/or Customers
during the quarter and can skew year-over-year and sequential comparisons.
Customers and Sales Leaders
The following table provides information concerning the number of Customers and Sales Leaders as of the dates indicated. “Customers” are persons who have purchased products
directly from the Company during the three months ended as of the date indicated. Our Customer numbers do not include consumers who purchase products directly from members of our sales force. “Sales Leaders” are independent distributors, and sales
employees and independent marketers in Mainland China, who achieve certain qualification requirements.
|
As of December 31, 2018
|
As of December 31, 2017
|
As of December 31, 2016
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
Customers
|
Sales
Leaders
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
304,000
|
33,100
|
193,000
|
40,600
|
175,000
|
22,000
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
249,000
|
8,300
|
244,000
|
8,900
|
184,000
|
7,300
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
182,000
|
7,600
|
173,000
|
8,400
|
192,000
|
9,600
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
153,000
|
8,900
|
122,000
|
8,000
|
98,000
|
7,000
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
130,000
|
5,900
|
132,000
|
6,600
|
137,000
|
6,700
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
77,000
|
4,800
|
71,000
|
4,700
|
73,000
|
4,600
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
EMEA
|
149,000
|
4,800
|
135,000
|
4,700
|
129,000
|
4,400
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Total
|
1,244,000
|
73,400
|
1,070,000
|
81,900
|
988,000
|
61,600
|
||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly Results
The following table sets forth selected unaudited quarterly data for the periods shown (U.S. dollars in millions, except per share amounts):
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
4th
Quarter
|
3rd
Quarter
|
2nd
Quarter
|
1st
Quarter
|
4th
Quarter
|
3rd
Quarter
|
2nd
Quarter
|
1st
Quarter
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Revenue
|
$
|
683.3
|
$
|
675.3
|
$
|
704.2
|
$
|
616.2
|
$
|
666.2
|
$
|
563.7
|
$
|
550.1
|
$
|
499.1
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Gross profit
|
521.4
|
517.9
|
535.6
|
469.9
|
517.7
|
442.9
|
428.6
|
387.8
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Operating income
|
18.4
|
80.7
|
82.8
|
59.0
|
99.1
|
64.4
|
64.7
|
46.3
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Net income
|
(17.8
|
)
|
53.1
|
51.0
|
35.5
|
18.2
|
41.7
|
42.0
|
27.5
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Net income per share:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Basic
|
(0.32
|
)
|
0.99
|
0.92
|
0.66
|
0.35
|
0.79
|
0.79
|
0.52
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diluted
|
(0.32
|
)
|
0.94
|
0.90
|
0.64
|
0.33
|
0.76
|
0.77
|
0.51
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A description of new accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Currency Risk and Exchange Rate Information
A majority of our revenue and many of our expenses are recognized outside of the United States, except for inventory purchases, a significant portion of which are primarily
transacted in U.S. dollars from vendors in the United States. The local currency of each of our Subsidiaries’ primary markets is considered the functional currency with the exception of our Asia product-distribution subsidiary in Singapore and, as
discussed below, our subsidiary in Argentina. All revenue and expenses are translated at weighted-average exchange rates for the periods reported. Therefore, our reported revenue and earnings will be positively impacted by a weakening of the U.S.
dollar and will be negatively impacted by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar. These impacts may be significant because a large portion of our business is derived from outside of the United States. Given the uncertainty of exchange rate fluctuations,
it is difficult to predict the effect of these fluctuations on our future business, product pricing and results of operations or financial condition.
In the second quarter of 2018, published inflation indices indicated that the three-year cumulative inflation in Argentina exceeded 100%, and as of July 1, 2018, we elected
to adopt highly inflationary accounting for our subsidiaries in Argentina. Under highly inflationary accounting, Argentina’s functional currency became the U.S. dollar, and its income statement and balance sheet have been measured in U.S. dollars
using both current and historical rates of exchange. The effect of changes in exchange rates on peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities has been reflected in earnings in Other income (expense), net and was not material. As of December 31,
2018, our Argentina subsidiary had a small net peso monetary position. Net sales of Argentina were less than 2% of our consolidated net sales for 2018, 2017 and 2016.
We may seek to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through the use of foreign currency exchange contracts and through intercompany loans
of foreign currency. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We regularly monitor our foreign currency risks and periodically take measures to reduce the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations on our
operating results. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, we did not hold non-designated mark-to-market forward derivative contracts to hedge foreign-denominated intercompany positions or third party foreign debt. As of December 31, 2018, we did not hold
any forward contracts designated as foreign-currency cash flow hedges, compared to such contracts with notional amounts totaling approximately 600 million Japanese yen ($5.5 million) as of December 31, 2017, to hedge forecasted
foreign-currency-denominated intercompany transactions. We continue to evaluate our foreign currency hedging policy.
Following are the weighted-average currency exchange rates of U.S. $1 into local currency for each of our international or foreign markets in which revenue exceeded U.S.
$5.0 million for at least one of the quarters listed:
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
4th
Quarter
|
3rd
Quarter
|
2nd
Quarter
|
1st
Quarter
|
4th
Quarter
|
3rd
Quarter
|
2nd
Quarter
|
1st
Quarter
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Argentina
|
37.1
|
31.1
|
23.0
|
19.7
|
17.6
|
17.3
|
15.8
|
15.6
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Australia
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Canada
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Eurozone countries
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
0.8
|
0.8
|
0.8
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Hong Kong
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
7.8
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Indonesia
|
14,763
|
14,620
|
13,961
|
13,577
|
13,535
|
13,331
|
13,311
|
13,342
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Japan
|
112.8
|
111.5
|
109.2
|
108.2
|
112.9
|
111.0
|
111.1
|
113.6
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
6.9
|
6.8
|
6.4
|
6.4
|
6.6
|
6.7
|
6.9
|
6.9
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Malaysia
|
4.2
|
4.1
|
4.0
|
3.9
|
4.2
|
4.3
|
4.3
|
4.4
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Philippines
|
53.2
|
53.5
|
52.5
|
51.6
|
50.8
|
50.9
|
49.9
|
50.0
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Singapore
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
South Korea
|
1,128.3
|
1121.1
|
1080.4
|
1072.7
|
1,104.3
|
1,132.7
|
1,130.6
|
1,151.2
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Taiwan
|
30.8
|
30.7
|
29.7
|
29.3
|
30.1
|
30.3
|
30.3
|
31.0
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Thailand
|
32.8
|
33.0
|
32.0
|
31.6
|
32.9
|
33.3
|
34.3
|
35.1
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vietnam
|
23,318
|
23,237
|
22,808
|
22,740
|
22,714
|
22,729
|
22,709
|
22,715
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
The information required by Item 7A of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—“Currency Risk and Exchange Rate Information” and Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this report.
|
1.
|
Financial Statements. Set forth below is the index
to the Financial Statements included in this Item 8:
|
|
Page
|
|
|
76
|
|
|
77
|
|
|
78
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
80
|
|
| 81 | |
| 118 |
|
2.
|
Financial Statement Schedules: Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they
are not required or are not applicable, or because the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
|
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
ASSETS
|
||||||||
|
Current assets
|
||||||||
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
$
|
386,911
|
$
|
426,399
|
||||
|
Current investments
|
11,346
|
11,847
|
||||||
|
Accounts receivable
|
53,282
|
33,196
|
||||||
|
Inventories, net
|
295,821
|
253,454
|
||||||
|
Prepaid expenses and other
|
51,877
|
52,893
|
||||||
|
799,237
|
777,789
|
|||||||
|
Property and equipment, net
|
464,535
|
464,587
|
||||||
|
Goodwill
|
196,573
|
114,954
|
||||||
|
Other intangible assets, net
|
89,989
|
67,647
|
||||||
|
Other assets
|
144,112
|
164,895
|
||||||
|
Total assets
|
$
|
1,694,446
|
$
|
1,589,872
|
||||
|
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
|
||||||||
|
Current liabilities
|
||||||||
|
Accounts payable
|
$
|
47,617
|
$
|
50,341
|
||||
|
Accrued expenses
|
322,583
|
319,189
|
||||||
|
Current portion of long-term debt
|
69,455
|
77,840
|
||||||
|
439,655
|
447,370
|
|||||||
|
Long-term debt
|
361,008
|
310,790
|
||||||
|
Other liabilities
|
111,916
|
127,116
|
||||||
|
Total liabilities
|
912,579
|
885,276
|
||||||
|
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 7 and 19)
|
||||||||
|
Stockholders’ equity
|
||||||||
|
Class A common stock – 500 million shares authorized, $.001 par
value, 90.6 million shares issued
|
91
|
91
|
||||||
|
Additional paid-in capital
|
552,564
|
466,349
|
||||||
|
Treasury stock, at cost – 35.2 million and 37.9 million shares
|
(1,326,605
|
)
|
(1,304,694
|
)
|
||||
|
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
|
(79,934
|
)
|
(66,318
|
)
|
||||
|
Retained earnings
|
1,635,751
|
1,609,168
|
||||||
|
781,867
|
704,596
|
|||||||
|
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
|
$
|
1,694,446
|
$
|
1,589,872
|
||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Revenue
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
||||||
|
Cost of sales
|
634,140
|
502,078
|
500,457
|
|||||||||
|
Gross profit
|
2,044,868
|
1,777,021
|
1,707,340
|
|||||||||
|
Operating expenses:
|
||||||||||||
|
Selling expenses
|
1,071,020
|
938,024
|
922,083
|
|||||||||
|
General and administrative expenses
|
662,302
|
564,514
|
554,153
|
|||||||||
|
Restructuring and impairment expenses
|
70,686
|
—
|
—
|
|||||||||
|
Total operating expenses
|
1,804,008
|
1,502,538
|
1,476,236
|
|||||||||
|
Operating income
|
240,860
|
274,483
|
231,104
|
|||||||||
|
Other income (expense), net (Note 20)
|
(21,194
|
)
|
(8,916
|
)
|
(18,265
|
)
|
||||||
|
Income before provision for income taxes
|
219,666
|
265,567
|
212,839
|
|||||||||
|
Provision for income taxes
|
97,779
|
136,130
|
69,753
|
|||||||||
|
Net income
|
$
|
121,887
|
$
|
129,437
|
$
|
143,086
|
||||||
|
Net income per share:
|
||||||||||||
|
Basic
|
$
|
2.21
|
$
|
2.45
|
$
|
2.58
|
||||||
|
Diluted
|
$
|
2.16
|
$
|
2.36
|
$
|
2.55
|
||||||
|
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (000s):
|
||||||||||||
|
Basic
|
55,170
|
52,806
|
55,412
|
|||||||||
|
Diluted
|
56,476
|
54,852
|
56,097
|
|||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Net income
|
$
|
121,887
|
$
|
129,437
|
$
|
143,086
|
||||||
|
Other comprehensive income:
|
||||||||||||
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes of $2,275, $(8,056), and $2,483 respectively
|
(13,474
|
)
|
18,264
|
(13,127
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Net unrealized gains/(losses) on foreign currency cash flow hedges, net of taxes of $18, $84 and $784, respectively
|
(160
|
)
|
(152
|
)
|
(1,423
|
)
|
||||||
|
Less: Reclassification adjustment for realized losses/(gains) in current earnings, net of taxes of $(2), $169, and $(935),
respectively
|
18
|
(308
|
)
|
1,697
|
||||||||
|
(13,616
|
)
|
17,804
|
(12,853
|
)
|
||||||||
|
Comprehensive income
|
$
|
108,271
|
$
|
147,241
|
$
|
130,233
|
||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
|
Class A
Common
Stock
|
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
|
Treasury
Stock
|
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
|
Retained
Earnings
|
Total
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Balance at January 1, 2016
|
$
|
91
|
$
|
419,921
|
$
|
(1,017,063
|
)
|
$
|
(71,269
|
)
|
$
|
1,493,941
|
$
|
825,621
|
||||||||||
|
Net income
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
143,086
|
143,086
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(12,853
|
)
|
—
|
(12,853
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Repurchase of Class A common stock (Note 8)
|
—
|
—
|
(247,208
|
)
|
—
|
—
|
(247,208
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Exercise of employee stock options (1.1 million shares)/vesting of
stock awards
|
—
|
159
|
14,148
|
—
|
—
|
14,307
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Excess tax benefit from equity awards
|
—
|
3,840
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
3,840
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Stock-based compensation
|
—
|
8,890
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
8,890
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Equity component of convertible note issuance (net)
|
—
|
6,825
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
6,825
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Cash dividends
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(78,438
|
)
|
(78,438
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Balance at December 31, 2016
|
91
|
439,635
|
(1,250,123
|
)
|
(84,122
|
)
|
1,558,589
|
664,070
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASU 2016-09
|
—
|
2,800
|
—
|
—
|
(2,800
|
)
|
—
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
Net income
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
129,437
|
129,437
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
17,804
|
—
|
17,804
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Repurchase of Class A common stock (Note 8)
|
—
|
—
|
(71,731
|
)
|
—
|
—
|
(71,731
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Exercise of employee stock options (1.2 million shares)/vesting of stock awards
|
—
|
9,479
|
14,964
|
—
|
—
|
24,443
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Stock-based compensation
|
—
|
19,314
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
19,314
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests
|
—
|
(11,067
|
)
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(11,067
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Acquisition of equity method investment (0.2 million shares)
|
—
|
6,188
|
2,196
|
—
|
—
|
8,384
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Cash dividends
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(76,058
|
)
|
(76,058
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Balance at December 31, 2017
|
$
|
91
|
$
|
466,349
|
$
|
(1,304,694
|
)
|
$
|
(66,318
|
)
|
$
|
1,609,168
|
$
|
704,596
|
||||||||||
|
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASC 606
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(13,042
|
)
|
(13,042
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of ASU 2018-02
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(1,681
|
)
|
(1,681
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Net income
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
121,887
|
121,887
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(13,616
|
)
|
—
|
(13,616
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Repurchase of Class A common stock (Note 8)
|
—
|
—
|
(69,565
|
)
|
—
|
—
|
(69,565
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Exercise of employee stock options (0.5 million shares)/vesting of stock awards
|
—
|
2,804
|
7,973
|
—
|
—
|
10,777
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Stock-based compensation
|
—
|
26,609
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
26,609
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Business Acquisitions (1.5 million shares)
|
—
|
80,064
|
19,794
|
—
|
—
|
99,858
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Equity component of convertible note settlement (net)
|
—
|
(23,262
|
)
|
19,887
|
—
|
—
|
(3,375
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Cash dividends
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(80,581
|
)
|
(80,581
|
)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Balance at December 31, 2018
|
$
|
91
|
$
|
552,564
|
$
|
(1,326,605
|
)
|
$
|
(79,934
|
)
|
$
|
1,635,751
|
$
|
781,867
|
||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Cash flows from operating activities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Net income
|
$
|
121,887
|
$
|
129,437
|
$
|
143,086
|
||||||
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by
operating activities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
83,003
|
71,564
|
72,397
|
|||||||||
|
Impairment of fixed assets
|
48,551
|
─
|
─
|
|||||||||
|
Equity method earnings
|
(456
|
)
|
(1,048
|
)
|
─
|
|||||||
|
Gain on step acquisition
|
(13,644
|
)
|
─
|
─
|
||||||||
|
Loss on extinguishment of debt
|
7,220
|
|||||||||||
|
Japan customs expense
|
─
|
─
|
31,355
|
|||||||||
|
Foreign currency (gains)/losses
|
16,381
|
(3,014
|
)
|
8,863
|
||||||||
|
Stock-based compensation
|
26,609
|
19,314
|
8,890
|
|||||||||
|
Deferred taxes
|
(14,929
|
)
|
39,213
|
(17,652
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Accounts receivable
|
(10,453
|
)
|
(103
|
)
|
3,357
|
|||||||
|
Inventories, net
|
(33,371
|
)
|
7,537
|
9,801
|
||||||||
|
Prepaid expenses and other
|
(1,536
|
)
|
14,250
|
37,789
|
||||||||
|
Other assets
|
887
|
(11,658
|
)
|
(3,969
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Accounts payable
|
(9,164
|
)
|
6,834
|
13,443
|
||||||||
|
Accrued expenses
|
(7,433
|
)
|
22,490
|
(33,624
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Other liabilities
|
(10,814
|
)
|
7,739
|
1,527
|
||||||||
|
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
|
202,738
|
302,555
|
275,263
|
|||||||||
|
Cash flows from investing activities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Purchases of property and equipment
|
(70,371
|
)
|
(60,156
|
)
|
(50,221
|
)
|
||||||
|
Proceeds on investment sales
|
11,536
|
11,269
|
18,132
|
|||||||||
|
Purchases of investments
|
(11,420
|
)
|
(11,332
|
)
|
(17,080
|
)
|
||||||
|
Acquisitions and investments in equity investees
|
(38,506
|
)
|
(31,745
|
)
|
(8,692
|
)
|
||||||
|
Net cash used in investing activities
|
(108,761
|
)
|
(91 964
|
)
|
(57,861
|
)
|
||||||
|
Cash flows from financing activities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Payment of cash dividends
|
(80,581
|
)
|
(76,058
|
)
|
(78,438
|
)
|
||||||
|
Repurchase of shares of common stock
|
(69,565
|
)
|
(71,731
|
)
|
(247,208
|
)
|
||||||
|
Exercise of employee stock options and taxes paid related to the net shares settlement of stock awards
|
10,777
|
24,443
|
14,307
|
|||||||||
|
Income tax benefit of equity awards
|
─
|
─
|
5,651
|
|||||||||
|
Payments on long-term debt
|
(552,500
|
)
|
(103,226
|
)
|
(56,151
|
)
|
||||||
|
Payment of debt issuance costs
|
(7,243
|
)
|
─
|
(6,596
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Proceeds from long-term debt
|
582,398
|
67,000
|
233,721
|
|||||||||
|
Net cash used in financing activities
|
(116,714
|
)
|
(159,572
|
)
|
(134,714
|
)
|
||||||
|
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
|
(16,751
|
)
|
18,134
|
(14,796
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
|
(39,488
|
)
|
69,153
|
67,892
|
||||||||
|
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
|
426,399
|
357,246
|
289,354
|
|||||||||
|
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
|
$
|
386,911
|
$
|
426,399
|
$
|
357,246
|
||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. (the “Company”) is a leading, global direct selling company that develops and distributes premium-quality, innovative personal care products and
nutritional supplements that are sold worldwide under the Nu Skin and Pharmanex brands and a small number of other products and services. Over the last several years, the Company has introduced new Pharmanex nutritional supplements and Nu Skin
personal care products under its ageLOC anti-aging brand. The Company reports revenue from seven segments: Mainland China; South Korea; Southeast Asia, which includes Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam; Americas/Pacific, which includes Australia, Canada, Latin America, New Caledonia, New Zealand and the United States; Japan; Hong Kong/Taiwan, which also includes Macau; and Europe, Middle East and
Africa (“EMEA”), which includes several markets in Europe as well as Israel, Russia and South Africa (the Company's subsidiaries operating in these markets in each segment are collectively referred to as the “Subsidiaries”).
|
2.
|
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
|
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in
consolidation.
Use of estimates
The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, required management to make
estimates and assumptions that affected the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting
period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less.
Inventories
Inventories consist primarily of merchandise purchased for resale and are stated at the lower of standard cost or net realizable value, using a standard cost method which
approximates the first-in, first-out method. The Company had reserves of its inventory carrying value totaling $14.1 million and $8.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Inventories consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Raw materials
|
$
|
91,610
|
$
|
87,683
|
||||
|
Finished goods
|
204,211
|
165,771
|
||||||
|
$
|
295,821
|
$
|
253,454
|
|||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Reserves of inventories consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Beginning balance
|
$
|
8,081
|
$
|
7,995
|
$
|
20,744
|
||||||
|
Additions
|
23,940
|
16,382
|
24,906
|
|||||||||
|
Write-offs
|
(17,872
|
)
|
(16,296
|
)
|
(37,655
|
)
|
||||||
|
Ending balance
|
$
|
14,149
|
$
|
8,081
|
$
|
7,995
|
||||||
Prepaid expense and other
Prepaid expenses and other consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Deferred charges
|
$
|
6,703
|
$
|
4,256
|
||||
|
Prepaid inventory and import costs
|
2,808
|
9,397
|
||||||
|
Prepaid rent, insurance and other occupancy costs
|
8,799
|
14,558
|
||||||
|
Prepaid promotion and event cost
|
6,013
|
3,581
|
||||||
|
Prepaid other taxes
|
6,268
|
5,559
|
||||||
|
Forward contracts
|
─
|
158
|
||||||
|
Prepaid software license
|
4,006
|
255
|
||||||
|
Deposits
|
1,470
|
1,147
|
||||||
|
Other
|
15,810
|
13,982
|
||||||
|
$
|
51,877
|
$
|
52,893
|
|||||
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
|
Buildings
|
39 years
|
|
Furniture and fixtures
|
5 - 7 years
|
|
Computers and equipment
|
3 - 5 years
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
Shorter of estimated useful life or lease term
|
|
Scanners
|
3 years
|
|
Vehicles
|
3 - 5 years
|
Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. When an asset is sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and associated accumulated
depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is recognized in the statement of income. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of
such assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill is recorded when the cost of acquired businesses exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite
useful lives are not amortized, but are assessed for impairment annually on June 30. In addition, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit
below its carrying amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives would be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Guidance under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, requires an entity to test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis. The Company had the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether
further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the
fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying
amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. The Company elected to perform the qualitative assessment during fiscal 2018 and determined that it is not more likely than not the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the
reporting units. In fiscal 2017 and 2016, a quantitative assessment was performed. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over such finite lives using the straight-line method and reviewed for
impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review.
No impairment charges were recorded for goodwill or intangibles during the periods presented.
Other assets
Other assets consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Deferred taxes
|
$
|
37,332
|
$
|
33,785
|
||||
|
Deposits for noncancelable operating leases
|
41,986
|
43,375
|
||||||
|
Cash surrender value for life insurance policies
|
35,590
|
37,737
|
||||||
|
Other
|
29,204
|
49,998
|
||||||
|
$
|
144,112
|
$
|
164,895
|
|||||
Accrued expenses
Accrued expenses consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Accrued sales force commissions and other payments
|
$
|
128,022
|
$
|
151,549
|
||||
|
Accrued income taxes
|
6,674
|
13,075
|
||||||
|
Accrued other taxes
|
38,693
|
44,580
|
||||||
|
Accrued payroll and other employee expenses
|
68,155
|
38,167
|
||||||
|
Accrued payable to vendors
|
34,539
|
29,874
|
||||||
|
Accrued royalties
|
3,899
|
2,623
|
||||||
|
Sales return reserve
|
3,577
|
4,523
|
||||||
|
Deferred revenue
|
20,104
|
12,669
|
||||||
|
Other
|
18,920
|
22,129
|
||||||
|
$
|
322,583
|
$
|
319,189
|
|||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Other liabilities
Other liabilities consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Deferred tax liabilities
|
$
|
18,236
|
$
|
36,718
|
||||
|
Reserve for other tax liabilities
|
14,382
|
7,163
|
||||||
|
Liability for deferred compensation plan
|
36,398
|
43,248
|
||||||
|
Pension plan benefits reserve
|
3,023
|
6,359
|
||||||
|
Build to suit – financing obligation
|
9,332
|
10,290
|
||||||
|
Deferred rent and deferred tenant incentives
|
5,665
|
6,389
|
||||||
|
Asset retirement obligation
|
6,444
|
6,578
|
||||||
|
Other
|
18,436
|
10,371
|
||||||
|
$
|
111,916
|
$
|
127,116
|
|||||
Revenue recognition
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results
for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under Topic 605.
In connection with the adoption of Topic 606, we used the following practical expedients offered as part of the adoption: sales commissions are generally expensed when
incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less, these costs are recorded within selling expenses; and the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected
length of one year or less.
The Company recorded a net reduction to opening retained earnings of $13.0 million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606,
with the impact primarily related to our loyalty point program deferrals. The impact to revenues as a result of applying Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018 was an increase of $1.1 million.
Net sales include products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns and any related sales incentives. Revenue is measured as the amount of
consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products. All revenue is recognized when we satisfy our performance obligations under the contract. The Company recognizes revenue by transferring the promised products to the customer,
with revenue recognized at shipping point, the point in time the customer obtains control of the products. The Company recognizes revenue for shipping and handling charges at the time the products are delivered to or picked up by the customer. A
reserve for product returns is accrued based on historical experience totaling $3.6 million and $4.5 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded sales returns
of $52.0 million, $53.8 million and $61.2 million, respectively. The Company generally requires cash or credit card payment at the point of sale. Accounts receivable generally represents amounts due from credit card companies and are generally
collected within a few days of the purchase. As such, the Company has determined that no allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation and are short term in nature. Sales
taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from net sales.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Contract Liabilities – Customer Loyalty Programs
Contract liabilities, recorded as deferred revenue within the accrued expenses line in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, include loyalty point program deferrals
with certain customers which are accounted for as a reduction in the transaction price and are generally recognized as points are redeemed for additional products on an annual basis.
The Company recorded customer loyalty points under the cost provision method prior to the adoption of Topic 606. The loyalty point liability under the cost provision
methodology was $1.9 million as of December 31, 2017. The Company recorded an additional liability of $13.0 million due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606. The balance of deferred revenue related to contract liabilities was $13.8 million
as of December 31, 2018, and $14.9 million as of the beginning period upon adoption of the Topic 606.
Disaggregation of Revenue
Please refer to Note 18 - Segment Information for revenue by segment and product line.
Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenues to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company generally determines standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers for individual products sales to customers.
Shipping and handling costs
Shipping and handling costs are recorded as cost of sales and are expensed as incurred.
Advertising expenses
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense incurred for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaled $19.1 million, $15.6 million and $15.9
million, respectively.
Selling expenses
Selling expenses are the Company’s most significant expense and are classified as operating expenses. Selling expenses include distributor commissions as well as wages,
benefits, bonuses and other labor and unemployment expenses the Company pays to its sales force in Mainland China. In each of the Company’s markets, except Mainland China, Sales Leaders can earn “multi-level” compensation under the Company’s global
sales compensation plan, including commissions for product sales to their consumer groups as well as the product sales made through the sales network they have developed and trained. The Company does not pay commissions on sales materials.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Outside of Mainland China, the Company’s distributors may make profits by purchasing the products from the Company at a discount and selling them to consumers with a
mark-up. The Company does not account for nor pay additional commissions on these mark-ups received by distributors. In many markets, the Company also allows individuals who are not members of its sales force, referred to as “preferred customers,” to
buy products directly from the Company at a discount. The Company pays commissions on preferred customer purchases to the referring member of its sales force.
Research and development
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and
totaled $23.0 million, $22.0 million and $24.3 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Codification. These standards establish financial
accounting and reporting standards for the effects of income taxes that result from an enterprise’s activities during the current and preceding years. The Company takes an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting of income
taxes. The Company pays income taxes in many foreign jurisdictions based on the profits realized in those jurisdictions, which can be significantly impacted by terms of intercompany transactions between the Company and its foreign affiliates.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are created in this process. The Company has netted these deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities by jurisdiction. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the
amounts expected to be ultimately realized.
Uncertain tax positions
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to tax examinations
from the IRS for all years for which tax returns have been filed before 2015. With a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to state and local income tax examination by tax authorities for the years before 2015. In 2009, the Company entered
into a voluntary program with the IRS called Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”). The objective of CAP is to contemporaneously work with the IRS to achieve federal tax compliance and resolve all or most of the issues prior to filing of the tax
return. The Company has elected to participate in the CAP program for 2019 and may elect to continue participating in CAP for future tax years; the Company may withdraw from the program at any time. In major foreign jurisdictions, the Company is
generally no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2012. However, statutes in certain markets may be as long as ten years for transfer pricing related issues. The Company is currently under examination in certain foreign
jurisdictions; however, the outcomes of those reviews are not yet determinable.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits included in other liabilities is as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Gross balance at January 1
|
$
|
5,514
|
$
|
5,290
|
$
|
7,772
|
||||||
|
Increases related to prior year tax positions
|
5,161
|
─
|
185
|
|||||||||
|
Decreases related to prior year tax positions
|
─
|
(277
|
)
|
─
|
||||||||
|
Increases related to current year tax positions
|
3,704
|
669
|
918
|
|||||||||
|
Settlements
|
(956
|
)
|
(159
|
)
|
(3,369
|
)
|
||||||
|
Decreases due to lapse of statutes of limitations
|
(1,483
|
)
|
(187
|
)
|
(252
|
)
|
||||||
|
Currency adjustments
|
(484
|
)
|
178
|
36
|
||||||||
|
Gross balance at December 31
|
$
|
11,456
|
$
|
5,514
|
$
|
5,290
|
||||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
At December 31, 2018, the Company had $11.5 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $11.4 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. In comparison,
at December 31, 2017, the Company had $5.5 million in unrecognized tax benefits of which $5.2 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits relate to multiple foreign and domestic jurisdictions.
Due to potential increases in unrecognized tax benefits from the multiple jurisdictions in which the Company operates, as well as the expiration of various statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible that the Company's gross unrecognized tax
benefits, net of foreign currency adjustments, may increase within the next 12 months by a range of approximately $0.5 to $2.0 million.
During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 the Company recognized $1.3 million, $0.7 million and $(0.8) million, respectively in interest and penalties
expenses/(benefits). The Company had $2.9 million, $1.6 million and $0.9 million of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax
positions are recognized as a component of income tax expense.
Net income per share
Net income per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Additionally, diluted earnings per share
data gives effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the periods presented (Note 8).
Foreign currency translation
A significant portion of the Company’s business operations occur outside of the United States. The local currency of each of the Company’s Subsidiaries is considered its
functional currency, except for the Company’s subsidiaries in Singapore and countries deemed highly inflationary where the U.S. dollar is used. All assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates existing at the balance
sheet dates, revenue and expenses are translated at weighted-average exchange rates and stockholders’ equity is recorded at historical exchange rates. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of
stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets and transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated financial statements. Net of tax, the accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the foreign
currency translation adjustments are $79.9 million (net of tax of $7.9 million), $66.4 million (net of tax of $5.8 million), and $84.7 million (net of tax of $13.4 million), at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Classification of a highly inflationary economy
A market is considered to have a highly inflationary economy if it has a cumulative inflation rate of approximately 100% or more over a three-year period as well as other
qualitative factors including historic inflation rate trends (increasing and decreasing), the capital intensiveness of the operation and other pertinent economic factors. The functional currency in highly inflationary economies is required to be the
functional currency of the entity’s parent company, and transactions denominated in the local currency are remeasured to the functional currency. The remeasurement of local currency into U.S. dollars creates foreign currency transaction gains or
losses, which the Company includes in its consolidated statement of income.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
In the second quarter of 2018, published inflation indices indicated that the three-year cumulative inflation in Argentina exceeded 100 percent, and as of July 1, 2018, we
elected to adopt highly inflationary accounting for our subsidiary in Argentina. Under highly inflationary accounting, Argentina’s functional currency became the U.S. dollar, and its income statement and balance sheet have been measured in U.S.
dollars using both current and historical rates of exchange. The effect of changes in exchange rates on peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities has been reflected in earnings in Other income (expense), net and was not material. As of
December 31, 2018, Argentina had a small net peso monetary position. Net sales of Argentina were less than 2 percent of our consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Venezuela has been classified as a highly inflationary since 2010. During the third quarter of 2016 the Company
ceased business operations in Venezuela.
Fair value of financial instruments
The carrying value of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair values due to the short-term
nature of these instruments. The Company’s current investments as of December 31, 2018 include certificates of deposits and pre-refunded municipal bonds that are classified by management as held-to-maturity as the Company had the positive intent and
ability to hold to maturity. The carrying value of these current investments approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of debt was $434.5 million and $515.2 million,
respectively. The estimated fair value of the Company’s debt is based on interest rates available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities.
The FASB Codification defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market
for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. On a quarterly basis, the Company measures at fair value certain financial assets, including cash equivalents. Accounting standards specify a
hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market
assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair-value hierarchy:
| • |
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
|
| • |
Level 2 – inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly;
|
| • |
Level 3 – unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions.
|
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Accounting standards permit companies, at their option, to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. The Company has elected not to apply
the fair value option to existing eligible items.
Stock-based compensation
All share-based payments, including grants of stock options and restricted stock units, are required to be recognized in
the Company’s financial statements based upon their respective grant date fair values. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock options is affected by
the Company’s stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The Company uses historical volatility as the expected volatility assumption required in the
Black-Scholes model. The expected life of the stock options is based on historical data trended into the future. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the expected terms of the Company’s stock
options. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of its stock on the date of grant less the Company’s expected dividend yield. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation net of actual
forfeitures over the requisite service period of the award.
The total compensation expense related to equity compensation plans was $26.6 million, $19.3 million and $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016,
respectively. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, these amounts reflect the reversal of none, none, and $9.6, respectively, for certain performance-based awards that were no longer expected to vest. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, all
stock-based compensation expense was recorded within general and administrative expenses.
Reporting comprehensive income
Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner
sources, and it includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners.
Accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities
The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities, with the instruments measured at fair value.
The Company’s Subsidiaries enter into significant transactions with each other and third parties that may not be denominated in the respective Subsidiaries’ functional
currencies. The Company regularly monitors its foreign currency risks and seeks to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates using foreign currency exchange contracts and through certain intercompany loans of foreign currency.
Hedge effectiveness is assessed at inception and throughout the life of the hedge to ensure the hedge qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. Changes in fair value
associated with hedge ineffectiveness, if any, are recorded in the results of operations currently. In the event that an anticipated transaction is no longer likely to occur, the Company recognizes the change in fair value of the derivative in its
results of operations currently.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in current earnings or accumulated other comprehensive loss, depending on the intended use of the derivative and its
resulting designation. The gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss stemming from these derivatives will be reclassified into earnings in the period during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The fair value of
the receivable and payable amounts related to these unrealized gains and losses is classified as other current assets and liabilities. The Company does not use such derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Gains and
losses on certain intercompany loans of foreign currency are recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analysis of
transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the
entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard was effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2018. As a result of adopting this new accounting guidance, the Company has changed the method of accounting
for its loyalty points program from a cost provision method to a deferred revenue method. The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. The cumulative impact of adoption was a $13.0
million net reduction to beginning retained earnings. See Note 2 – Revenue Recognition.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Subtopic 842). ASU 2016-02 will require companies to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance
sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. For public companies, this standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. Under the new lease standard, we expect
to derecognize the build-to-suit assets and liabilities that remained on our balance sheet following the construction period, see Note 7 for discussion of our build-to-suit lease. The Company
expects the adoption will result in a material increase to the assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, but we do not expect a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The
Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method as of the adoption date. The Company plans to elect the package of practical
expedients available under the transition provisions of the New Lease Standard, including: not reassessing whether expired or existing contract are or contain leases; not reassessing the classification of expired or existing leases; not reassessing
the initial direct cost for any existing leases; and using hindsight in determining the lease term.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The objective of this update was to
simplify several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including accounting for income taxes related to share-based compensation, the related classification in the statement of cash-flows, and accounting for share
award forfeitures. This ASU was effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2017. Prior to January 1, 2017, excess tax benefits were recognized in equity. As permitted, the Company elected to classify excess tax benefits as an operating
activity in the Statement of Cash Flows instead of as a financing activity on a prospective basis and did not retroactively adjust prior periods. As also permitted by the new guidance, beginning January 1, 2017 the Company has elected to account for
share award forfeitures as they occur. Previously, share-based compensation expense was recorded net of estimated forfeitures. A cumulative adjustment of $2.8 million was recorded to retained earnings and additional paid-in capital as of January 1,
2017. Prior periods were not retroactively adjusted.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
In the second half of 2016, the FASB issued ASU Nos. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230):
Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, and 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The objective of these updates is
to reduce the diversity in practice in the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments, and the presentation of restricted cash within an entity’s statement of cash flows, respectively. These ASUs are effective for interim and annual
fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017. This ASU was effective for the Company beginning on January 1. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the
Definition of a Business. This guidance revises the definition of a business as it relates to acquisitions, disposals, goodwill impairments and consolidations. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017.
Early adoption is permitted. This ASU was effective for the Company beginning on January 1. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350):
Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance simplifies the required test of goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. If a company determines in Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test
that the carrying value of a reporting unit is less than the fair value, an impairment in that amount should be recorded to the income statement, rather than proceeding to Step 2. This ASU is effective for interim and annual impairment tests in
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has elected to early adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have significant impact on the
consolidated financial statements.
In December 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted
Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The new standard makes more financial and non-financial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the
presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. For public companies, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.
Early adoption is permitted in any interim period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This guidance provides an option to reclassify from accumulated other
comprehensive income to retained earnings the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company
has elected to early adopt the standard effective October 1, 2018. The cumulative impact of adoption was a $1.7 million net reduction to beginning retained earnings.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This
guidance modifies, removes, and adds certain disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim
periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| 3. |
Property and Equipment
|
Property and equipment are comprised of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Land
|
$
|
35,709
|
$
|
33,667
|
||||
|
Buildings
|
295,748
|
274,632
|
||||||
|
Construction in progress(1)
|
18,153
|
53,125
|
||||||
|
Furniture and fixtures
|
118,149
|
95,378
|
||||||
|
Computers and equipment
|
160,873
|
156,994
|
||||||
|
Leasehold improvements
|
147,604
|
123,479
|
||||||
|
Scanners
|
8,986
|
11,212
|
||||||
|
Vehicles
|
2,312
|
2,339
|
||||||
|
787,534
|
750,826
|
|||||||
|
Less: accumulated depreciation
|
(322,999
|
)
|
(286,239
|
)
|
||||
|
$
|
464,535
|
$
|
464,587
|
|||||
| (1) |
Construction in progress includes $8.7 million and $43.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of eligible capitalized internal-use software development costs which
will be reclassified to computers and equipment when placed into service.
|
Depreciation of property and equipment totaled $56.4 million, $58.3 million and $60.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The
Company recorded an impairment of $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 in connection with our fiscal year 2018 restructuring plan, see Note 17 – Restructuring and Severance Charges.
|
4.
|
Goodwill
|
During the first quarter of 2017, the Company realigned its operational segments and reporting structure to reflect how the business will be managed going forward. As part
of this realignment, the Company divided its single operating segment into seven geographical reporting segments. The Company’s reporting units for goodwill are its operating segments, which are also its reportable segments. As a result of the
segment changes, the historical goodwill of $115.0 million was allocated to the seven reportable segments.
The following table presents goodwill allocated to the Company’s reportable segments for the periods ended December 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (U.S. dollars in
thousands):
|
December 31,
2018
|
December 31,
2017(2)
|
|||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
32,179
|
$
|
32,179
|
||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
9,449
|
9,449
|
||||||
|
South Korea
|
29,261
|
29,261
|
||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
18,537
|
18,537
|
||||||
|
Japan
|
16,019
|
16,019
|
||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
6,634
|
6,634
|
||||||
|
EMEA
|
2,875
|
2,875
|
||||||
|
Other(1)
|
81,619
|
─
|
||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
196,573
|
$
|
114,954
|
||||
| (1) |
The other category represents goodwill allocated to the companies acquired during 2018 (see Note 16 – Acquisitions)
|
|
(2)
|
Goodwill was recast to reflect current period presentation by geographic region at December 31, 2018.
|
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
All of the Company’s goodwill is recorded in US Dollar functional currency, and allocated to the respective segments. Goodwill is not amortized, rather it is subject to
annual impairment tests. Annual impairment tests were completed resulting in no impairment charges for any of the periods shown.
| 5. |
Other Intangible Assets
|
Other intangible assets consist of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Carrying Amount at
December 31,
|
||||||||
|
Indefinite life intangible assets:
|
2018
|
2017
|
||||||
|
Trademarks and trade names
|
$
|
24,599
|
$
|
24,599
|
||||
|
Other indefinite lived intangibles
|
3,763
|
3,763
|
||||||
|
$
|
28,362
|
$
|
28,362
|
|||||
|
December 31, 2018
|
December 31, 2017
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Finite life intangible assets:
|
Gross
Carrying
Amount
|
Accumulated
Amortization
|
Gross
Carrying
Amount
|
Accumulated
Amortization
|
Weighted-average
Amortization
Period
|
||||||||||||
|
Scanner technology
|
$
|
46,482
|
$
|
42,690
|
$
|
46,482
|
$
|
39,657
|
18 years
|
||||||||
|
Developed technology
|
22,500
|
20,032
|
22,500
|
19,207
|
20 years
|
||||||||||||
|
Distributor network
|
11,598
|
11,598
|
11,598
|
11,598
|
15 years
|
||||||||||||
|
Trademarks
|
5,823
|
1,812
|
2,785
|
1,197
|
11 years
|
||||||||||||
|
Other
|
95,150
|
43,794
|
57,550
|
29,972
|
10 years
|
||||||||||||
|
$
|
181,553
|
$
|
119,926
|
$
|
140,915
|
$
|
101,631
|
14 years
|
|||||||||
Amortization of finite-life intangible assets totaled $18.3 million, $8.1 million and $8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The estimated annual amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ending December 31,
|
|||||
|
2019
|
$
|
14,271
|
|||
|
2020
|
9,024
|
||||
|
2021
|
7,491
|
||||
|
2022
|
6,409
|
||||
|
2023
|
6,224
|
||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized, rather they are subject to annual impairment tests. Annual impairment tests were completed resulting in no impairment
charges for any of the periods shown. Finite life intangibles are amortized over their useful lives unless circumstances occur that cause the Company to revise such lives or review such assets for impairment.
|
6.
|
Long-Term Debt
|
Existing Credit Agreement
On October 9, 2014, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Existing Credit Agreement”) with various financial institutions, and Bank of America, N.A. as
administrative agent. The Credit Agreement provided for a $127.5 million term loan facility, a 6.6 billion Japanese yen term loan facility and a $187.5 million revolving credit facility, each with a term of five years. On October 10, 2014, the
Company drew the full amount of the term loan facilities. On April 18, 2018, the Company repaid the full balance that was outstanding under the Existing Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, the Company had an outstanding balance of
zero and $47.5 million, respectively, on the revolving credit facility. The Existing Credit Agreement required that the Company maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not exceeding 2.25 to 1.00 and a consolidated interest coverage ratio of no less
than 3.00 to 1.00.
New Credit Agreement
On April 18, 2018, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with several financial institutions as lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as
administrative agent. The New Credit Agreement provides for a $400 million term loan facility and a $350 million revolving credit facility, each with a term of five years. Concurrently with the closing of the New Credit Agreement, the Company drew
the full amount of the term loan facility and $78.5 million of the revolving facility, each of which initially bear interest at the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus 2.25%. The interest rate applicable to the facilities is subject to
adjustment based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. The term loan facility will amortize in quarterly installments in amounts resulting in an annual amortization of 5.0% during the first and second years, 7.5% during the third and fourth
years and 10.0% during the fifth year after the closing date of the New Credit Agreement, with the remainder payable at final maturity. The New Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not exceeding 2.25 to 1.00
and a consolidated interest coverage ratio of no less than 3.00 to 1.00.
Convertible Note
On June 16, 2016, the Company issued $210.0 million of convertible senior notes (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private offering to a Chinese investor (the “Holder”). The
Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations which will rank equal in right of payment to all senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company, and will rank senior in right of payment to any indebtedness that is contractually subordinated to the
Convertible Notes. Interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2016 at a rate of 4.75% per annum.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The Convertible Notes mature on June 15, 2020, unless repurchased or converted prior to maturity. Prior to the stated maturity date, the Company may, at its option, redeem
all or part of the Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, provided that its common stock share price is equal to or exceeds 180% of the applicable conversion price for 20
or more trading days (including the final three trading days) in the 30 consecutive trading days prior to the Company’s exercise of such redemption right. The Holder of the Convertible Notes may, at its option, cause the Company to repurchase all of
such Holder’s Convertible Notes or any portion thereof that is equal to $1,000 in principal amount or multiples of $1,000 upon a change in control or a termination of trading of the Company’s common stock, as those terms are defined in the indenture
governing the Convertible Notes. In addition, each holder of the Convertible Notes shall have the right, at such holder’s option, to convert all or any portion thereof that is equal to $1,000 in principal amount or multiples of $1,000 at any time
beginning six calendar months following June 16, 2016, at the then-applicable conversion rate. Upon conversion by the Holder, the Convertible Notes will be settled in cash with respect to principal and any accrued and unpaid interest to such date and
in the Company’s common shares with respect to any additional amounts, based on the applicable conversion rate at such time. The Convertible Notes had an initial conversion rate of 21.5054 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible
Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $46.50 per common share). Throughout the term of the Convertible Notes, the conversion rate may be adjusted upon the occurrence of certain specified events.
Of the $210.0 million in proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes, $199.1 million was allocated to long-term debt (the “Liability Component”) and $10.9
million was allocated to additional paid-in-capital (the “Equity Component”) within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Liability Component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an
associated conversion feature. The amount allocated to the Equity Component, which represents the conversion option, was calculated by deducting the fair value of the Liability Component from the par value of the Convertible Notes. The Company
determined that the conversion option does not require separate accounting treatment as a derivative instrument because it is both indexed to the Company’s own stock and would be classified in stockholders’ equity if freestanding. The Equity
Component will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the Liability Component over its carrying amount (the “Debt Discount”) will be amortized to interest
expense over the term of the Convertible Notes. As a result, the Liability Component will be accreted up to the Convertible Notes’ $210.0 million face value, resulting in additional non-cash interest expense being recognized within the Company’s
consolidated statement of income. The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes is approximately 7.1% per annum.
The Company incurred approximately $6.6 million of issuance costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes. Of the $6.6 million in issuance costs incurred, $6.3
million and $0.3 million were recorded to deferred financing cost and additional paid-in capital, respectively, in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The $6.3 million recorded to deferred financing cost on the
Company’s consolidated balance sheet as a reduction of long-term debt is being amortized over the contractual term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method.
During the first quarter of 2018, the Holder elected to convert the Convertible Notes pursuant to their terms in the indenture. The Company satisfied the equity portion
of its conversion obligation on February 28, 2018 by issuing 1,535,652 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock to the Holder and, on April 18, 2018, satisfied and discharged its obligations under the Convertible Notes and the indenture
governing the Convertible Notes by paying the Holder $213.4 million which included $3.4 million of accrued interest from December 15, 2017 through April 17, 2018. The early conversion of the notes resulted in a $7.2 million charge to other income
(expense) during the first quarter of 2018 for a loss on extinguishment of debt.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $3.5 million in interest expense related to the Convertible Notes, which included $3.0 million of
contractual interest and $0.5 million in amortization of debt issuance costs and in amortization of the Debt Discount.
The following table summarizes the Company’s debt facilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2018:
|
Facility or
Arrangement
|
Original
Principal
Amount
|
Balance as of
December 31,
2017
|
Balance as of
December 31,
2018(1)(2)
|
Interest
Rate
|
Repayment terms
|
|||||
|
October 2014 Credit Agreement term loan facility:
|
||||||||||
|
U.S. dollar
denominated:
|
$127.5 million
|
$94.8 million
|
─
|
Variable 30 day: 4.627%
|
Principal amount was paid in full during April 2018.
|
|||||
|
Japanese yen
denominated:
|
6.6 billion yen
|
4.9 billion yen ($43.5 million as of December 31, 2017)
|
─
|
Variable 30 day: 2.7595%
|
Principal amount was paid in full during April 2018.
|
|||||
|
October 2014 Credit Agreement revolving credit facility:
|
$47.5 million
|
─
|
Variable 30 day: 4.594%
|
Principal amount was paid in full during April 2018 and credit line was closed.
|
||||||
|
April 2018 Credit Agreement term loan facility:
|
||||||||||
|
$400.0 million
|
─
|
$385.0 million
|
Variable 30 day: 4.77%
|
35% of the principal amount is payable in increasing quarterly installments over a five-year period that began on June 30, 2018, with the remainder payable at the
end of the five-year term.
|
||||||
|
April 2018 Credit Agreement revolving credit facility:
|
||||||||||
|
─
|
$49.5 million
|
Variable 30 day: 4.77%
|
Revolving line of credit expires April 18, 2023.
|
|||||||
|
Japan subsidiary loan:
|
2.0 billion yen
|
0.7 billion yen ($5.9 million as of December 31, 2017)
|
─
|
0.66%
|
Principal amount was paid in full during July 2018.
|
|||||
|
Convertible note
|
$210.0 million
|
$210.0 million
|
─
|
4.75%
|
Principal amount was paid in full during April 2018.
|
| (1) |
As of December 31, 2018, the current portion of the Company’s debt (i.e. becoming due in the next 12 months) included $20.0 million of the balance of its U.S. dollar denominated debt
under the New Credit Agreement facility. The Company has classified the $49.5 million borrowed under the revolving line of credit as short term because it is the Company’s intention to use the line of credit to borrow and pay back funds
over short periods of time.
|
| (2) |
The carrying value of the debt reflects the amounts stated in the above table less a debt issuance costs of $4.0 million, which is not reflected in this table.
|
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Interest expense relating to debt totaled $21.8 million, $22.2 million and $15.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Maturities of all long-term debt at December 31, 2018, based on the year-end exchange rate, are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ending December 31,
|
||||
|
2019
|
$
|
69,455
|
||
|
2020
|
27,500
|
|||
|
2021
|
30,000
|
|||
|
2022
|
37,500
|
|||
|
2023
|
270,000
|
|||
|
Thereafter
|
─
|
|||
|
Total(1)
|
$
|
434,455
|
||
| (1) |
The carrying value of the debt reflects the amounts stated in the above table less a debt discount of $4.0 million, which is not reflected in this table.
|
|
7.
|
Lease and Financing Obligations
|
In 2014, the Company’s subsidiary in South Korea entered into a lease agreement (the “Lease”) with a third-party landlord for a new regional headquarters. As part of the
Lease, the landlord agreed to renovate an existing building (the “Existing Building”) and construct a new building (the “New Building”) adjacent to the Existing Building. The Lease provided that when such renovations and construction were
completed, the Company and the landlord would enter into a new lease agreement (the “New Lease”) for the Existing Building and the New Building. In April 2015, the Company and the landlord entered
into the New Lease on terms generally consistent with the 2014 lease. The New Lease term is for the period May 1, 2015 through April 30, 2025, with an option to extend the agreement for 10 years.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The Company accounts for its lease of the Existing Building as an operating lease. As an inducement to enter into the Lease, the landlord agreed to make certain
improvements on behalf of the Company to the Existing Building. The improvements have been accounted for by the Company as a tenant incentive.
The Company has concluded that it is the deemed owner (for accounting purposes only) of the New Building during the construction period under build-to-suit lease
accounting. Construction of the New Building began in June 2014 and was completed in June 2015. During the construction period, the Company recorded estimated project construction costs as a construction in progress asset in “Property and equipment,
net” and a corresponding long-term liability in “Other liabilities,” respectively, in its consolidated balance sheets. In addition, the amounts that the Company has paid or incurred for normal tenant improvements were also recorded to the
construction-in-progress asset.
At the end of the construction period in June 2015, the Company concluded that the New Lease of the New Building did not meet “sale-leaseback” criteria; therefore, the
asset and obligation recognized during construction will remain recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015, the completed building and normal tenant improvements under the lease have been reclassified from
construction in progress to buildings and leasehold improvements, respectively. The Company accounts for the New Lease of the New Building as a financing with the associated lease payments allocated between the New Building and the underlying parcel
of land on a relative fair value basis. Rent expense attributed to the underlying parcel of land, and representing the imputed cost to lease the land, is accounted for on a straight-line basis as the land element is an operating lease.
Lease payments attributed to the New Building are allocated between principal and interest expense using the effective interest method. The principal portion of the lease
payment attributed to the New Building is reflected as a principal reduction of the financing obligation. In addition, the asset, which represents the total estimated cost of construction of the New Building at the end of the construction period, is
being depreciated over the initial ten-year term of the New Lease to its expected residual value. At the conclusion of the New Lease, the Company will de-recognize both the net book value of the asset and the unamortized portion of the financing
obligation. The amount of asset depreciation and financing obligation amortization is structured at the outset such that the remaining residual book value of the asset is equal to the remaining financing obligation at the end of the lease term.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had recognized $19.4 million as the value of the New Building and a financing obligation of $9.9 million, net of a $9.9 million deposit
paid directly to the landlord, as part of other liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had recognized $20.8 million as the value of the New Building and a financing obligation of $10.8 million, net of a
$10.3 million deposit paid directly to the landlord, as part of other liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
As of December 31, 2018, the tenant incentive asset and deferred tenant incentive liability associated with the Existing Building totaled $4.0 million and $3.7 million,
respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the tenant incentive asset and deferred tenant incentive liability associated with the Existing Building totaled $4.9 million and $4.5 million, respectively.
In addition to the lease arrangements described above, the Company leases office space and computer hardware under noncancelable long-term operating leases. Most leases
include renewal options of at least three years.
Minimum future operating leases and financing obligations at December 31, 2018 are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ending December 31,
|
Operating
Leases
|
Financing
Obligations
|
||||||
|
2019
|
$
|
39,358
|
$
|
726
|
||||
|
2020
|
27,553
|
748
|
||||||
|
2021
|
20,266
|
757
|
||||||
|
2022
|
11,723
|
770
|
||||||
|
2023
|
9,950
|
794
|
||||||
|
Thereafter
|
7,628
|
1,148
|
||||||
|
Total minimum lease payments
|
$
|
116,478
|
$
|
4,943
|
||||
Rent expense for operating leases totaled $50.4 million, $50.7 million and $48.2 million for the years ended December 31,
2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest expense associated with the financing obligations was $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
|
8.
|
Capital Stock
|
The Company’s authorized capital stock consists of 25 million shares of preferred stock, par value $.001 per share, 500 million shares of Class A common stock, par value
$.001 per share, and 100 million shares of Class B common stock, par value $.001 per share. The shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical in all respects, except for voting rights and certain conversion rights and transfer
restrictions, as follows: (1) each share of Class A common stock entitles the holder to one vote on matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders and each share of Class B common stock entitles the holder to ten votes on each such matter;
(2) stock dividends of Class A common stock may be paid only to holders of Class A common stock and stock dividends of Class B common stock may be paid only to holders of Class B common stock; (3) if a holder of Class B common stock transfers such
shares to a person other than a permitted transferee, as defined in the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, such shares will be converted automatically into shares of Class A common stock; and (4) Class A common stock has no conversion rights;
however, each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock, in whole or in part, at any time at the option of the holder. All outstanding Class B shares have been converted to Class A shares. As of December 31,
2018 and 2017, there were no preferred or Class B common shares outstanding.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
The following is a reconciliation of the weighted-average common shares outstanding for purposes of computing basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands):
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding
|
55,170
|
52,806
|
55,412
|
|||||||||
|
Effect of dilutive securities:
|
||||||||||||
|
Stock awards and options
|
1,061
|
1,110
|
683
|
|||||||||
|
Convertible note
|
245
|
936
|
2
|
|||||||||
|
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding
|
56,476
|
54,852
|
56,097
|
|||||||||
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, other stock options totaling 0.9 million, 0.4 million and 2.0 million, respectively, were excluded from the
calculation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive. The convertible notes have a dilutive impact on EPS when the average market price of the Company’s common stock for a given period exceeds the initial conversion price. See
Note 6 for discussion of initial conversion price and conversion rate.
Dividends
Quarterly cash dividends for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $80.6 million and $76.1 million or $0.365 per share in all quarters of 2018 and $0.36 for
all quarters of 2017. The board of directors has declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.37 per share of Class A common stock to be paid on March 13, 2019 to stockholders of record on February 25, 2019.
Repurchases of common stock
In 1998, the Company’s board of directors approved a stock repurchase plan authorizing the Company to repurchase $10.0 million of its outstanding shares of Class A common
stock on the open market or in private transactions. The Company’s board from time to time increased the amount authorized under the 1998 stock repurchase plan, including an increase of $400.0 million announced in August 2013. In October 2015, the
Company’s board terminated the 1998 stock repurchase plan and approved a new repurchase plan with an initial authorization amount of $500.0 million. In July 2018, the Company’s board of directors terminated the 2015 stock repurchase plan and
approved a new repurchase plan with an initial authorization amount of $500 million. The repurchases are used primarily for strategic initiatives and to offset dilution from the Company’s equity incentive plans and from conversion of the
Convertible Notes. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company repurchased 0.5 million, 1.2 million and 4.5 million shares of Class A common stock under the 2015 plan for an aggregate price of $40.6 million, $71.7 million
and $247.2 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018 we purchased 0.4 shares under the 2018 plan for $29.0 million At December 31, 2018, $471.0 million was available for repurchases under the 2018 stock repurchase plan.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| 9. |
Stock–Based Compensation
|
At December 31, 2018, the Company had the following stock-based employee compensation plans:
Equity Incentive Plans
In April 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). This plan was
approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2010 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held in May 2010. The 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan provides for granting of a variety of equity-based awards including stock options, stock appreciation
rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other share-based awards, performance cash, performance shares and performance units to executives, other employees, independent consultants and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries.
Options granted under the 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan are generally non-qualified stock options, but the 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan permits some stock options granted to qualify as “incentive stock options” under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.
The exercise price of a stock option generally is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the stock option grant date. The contractual term of a stock option granted under the 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan is seven years.
Currently, all shares issued upon the exercise of stock options are from the Company’s treasury shares. Subject to certain adjustments, 7.0 million shares were authorized for issuance under the 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan. On June 3, 2013, the
Company’s stockholders approved an Amended and Restated 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which among other things increased the number of shares available for awards by 3.2 million shares. On May 24, 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved a Second
Amended and Restated 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which among other things increased the number of shares available for awards by 3.8 million shares.
In July 2013, the compensation committee of the board of directors approved the grant of performance stock options to certain key employees under the Amended and Restated
2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Vesting for the options is performance based, with the options vesting in four installments if the Company’s earnings per share equal or exceed the four established performance levels, measured in terms of diluted
earnings per share. One fourth of the options will vest upon earnings per share meeting or exceeding the first performance level, one fourth of the options will vest upon earnings per share meeting or exceeding the second performance level, one
fourth of the options will vest upon earnings per share meeting or exceeding the third performance level and one fourth of the options will vest upon earnings per share meeting or exceeding the fourth performance level. The unvested options will
terminate upon the Company’s failure to meet certain performance thresholds for each of years 2013 through 2019. In addition, all unvested options will terminate on March 30, 2020. The Company has also issued other performance-based awards to a
limited number of participants that similarly vest, or become eligible for vesting, upon achievement of various performance targets.
The fair value of stock option awards was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions and weighted-average fair values as
follows:
|
December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
Stock Options:
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Weighted-average grant date fair value of grants
|
$
|
24.72
|
$
|
18.84
|
$
|
12.59
|
||||||
|
Risk-free interest rate(1)
|
2.6
|
%
|
2.1
|
%
|
1.4
|
%
|
||||||
|
Dividend yield(2)
|
2.6
|
%
|
2.5
|
%
|
2.3
|
%
|
||||||
|
Expected volatility(3)
|
45.6
|
%
|
48.2
|
%
|
47.9
|
%
|
||||||
|
Expected life in months(4)
|
|
66 months
|
|
68 months
|
|
68 months
|
||||||
| (1) |
The risk-free interest rate is based upon the rate on a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bill, for periods within the contractual life of the option, in effect at the time of the grant.
|
| (2) |
The dividend yield is based on the average of historical stock prices and actual dividends paid.
|
| (3) |
Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price, over a period similar to the expected life of the option.
|
| (4) |
The expected term of the option is based on the historical employee exercise behavior, the vesting terms of the respective option, and a contractual life of either seven or ten
years.
|
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Options under the plans as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:
|
Shares
(in thousands)
|
Weighted-
average
Exercise
Price
|
Weighted-
average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years)
|
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)
|
|||||||||||||
|
Options activity – service based
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
|
1,392.9
|
$
|
39.76
|
|||||||||||||
|
Granted
|
─
|
─
|
||||||||||||||
|
Exercised
|
(337.7
|
)
|
37.40
|
|||||||||||||
|
Forfeited/cancelled/expired
|
(8.8
|
)
|
39.45
|
|||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
|
1,046.4
|
40.53
|
3.53
|
24,330
|
||||||||||||
|
Exercisable at December 31, 2018
|
648.6
|
43.72
|
3.08
|
19,984
|
||||||||||||
|
Options activity – performance based
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
|
2,301.5
|
$
|
62.89
|
|||||||||||||
|
Granted
|
920.1
|
71.19
|
||||||||||||||
|
Exercised
|
(151.9
|
)
|
36.91
|
|||||||||||||
|
Forfeited/cancelled/expired
|
(698.9
|
)
|
75.68
|
|||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
|
2,370.8
|
64.00
|
4.16
|
15,190
|
||||||||||||
|
Exercisable at December 31, 2018
|
416.2
|
37.88
|
3.95
|
9,762
|
||||||||||||
|
Options activity – all options
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
|
3,694.4
|
$
|
54.17
|
|||||||||||||
|
Granted
|
920.1
|
71.19
|
||||||||||||||
|
Exercised
|
(489.6
|
)
|
37.25
|
|||||||||||||
|
Forfeited/cancelled/expired
|
(707.7
|
)
|
75.23
|
|||||||||||||
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
|
3,417.2
|
56.81
|
3.97
|
39,519
|
||||||||||||
|
Exercisable at December 31, 2018
|
1,064.8
|
41.44
|
3.42
|
23,746
|
||||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading
day of the respective years and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2018. This amount varies based
on the fair market value of the Company’s stock.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Cash proceeds, tax benefits and intrinsic value related to total stock options exercised during 2018, 2017 and 2016, were as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Cash proceeds from stock options exercised
|
$
|
13,908
|
$
|
26,980
|
$
|
15,707
|
||||||
|
Tax benefit realized for stock options exercised
|
3,217
|
6,457
|
3,840
|
|||||||||
|
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised
|
11,855
|
42,749
|
30,587
|
|||||||||
Nonvested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:
|
Number of
Shares
(in thousands)
|
Weighted-
average Grant
Date Fair
Value
|
|||||||
|
Nonvested at December 31, 2017
|
562.8
|
51.17
|
||||||
|
Granted
|
202.7
|
72.62
|
||||||
|
Vested
|
(233.9
|
)
|
56.00
|
|||||
|
Forfeited
|
(64.0
|
)
|
54.40
|
|||||
|
Nonvested at December 31, 2018
|
467.6
|
57.61
|
||||||
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis, except for performance-based awards for which expense is recognized using a graded-attribution
method if the results are materially different than the straight-line method. The Company recognized $3.1 million, $4.0 million and $5.8 million of expense related to service condition stock options in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively; and $11.2
million, $11.3 million and $10.5 million of expense related to service condition restricted stock units in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For performance stock options and performance stock units, an expense is recorded each period for the
estimated expense associated with the projected achievement of the performance-based targets. The Company recognized $12.2 million of expense, $3.9 million of expense and $7.1 million of income related to performance stock options in 2018, 2017 and
2016, respectively; and $0.1 million of expense, $0.1 million of expense and $0.3 million of income related to performance stock units in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amount in 2016 reflects the reversal of stock compensation for awards
no longer expected to vest.
As of December 31, 2018, there was $11.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested stock option awards. That cost is expected to be
recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years. As of December 31, 2018, there was $16.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock awards. That cost is expected to be recognized over a
weighted-average period of 2.1 years.
| 10. |
Fair Value
|
The carrying value of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair values due to the short-term
nature of these instruments. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The following tables present the fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Fair Value at December 31, 2018
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Level 1
|
Level 2
|
Level 3
|
Total
|
|||||||||||||
|
Financial assets (liabilities):
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Cash equivalents and current investments
|
$
|
35,260
|
$ |
─
|
$ |
─
|
$
|
35,260
|
||||||||
|
Other long-term assets
|
3,568
|
─
|
─
|
3,568
|
||||||||||||
|
Forward contracts
|
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
|
||||||||||||
|
Life insurance contracts
|
|
─ |
─
|
35,590
|
35,590
|
|||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
38,828
|
$ |
─
|
$
|
35,590
|
$
|
74,418
|
||||||||
|
Fair Value at December 31, 2017
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Level 1
|
Level 2
|
Level 3
|
Total
|
|||||||||||||
|
Financial assets (liabilities):
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Cash equivalents and current investments
|
$
|
36,531
|
$
|
─ |
$
|
─ |
$
|
36,531
|
||||||||
|
Other long-term assets
|
3,726
|
─
|
─
|
3,726
|
||||||||||||
|
Forward contracts
|
─
|
158
|
─
|
158
|
||||||||||||
|
Life insurance contracts
|
|
─
|
|
─ |
37,737
|
37,737
|
||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
40,257
|
$
|
158
|
$
|
37,737
|
$
|
78,152
|
||||||||
The following methods and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of each class of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance
sheets:
Cash equivalents and current investments: Cash equivalents and current investments primarily
consist of highly rated money market funds with maturities of three months or less, and are purchased daily at par value with specified yield rates. Due to the high ratings and short-term nature of the funds, the Company considers all cash
equivalents and current investments as Level 1. Current investments include $11.3 million and $11.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that is restricted for the Company’s voluntary participation in a consumer protection
cooperative in South Korea.
Forward contracts: To hedge foreign currency risks, the Company uses foreign currency
exchange forward contracts, where possible and practical. These forward contracts are valued using standard valuation formulas with assumptions about foreign currency exchange rates derived from existing exchange rates as discussed in Note 14,
“Derivative Financial Instruments.”
Life insurance contracts: ASC 820 preserves practicability exceptions to fair value
measurements provided by other applicable GAAP. The guidance in ASC 715-30-35-60 allows a reporting entity, as a practical expedient, to use cash surrender value or conversion value as an expedient for fair value when it is present. Accordingly,
the Company determines the fair value of its life insurance contracts as the cash-surrender value of life insurance policies held in its Rabbi Trust as disclosed in Note 13, “Executive Deferred Compensation Plan.”
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The following table provides a summary of changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 marketable securities (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Life Insurance Contracts
|
2018
|
2017
|
||||||
|
Beginning balance at January 1
|
$
|
37,737
|
$
|
32,287
|
||||
|
Actual return on plan assets
|
(1,788
|
)
|
4,917
|
|||||
|
Purchases and issuances
|
|
─ |
895
|
|||||
|
Sales and settlements
|
(359
|
)
|
(362
|
)
|
||||
|
Transfers into Level 3
|
|
─ |
─
|
|||||
|
Ending balance at December 31
|
$
|
35,590
|
$
|
37,737
|
||||
| 11. |
Income Taxes
|
We reasonably estimated the effects of the Tax Reform Act and recorded provisional amounts in our financial statements as of December 31, 2017. We recorded a provisional
tax detriment for the impact of Tax Reform Act of approximately $47.7 million. This amount was primarily comprised of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits, reversal of indefinite reinvestment, reduction of FIN 48 assets, write-off of net
outside basis deferred tax liabilities, tax effect on other comprehensive income, and remeasurement of deferred tax assets. Changes to the provisional amounts recorded at the end of 2017 were not material to the financial results reported during
2018. In 2018, we completed our determination of the accounting implications of the Tax Reform Act. The Company continues to analyze the effects of new taxes due on certain foreign income, such as GILTI (global intangible low-taxed income), BEAT
(base-erosion anti-abuse tax), FDII (foreign-derived intangible income), limitations on the deductibility of executive compensation, limitations on interest expense deductions (if certain conditions apply), and other provisions of the Tax Reform
Act that were effective starting in 2018. Under U.S. GAAP, the company has elected to treat taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”).
Consolidated income before provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
U.S.
|
$
|
(67,087
|
)
|
$
|
1,135
|
$
|
(19,119
|
)
|
||||
|
Foreign
|
286,753
|
264,432
|
231,958
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
219,666
|
$
|
265,567
|
$
|
212,839
|
||||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The provision for current and deferred taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 consists of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Current
|
||||||||||||
|
Federal
|
$
|
─ |
$
|
(14,358
|
)
|
$
|
─ | |||||
|
State
|
652
|
1,814
|
(718
|
)
|
||||||||
|
Foreign
|
116,303
|
104,688
|
70,652
|
|||||||||
|
116,955
|
92,144
|
69,934
|
||||||||||
|
Deferred
|
||||||||||||
|
Federal
|
(17,836
|
)
|
45,593
|
(27,171
|
)
|
|||||||
|
State
|
(1,974
|
)
|
(2,273
|
)
|
1,104
|
|||||||
|
Foreign
|
634
|
666
|
25,886
|
|||||||||
|
(19,176
|
)
|
43,986
|
(181
|
)
|
||||||||
|
Provision for income taxes
|
$
|
97,779
|
$
|
136,130
|
$
|
69,753
|
||||||
The principal components of deferred taxes are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Deferred tax assets:
|
||||||||
|
Inventory differences
|
$
|
4,257
|
$
|
2,861
|
||||
|
Foreign tax credit and other foreign benefits
|
62,521
|
52,408
|
||||||
|
Stock-based compensation
|
7,893
|
6,327
|
||||||
|
Accrued expenses not deductible until paid
|
40,509
|
39,326
|
||||||
|
Foreign currency exchange
|
1,023
|
2,001
|
||||||
|
Net operating losses
|
4,522
|
5,230
|
||||||
|
Capitalized research and development
|
11,988
|
197
|
||||||
|
Interest expense limitation – 163(j)
|
847
|
─
|
||||||
|
R&D credit carryforward
|
807
|
|
─ | |||||
|
Other
|
339
|
211
|
||||||
|
Gross deferred tax assets
|
134,706
|
108,561
|
||||||
|
Deferred tax liabilities:
|
||||||||
|
Foreign currency exchange
|
124
|
874
|
||||||
|
Foreign withholding taxes
|
21,524
|
29,018
|
||||||
|
Intangibles step-up
|
5,763
|
6,568
|
||||||
|
Overhead allocation to inventory
|
2,857
|
3,977
|
||||||
|
Amortization of intangibles
|
15,812
|
11,475
|
||||||
|
Foreign outside basis in controlled foreign corporation
|
|
─ |
|
─ | ||||
|
Other
|
833
|
2,676
|
||||||
|
Gross deferred tax liabilities
|
46,913
|
54,588
|
||||||
|
Valuation allowance
|
(68,697
|
)
|
(56,906
|
)
|
||||
|
Deferred taxes, net
|
$
|
19,096
|
$
|
(2,933
|
)
|
|||
At December 31, 2018, the Company had foreign operating loss carryforwards of $14.8 million for tax purposes, which will be available to offset future taxable income. If
not used, $4.4 million of carryforwards will expire between 2019 and 2028, while $10.4 million do not expire. A valuation allowance has been placed on foreign operating loss carryforwards of $14.8 million. In addition, a valuation allowance has
been recorded on the foreign tax credit carryforward, the interest expense limitation, and the R&D credit carryforward of $64.3 million which will expire between 2026 and 2028.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The Company uses the tax law ordering approach when determining when excess tax benefits have been realized.
The valuation allowance has been recognized for the foreign tax credit, the foreign net operating loss carryforwards, the interest expense limitations and the R&D
credit carryforward. The valuation allowances were recognized for assets which it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available
positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary difference, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. When the Company determines that there is sufficient
positive evidence to utilize the foreign tax credits, the foreign net operating losses, the interest expense limitation, or the R&D credit carryforward, the valuation will be released which would reduce the provision for income taxes.
The deferred tax asset valuation adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Balance at the beginning of period
|
$
|
56,906
|
$
|
9,137
|
$
|
49,271
|
||||||
|
Additions charged to cost and expenses
|
27,902
|
(1)
|
53,983
|
(4)
|
692
|
|||||||
|
Decreases
|
(16,215
|
)(2)
|
(6,400
|
)(5)
|
(40,442
|
)(6)
|
||||||
|
Adjustments
|
104
|
(3)
|
186
|
(3)
|
(384
|
)(3)
|
||||||
|
Balance at the end of the period
|
$
|
68,697
|
$
|
56,906
|
$
|
9,137
|
||||||
| (1) |
Increase in valuation is due primarily to $27.2 million that was recorded on the foreign tax credit carryforward. The additional amount is due to research and development credits,
interest expense limitation (163(j)), and net operating losses in foreign markets.
|
| (2) |
The decrease was due primarily to the utilization of foreign tax credits, the conversion of foreign tax credits to NOL’s at the filing of the US 2017 Income Tax return (note NOL’s were
absorbed in 2018 due to GILTI inclusion), utilization, and expiration of foreign NOL’s.
|
| (3) |
Represents the net currency effects of translating valuation allowances at current rates of exchange.
|
| (4) |
Increase in valuation is due primarily to the $52.0 million that was recorded on the foreign tax credit carryforward. The additional amount is due to net operating losses in foreign
markets
|
| (5) |
Decrease is due primarily to the write-off of Brazil deferred tax assets, which had no impact to the income statement, as a valuation allowance had been previously recorded against the
asset.
|
| (6) |
Decrease in valuation allowance due to lapse in statute of limitation of the net operating losses
carryforward and due to the write off of Venezuelan deferred tax assets, which had no impact to the income statement.
|
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The components of deferred taxes, net on a jurisdiction basis are as follows (U.S. dollars in
thousands):
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
|||||||
|
Net noncurrent deferred tax assets
|
$
|
37,332
|
$
|
33,785
|
||||
|
Net noncurrent deferred tax liabilities
|
18,236
|
36,718
|
||||||
|
Deferred taxes, net
|
$
|
19,096
|
$
|
(2,933
|
)
|
|||
The Company is subject to regular audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in proposed assessments that may result in additional tax
liabilities.
The actual tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 compared to the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate is as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Income taxes at statutory rate
|
21.00
|
%
|
35.00
|
%
|
35.00
|
%
|
||||||
|
Indefinite reinvestment
|
(2.73
|
)
|
2.75
|
(1.98
|
)
|
|||||||
|
Excess tax benefit from equity award
|
(1.41
|
)
|
(2.38
|
)
|
|
─
|
||||||
|
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
|
7.37
|
|
─
|
|
─
|
|||||||
|
Foreign withholding taxes
|
7.68
|
|
─
|
|
─
|
|||||||
|
Change in reserve for uncertain tax positions
|
3.68
|
─
|
|
─
|
||||||||
|
Non-deductible expenses
|
─
|
0.17
|
0.11
|
|||||||||
|
Controlled foreign corporation losses
|
|
─
|
(0.13
|
)
|
(2.63
|
)
|
||||||
|
Valuation allowance recognized foreign tax credit & others
|
5.54
|
19.59
|
|
─
|
||||||||
|
Write-off outside basis DTL
|
─ |
(2.89
|
)
|
|
─
|
|||||||
|
Revaluation of deferred taxes
|
1.61
|
(1.28
|
)
|
|
─
|
|||||||
|
Section 987 implementation
|
|
─
|
|
─
|
2.69
|
|||||||
|
Other
|
1.77
|
0.43
|
(0.42
|
)
|
||||||||
|
44.51
|
%
|
51.26%
|
%
|
32.77
|
%
|
|||||||
The effective rate for 2018 was significantly impacted by the restructuring and impairment expenses incurred in Q4 of 2018, as well as additional valuation allowances
related to foreign tax credits. The effective tax rate for 2017 was impacted largely due to the Tax Reform Act.
The cumulative amount of undistributed earnings of the Company's non-U.S. Subsidiaries held for indefinite reinvestment is approximately $60.0 million, at December 31,
2018. If this amount were repatriated to the United States, the amount of incremental taxes would be approximately $6.0 million.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| 12. |
Employee Benefit Plan
|
The Company has a 401(k) defined-contribution plan which permits participating employees to defer up to a maximum of 100% of their compensation, subject to limitations
established by the Internal Revenue Service. Employees age 18 and older are eligible to contribute to the plan starting the first day of employment. After completing at least one day of service, employees are eligible to receive matching
contributions from the Company. In 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company matched employees’ base pay up to 4% each year. The Company’s matching contributions cliff vest after two years of service. The Company recorded compensation expense of $3.6
million, $3.2 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to its contributions to the plan. The Company may make additional discretionary contributions to the plan of up to 10% of employees’
base pay. The Company’s discretionary contributions vest 20% per year for an employee’s first five years of service. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 the Company did not make any additional discretionary contributions.
The Company has a defined benefit pension plan for its employees in Japan. All employees of Nu Skin Japan, after certain years of service, are entitled to pension plan
benefits when they terminate employment with Nu Skin Japan. The accrued pension liability was $3.0 million, $6.1 million and $5.6 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Although Nu Skin Japan has not specifically funded this
obligation, as it is not required to do so, Nu Skin Japan believes it maintains adequate cash balances for this defined benefit pension plan. The Company recorded pension expense of $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.9 million for the years ended
December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
| 13. |
Executive Deferred Compensation Plan
|
The Company has an executive deferred compensation plan for select management personnel. Under this plan, the Company may make a contribution of up to 10% of a
participant’s salary. In addition, each participant has the option to defer a portion of their compensation up to a maximum of 80% of their base salary and 100% of their bonuses. Participant contributions are immediately vested. Company
contributions vest 50% after ten years of service and 5% each year of service thereafter. In addition, any unvested company contributions will fully vest on the earlier of: (a) the participant attaining 60 years of age; and (b) death or disability.
The Company recorded compensation expense of $1.1 million, $1.5 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to
its contributions to the plan. The total long-term deferred compensation liability under the deferred compensation plan was $36.4 million and $43.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to its contributions
to the plan and is included in other long-term liabilities.
All benefits under the deferred compensation plan are unsecured obligations of the Company. The Company has contributed assets to a “rabbi trust” for the payment of
benefits under the deferred compensation plan. As the assets of the trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors if the Company becomes insolvent, the amounts held in the trust are accounted for as an investment on the Company’s
consolidated balance sheet of $35.6 million and $37.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
| 14. |
Derivative Financial Instruments
|
The Company enters into non-designated foreign currency derivatives, primarily comprised of foreign currency forward contracts, for which hedge accounting does not apply.
The changes in the fair market value of these non-designated derivatives are included in other income/expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company uses non-designated foreign currency derivatives to hedge
foreign-currency-denominated intercompany transactions and to partially mitigate the impact of foreign-currency fluctuations. The fair value of the non-designated foreign currency derivatives is based on third-party quotes that management
considered when determining the fair value.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not hold any non-designated derivative contracts.
The following table summarizes gains (losses) related to derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
(U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Derivatives not designated as
hedging instruments:
|
Location of
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Income
|
Amount of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Income
|
||||||||||||
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017 |
2016
|
||||||||||||
|
Foreign currency contracts
|
Other income (expense)
|
$ |
─ |
$
|
(485
|
)
|
$
|
39
|
||||||
The Company designates as cash-flow hedges those foreign currency forward contracts it enters to hedge forecasted intercompany transactions that are subject to foreign
currency exposures. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts designated as cash-flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity (deficit), and are recognized in the
consolidated statement of income during the period which approximates the time the hedged transaction is settled.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company held no forward contracts designated as foreign currency cash flow hedges compared to notional amounts of 600 billion Japanese yen
($5.5 million) as of December 31, 2017 to hedge forecasted foreign-currency-denominated intercompany transactions. The fair value of these hedges were zero and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The following table summarizes gains (losses) related to derivative instruments recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) during the years ended December 31, 2018,
2017 and 2016 (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
|
Amount of Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Other
Comprehensive Loss
|
|||||||||||
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||
|
Foreign currency forward contracts related to intercompany license
fee, product sales, and selling expense hedges
|
$
|
(160
|
)
|
$
|
(152
|
)
|
$
|
(1,423
|
)
|
|||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
The following table summarizes gains (losses) relating to derivative instruments reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017
and 2016 (U.S. dollars in thousands):
|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
|
Location of
Gain (Loss)
Reclassified from
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss into Income
|
Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss into Income
|
||||||||||||
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||||
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
||||||||||||
|
Foreign currency forward contracts related to intercompany license fees and product sales hedges
|
Revenue
|
$
|
18
|
$
|
119
|
$
|
(1,088
|
)
|
||||||
|
Foreign currency forward contracts related to intercompany selling expense hedges
|
Selling expenses
|
$
|
─ |
$
|
358
|
$
|
(1,544
|
)
|
||||||
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were zero and $0.1 million, respectively, of unrealized gains/(losses) included in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to
foreign currency cash flow hedges. The remaining $79.9 million and $66.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to cumulative translation adjustments. The Company assesses hedge
effectiveness at least quarterly. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, all hedges were determined to be effective.
The Company reports its derivatives at fair value as either other current assets or accrued expenses within its consolidated balance sheet. See Note 10, “Fair Value.”
| 15. |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
|
Cash paid for interest totaled $20.9 million, $18.4 million and $11.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cash paid for income
taxes totaled $123.2 million, $78.1 million and $40.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
| 16. |
Acquisitions
|
On January 22, 2018, the Company acquired the remaining 73% ownership in Innuvate Health Sciences, LLC ("Innuvate"), which owns a 92% interest in a nutritional product
manufacturer. Prior to this acquisition, the Company owned 27% of Innuvate and accounted for it using the equity method. The remaining 8% ownership in the manufacturer will continue to be held by an unrelated third party. Under the terms of the
agreement, the Company paid $23.5 million in cash and shares of the Company in exchange for the 73% ownership in Innuvate, subject to adjustment for certain closing items. Innuvate is a contract manufacturer that specializes in softgel and
hardshell capsule manufacturing.
On February 12, 2018, the Company acquired the remaining 65% ownership in Treviso, LLC ("Treviso"), making Treviso a
wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Treviso is a personal care product manufacturer. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, the Company has paid $83.9 million in cash and shares of the Company in exchange for the remaining 65% ownership
in Treviso, subject to adjustment for certain closing items. On February 28, 2017, the Company initially purchased a 35% membership interest in Treviso, for a purchase price of $21.0 million and a possible earnout of $1.0 million. The
purchase price included $12.6 million in cash and $8.4 million in the Company’s stock (169,560 shares based on the closing stock price of $49.54 per share on February 28, 2017). Treviso is a
liquid contract manufacturing laboratory for premium personal care products.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
On February 12, 2018, the Company acquired 100% ownership in L&W Holdings, Inc. ("L&W") making L&W a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. L&W is a
packaging supplier company. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, the Company paid $25.0 million in shares of the Company in exchange for 100% ownership in L&W, subject to adjustment for certain closing items. L&W specializes in the
distribution and packaging of products in the cosmetic and nutritional industries.
The following table summarizes the fair value of consideration transferred for the acquisitions disclosed above (in thousands):
|
Innuvate
|
Treviso
|
L&W
Holdings
|
Total
|
|||||||||||||
|
Total cash consideration
|
$
|
17,587
|
$
|
14,648
|
$
|
—
|
$
|
32,235
|
||||||||
|
Shares issued in conjunction with acquisition
|
5,863
|
69,252
|
25,000
|
100,115
|
||||||||||||
|
Total consideration
|
$
|
23,450
|
$
|
83,900
|
$
|
25,000
|
132,350
|
|||||||||
|
Previously held equity interest in equity method Investments(1)
|
8,748
|
30,281
|
—
|
39,029
|
||||||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
32,198
|
$
|
114,181
|
$
|
25,000
|
$
|
171,379
|
||||||||
| (1) |
The acquisitions of Innuvate and Treviso are considered step acquisitions, and accordingly, the Company remeasured its pre-existing 27% equity interest in Innuvate and 35% of Treviso
immediately prior to completion of the acquisition to its estimated fair value of approximately $39.0 million. As a result of the remeasurement, the Company recorded a gain of approximately $13.6 million within other income (expense),
during the first quarter of 2018, representing the excess of the approximate $39.0 million estimated fair value of its pre-existing 27% equity interest in Innuvate and 35% equity interest of Treviso over its transaction date carrying
value of approximately $25.4 million.
|
The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired for the acquisitions disclosed above (in thousands):
|
Innuvate
|
Treviso
|
L&W Holdings
|
||||||||||||||
| Life |
Amount
|
Life |
Amount
|
Life |
Amount
|
|||||||||||
|
Total current assets
|
$
|
6,219
|
$
|
19,659
|
$
|
7,353
|
||||||||||
|
Fixed assets
|
9,291
|
33,282
|
114
|
|||||||||||||
|
Customer list
|
9 years
|
5,100
|
9 years
|
16,500
|
7 years
|
6,500
|
||||||||||
|
Order backlog
|
5 months
|
200
|
10 months
|
4,700
|
4 months
|
900
|
||||||||||
|
Trademarks
|
7 years
|
900
|
6 years
|
1,300
|
5 years
|
600
|
||||||||||
|
Total current liabilities
|
(3,942
|
)
|
(3,740
|
)
|
(1,495
|
)
|
||||||||||
|
Other non-current liabilities
|
—
|
—
|
(1,731
|
)
|
||||||||||||
|
Total identifiable net assets acquired
|
17,768
|
71,701
|
12,241
|
|||||||||||||
|
Goodwill
|
17,230
|
42,480
|
12,759
|
|||||||||||||
|
Fair value of noncontrolling interest
|
(2,800
|
)
|
—
|
—
|
||||||||||||
|
Total consideration and value to be allocated to net assets
|
$
|
32,198
|
$
|
114,181
|
$
|
25,000
|
||||||||||
Pro forma and historical results of operations for the acquired companies have not been presented because they are not material, either individually or in the aggregate,
to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
In the first quarter of 2016, the Company purchased 70% of Vertical Eden, LLC, an early-stage company in the warehouse growing market, for $3.3 million in cash and
contingent consideration valued at $1.5 million which resulted in $2.5 million of goodwill. In the second quarter of 2017, the Company purchased the remaining 30% of Vertical Eden for $12.5 million in cash. The purchase of Vertical Eden includes
specialized technology in remote programming and management of the entire crop growing cycle. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $4.4 million of intangible assets which are being amortized over the useful lives of 3
to 7 years.
In the third quarter of 2017, the Company acquired certain assets of Dr. Dana Beauty, LLC for $7.0 million in cash. The assets acquired include trademarks, product
formulas and other intellectual property primarily related to nail treatment.
| 17. |
Restructuring and Severance Charges
|
In 2018, the Company began a strategic plan to align its resources and capabilities to support its vision of being a world-leading business platform. This program primarily impacted the Company’s information technology infrastructure and organization and other departments within its corporate and Americas offices. As a result of the restructuring
program, the Company recorded a non-cash charge of $48.6 million for impairment of information technology assets, including internally developed software for social sharing and digital initiatives, and $22.1 million of cash charges, including
$20.1 million for employee severance and $2.0 million for other related cash charges with our restructuring. The restructuring charges were predominately recorded in the Corporate and Other category. As of December 31, 2018 the Company had a
liability of $15.5 million in accrued payroll and other employee expenses. The Company expects to pay out the remaining liability in the first quarter of 2019.
|
December 31, 2018
|
||||
|
Restructuring, severance and impairment charges incurred
|
$
|
70,686
|
||
|
Non-cash impairment charges
|
(48,551
|
)
|
||
|
Amounts paid
|
(6,673
|
)
|
||
|
Adjustments
|
—
|
|||
|
Balance December 31, 2018
|
$
|
15,462
|
||
| 18. |
Segment Information
|
As a result of the Company’s management changes in the first quarter of 2017, the Company concluded that the Chief Operating Decision Maker, as defined in ASC 280, is now
comprised of the CEO, President and CFO. This change required the Company to reevaluate its determination of operating segments. The Company’s operating segments are based on geographic regions that generate revenue and hold its long-lived assets.
The Company sells and distributes its products through a global network of customers and sales leaders in approximately 50 markets. The Company has divided these markets into seven operating segments, which are the Company’s reportable segments:
Mainland China, Hong Kong/Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Americas/Pacific and EMEA. The seven reportable segments generate revenue from the sale of personal care products and nutritional supplements under the Nu Skin and Pharmanex
brands, have similar business characteristics and align with how the CODM function began assessing performance and allocating resources in the first quarter of 2017. The Other category includes the manufacturing and product-packaging companies
that the Company acquired during the first quarter of 2018.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 has been recast to reflect the move of the Pacific components from the "Southeast Asia/Pacific"
operating segment to the "Americas/Pacific" operating segment. Consolidated financial information is not affected.
Profitability by segment as reported under US GAAP is driven primarily by the Company’s international taxation policies. Segment contribution, which is the Company’s
segment profitability metric presented in the table below, excludes certain intercompany charges, specifically royalties, license fees, transfer pricing, discrete charges and other miscellaneous items. These charges have been included in Corporate
and other expenses. Corporate and other expenses also include costs related to the Company’s executive and administrative offices, information technology, research and development, marketing and supply chain functions not recorded at the segment
level.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1, “The Company.” The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based on revenue
and segment contribution. Each segment records direct expenses related to its employees and its operations.
Summarized financial information for the Company’s reportable segments is shown in the following tables. Asset information is not reviewed or included with the Company’s
internal management reporting. Therefore, the Company has not disclosed asset information for each reportable segment.
Revenue by Segment
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
886,472
|
$
|
716,991
|
$
|
610,414
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
385,034
|
342,429
|
298,774
|
|||||||||
|
South Korea
|
373,357
|
361,692
|
413,696
|
|||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
316,890
|
268,631
|
271,897
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
254,939
|
256,085
|
279,042
|
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
185,893
|
166,696
|
183,979
|
|||||||||
|
EMEA
|
182,394
|
160,275
|
147,318
|
|||||||||
|
Other
|
94,029
|
6,300
|
2,677
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
||||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Segment Contribution
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
253,598
|
$
|
211,625
|
$
|
135,174
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
52,433
|
51,885
|
47,803
|
|||||||||
|
South Korea
|
107,215
|
100,964
|
117,142
|
|||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
78,598
|
63,296
|
67,952
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
56,676
|
51,372
|
59,175
|
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
33,392
|
27,958
|
35,978
|
|||||||||
|
EMEA
|
14,773
|
11,749
|
10,386
|
|||||||||
|
Total segment contribution
|
596,685
|
518,849
|
473,610
|
|||||||||
|
Corporate and other
|
(355,825
|
)
|
(244,366
|
)
|
(242,506
|
)
|
||||||
|
Operating income
|
240,860
|
274,483
|
231,104
|
|||||||||
|
Other income (expense)
|
(21,194
|
)
|
(8,916
|
)
|
(18,265
|
)
|
||||||
|
Income before provision for income taxes
|
$
|
219,666
|
$
|
265,567
|
$
|
212,839
|
||||||
Depreciation and Amortization
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
13,036
|
$
|
15,122
|
$
|
16,775
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
988
|
1,746
|
2,837
|
|||||||||
|
South Korea
|
6,266
|
6,499
|
6,787
|
|||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
2,123
|
2,234
|
2,168
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
3,604
|
3,554
|
3,782
|
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
1,316
|
1,395
|
2,507
|
|||||||||
|
EMEA
|
847
|
985
|
1,387
|
|||||||||
|
Corporate and other
|
54,823
|
40,029
|
36,154
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
83,003
|
$
|
71,564
|
$
|
72,397
|
||||||
Capital Expenditures
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
11,658
|
$
|
4,539
|
$
|
13,656
|
||||||
|
Americas/Pacific
|
974
|
800
|
1,171
|
|||||||||
|
South Korea
|
285
|
469
|
556
|
|||||||||
|
Southeast Asia
|
1,120
|
1,753
|
2,206
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
788
|
994
|
1,288
|
|||||||||
|
Hong Kong/Taiwan
|
4,113
|
1,350
|
634
|
|||||||||
|
EMEA
|
734
|
1,168
|
1,224
|
|||||||||
|
Corporate and other
|
50,699
|
49,083
|
29,486
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
70,371
|
$
|
60,156
|
$
|
50,221
|
||||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
Revenue by Major Market
A major market is defined as one with total revenue greater than 10% of consolidated total revenue. Based on this criteria, the Company has identified three major
markets: Mainland China, South Korea and Japan. There are approximately 50 other markets, each of which individually is less than 10%. The table below also includes the Company’s country of domicile (the U.S.). No single customer accounted for 10%
or more of net sales for the periods presented. Sales are recorded in the jurisdiction in which the transactions occurred:
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Mainland China
|
$
|
886,472
|
$
|
716,991
|
$
|
610,414
|
||||||
|
South Korea
|
373,357
|
361,692
|
413,696
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
254,939
|
256,085
|
279,042
|
|||||||||
|
United States
|
311,436
|
218,734
|
201,239
|
|||||||||
|
All others
|
852,804
|
725,597
|
703,406
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
||||||
Revenue by Product Line
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
Nu Skin
|
$
|
1,659,737
|
$
|
1,456,386
|
$
|
1,308,135
|
||||||
|
Pharmanex
|
921,328
|
817,230
|
892,738
|
|||||||||
|
Other
|
97,943
|
5,483
|
6,924
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
2,679,008
|
$
|
2,279,099
|
$
|
2,207,797
|
||||||
Long-Lived Assets by Major Market
A major market is defined as a market with long-lived assets greater than 10% of consolidated long-lived assets and also includes the Company’s country of domicile (the
U.S.). Long-lived assets in Mainland China consist primarily of property, plant and equipment related to manufacturing, distribution facilities and the Mainland China headquarters. Long-lived assets in the U.S. consist primarily of property, plant
and equipment, including the Company’s corporate offices and distribution facilities. Long-lived assets by major market are set forth below for the periods ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
|
Year ended December 31,
|
||||||||||||
|
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
|
2018
|
2017
|
2016
|
|||||||||
|
United States
|
$
|
317,516
|
$
|
302,884
|
$
|
283,868
|
||||||
|
Mainland China
|
89,447
|
97,046
|
97,867
|
|||||||||
|
South Korea
|
36,325
|
42,211
|
41,545
|
|||||||||
|
Japan
|
6,864
|
9,342
|
11,517
|
|||||||||
|
All others
|
14,383
|
13,104
|
9,935
|
|||||||||
|
Total
|
$
|
464,535
|
$
|
464,587
|
$
|
444,732
|
||||||
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| 19. |
Commitments and Contingencies
|
The Company is subject to government regulations pertaining to product formulation, labeling and packaging, product claims and advertising, and the Company’s
direct-selling system. The Company is also subject to the jurisdiction of numerous foreign tax and customs authorities. Any assertions or determination that either the Company or the Company’s sales force is not in compliance with existing
statutes, laws, rules or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations. In addition, in any country or jurisdiction, the adoption of new statutes, laws, rules or regulations or changes in the interpretation of
existing statutes, laws, rules or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company and its operations. No assurance can be given that the Company’s compliance with applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations will not be
challenged by foreign authorities or that such challenges will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company and its Subsidiaries are defendants in litigation,
investigations and other proceedings involving various matters. In the opinion of the Company’s management, based upon advice of its counsel handling such litigation, investigations and other proceedings, adverse outcomes, if any, are not currently
expected to result in a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
The Company is subject to regular audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in additional tax liabilities. The Company believes it has
appropriately provided for income taxes for all years. Several factors drive the calculation of its tax reserves. Some of these factors include: (i) the expiration of various statutes of limitations; (ii) changes in tax law and regulations; (iii)
issuance of tax rulings; and (iv) settlements with tax authorities. Changes in any of these factors may result in adjustments to the Company’s reserves, which would impact its reported financial results.
| 20. |
Other Income (Expense), Net
|
Other income (expense), net was $21.2 million, $8.9 million and $18.3
million of expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Other income (expense), net also includes $21.8 million, $22.2 million and $15.6 million in interest expense during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company cannot estimate the degree
to which its operations will be impacted in the future, but it remains subject to these currency risks. However, the majority of these transaction losses are non-cash, non-operating losses.
| 21. |
Cost of Sales
|
The Tokyo District Court and, on appeal in 2017, the Tokyo High Court upheld the Japan customs authorities’ customs assessments related to the importation of several of
the Company’s products into Japan. The Company appealed the High Court’s decision to the Japan Supreme Court. In May 2018, the Japan Supreme Court declined to hear the Company’s appeal. Accordingly, this matter is now closed.
As previously disclosed, the Company already recorded a charge of $31.4 million to cost of sales in the first quarter of 2016, when the District Court issued its
decision. This charge represents the full amount that was disputed. It was a non-cash item because the Company was previously required to pay the assessments.
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the
"Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on
criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the
financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective
internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public
accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of
the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective
internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements,
whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also
included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting
included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.
Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance
of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable
assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of
effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Salt Lake City, Utah
February 14, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1994.
None.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and
operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")). Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures
that we designed to ensure that we record, process, summarize and report in a timely manner the information we must disclose in reports that we file with or submit to the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, and they include,
without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions
regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our
management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the
supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of
financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
| • |
pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
|
| • |
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and
that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorization of management and directors; and
|
| • |
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial
statements.
|
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of
effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed, as of December 31,
2018, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment was based on criteria established in the framework Internal Control-Integrated
Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered
public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There was no change during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the
Exchange Act) that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
None.
The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference to
our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after our fiscal year end, except for certain information required by Item 10 with respect to our
executive officers which is set forth under Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
PART IV
Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K:
| 1. |
Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of Part II.
|
| 2. |
Financial Statement Schedules. N/A
|
| 3. |
Exhibits. References to the “Company” shall mean Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. Unless otherwise noted, the SEC file number
for exhibits incorporated by reference is 001‑12421.
|
|
3.1
|
|
|
3.2
|
|
3.3
|
|
|
3.4
|
|
|
4.1
|
|
|
4.2
|
|
|
10.1
|
|
|
#10.2
|
|
|
#10.3
|
|
|
#10.4
|
|
|
#10.5
|
|
|
#10.6
|
|
|
#10.7
|
|
|
#10.8
|
|
#10.9
|
|
|
#10.10
|
|
|
#10.11
|
|
|
#10.12
|
|
|
#10.13
|
|
|
#10.14
|
|
|
#10.15
|
|
|
#10.16
|
|
|
*#10.17
|
|
|
*#10.18
|
|
|
#10.19
|
|
|
#10.20
|
|
|
*#10.21
|
|
#10.22
|
|
|
*#10.23
|
|
|
#10.24
|
|
|
#10.25
|
|
|
#10.26
|
|
|
#10.27
|
|
|
#10.28
|
|
|
#10.29
|
|
|
*21.1
|
|
|
*23.1
|
|
|
*31.1
|
|
|
*31.2
|
|
|
*32.1
|
|
|
*32.2
|
|
*101.INS
|
XBRL Instance Document
|
|
*101.SCH
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
|
|
*101.CAL
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
|
|
*101.DEF
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
|
|
*101.LAB
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
|
|
*101.PRE
|
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
|
|
*
|
Filed or furnished herewith.
|
|
#
|
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
|
None.
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 14, 2019.
|
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.
|
||
|
By:
|
/s/ Ritch N. Wood
|
|
|
Ritch N. Wood
|
||
|
Chief Executive Officer
|
||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the
capacities indicated on February 14, 2019.
|
Signatures
|
Capacity in Which Signed
|
|
|
/s/ Steven J. Lund
|
Executive Chairman of the Board
|
|
|
Steven J. Lund
|
||
|
/s/ Ritch N. Wood
|
Chief Executive Officer and Director
|
|
|
Ritch N. Wood
|
(Principal Executive Officer)
|
|
|
|
||
|
/s/ Mark H. Lawrence
|
Chief Financial Officer
|
|
|
Mark H. Lawrence
|
(Principal Financial Officer and Accounting Officer)
|
|
|
|
||
|
/s/ Nevin N. Andersen
|
Director
|
|
|
Nevin N. Andersen
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Daniel W. Campbell
|
Director
|
|
|
Daniel W. Campbell
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Andrew D. Lipman
|
Director
|
|
|
Andrew D. Lipman
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Neil H. Offen
|
Director
|
|
|
Neil H. Offen
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Thomas R. Pisano
|
Director
|
|
|
Thomas R. Pisano
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Zheqing Shen
|
Director
|
|
|
Zheqing Shen
|
||
|
|
||
|
/s/ Edwina D. Woodbury
|
Director
|
|
|
Edwina D. Woodbury
|
-126-