UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________
 
FORM 20-F/A

(Amendment No. 2)
(Mark One)
 
o
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
OR
 
 
x
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009
 
OR
 
 
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from ________________ to ________________
 
OR
 
 
o
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 13(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
Date of the event requiring this shell company report________________
 
Commission file number: 001-33356
_____________________________
 
GAFISA S.A.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
_____________________________

GAFISA S.A.
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
 
The Federative Republic of Brazil
 
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th Floor
05425-070 - São Paulo, SP – Brazil
phone: + 55 (11) 3025-9000
fax: + 55(11) 3025-9348
e mail: ri@gafisa.com
Att: Alceu Duilio Calciolari – Chief Executive Officer
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, without par value*
 
New York Stock Exchange
 
*         Traded only in the form of American Depositary Shares (as evidenced by American Depositary Receipts), each representing two common shares which are registered under the Securities Act of 1933.
_____________________________

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
 
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
_____________________________

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
 
The number of outstanding shares of each class as of December 31, 2009.
 
Title of Class
 
Number of Shares Outstanding
Common Stock
 
167,077,137*
 
 
*
Includes 299,743 common shares that are held in treasury. On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved a stock split of one share into two shares, increasing the number of shares outstanding to 334,154,274 and the number of shares held in treasury to 599,486.
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   o   Yes     x No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934.   o Yes      x  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    o  Yes       x  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
x Large Accelerated Filer          o Accelerated Filer        o Non-accelerated Filer
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:  o US GAAP      o International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board      x OtherIf “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.   o Item 17      x Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    o Yes      x No
 


 
 
 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTE
 
THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECOND AMENDMENT (FORM 20-F/A) TO THE ANNUAL REPORT ON THE FORM 20-F FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER, 31, 2009 FILED BY GAFISA S.A (“GAFISA”) ON MARCH 10, 2010 (THE “2009 FORM 20-F”) IS TO (1) RESTATE THE US GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION INCLUDED IN NOTES 25 FOR THE REASONS OUTLINED IN NOTE 26 OF THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND TO CORRECT THE CORRESPONDING US GAAP INFORMATION THROUGHOUT THE 20-F AND (2) TO REVISE THE DISCLOSURE INCLUDED IN ITEM 15 CONTROLS AND DISCLOSURES TO ADDRESS THESE ADDITIONAL ERRORS IN THE US GAAP INFORMATION.  THIS SECOND AMENDMENT REPLACES THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO THE 2009 FORM 20-F FILED BY GAFISA ON MAY 30, 2012.
 
OTHER THAN AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH ABOVE, THIS FORM 20-F/A DOES NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO, AMEND, UPDATE, OR RESTATE THE INFORMATION IN ANY ITEM OF THE 2009 FORM 20-F OR REFLECT ANY EVENTS THAT HAVE OCCURRED AFTER THE 2009 FORM 20-F WAS FILED.
 
AS INDICATED ELSEWHERE HEREIN, THE COMPANY’S INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM HAS NOT PROVIDED AN ATTESTATION REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING FOR 2009.  ACCORDINGLY, THIS FORM 20-F/A DOES NOT COMPLY WITH ALL OF THE PREPARATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE SEC RULES, AND IS DEFICIENT IN THAT REGARD.
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

 
Page
   
 
INTRODUCTION
 
In this annual report, references to “Gafisa,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “our company” and “the company” are to Gafisa S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries (unless the context otherwise requires). In addition, the term “Brazil” refers to the Federative Republic of Brazil, and the phrase “Brazilian government” refers to the federal government of Brazil. All references to “real,” “reais” or “R$” are to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil, and all references to “U.S. dollar,” “U.S. dollars” or “US$” are to U.S. dollars, the official currency of the United States. References to “Brazilian GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in Brazil and references to “U.S. GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. All references to “American Depositary Shares” or “ADSs” are to Gafisa’s American Depositary Shares, each representing two common shares.
 
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
 
Financial Information
 
We maintain our books and records in reais. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which are based on:
 
 
·  
Brazilian Law No. 6,404/76, as amended by Brazilian Law No. 9,457/97, Brazilian Law No. 10,303/01 and Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07, which we refer to hereinafter as “Brazilian corporate law;”
 
 
·  
the rules and regulations of the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), or the “CVM;” and
 
 
·  
the accounting standards issued by the Brazilian Institute of Independent Accountants (Instituto dos Auditores Independentes do Brasil), or the “IBRACON,” the Brazilian Federal Accounting Council (Conselho Federal de Contabilidade), or the “CFC” and the Accounting Standards Committee (Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis), or the “CPC.”
 
The Brazilian Central Bank and the CVM set 2010 as the deadline for adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, or “IFRS,” for the consolidated financial statements of financial institutions and publicly-held companies. On December 28, 2007, Law No. 11,638/07 was enacted, amending the Brazilian corporate law regarding the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. As of December 31, 2010, our consolidated financial statements will be prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, which correspond to the CVM Rules, and the pronouncements, interpretation and guidelines of the CPC (collectively “Brazilian GAAP”).   Brazilian GAAP in effect in 2010 is generally referred to as International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) applicable to real estate development entities in Brazil, as approved by the CPC, the CVM and the CFC, including OCPC Guideline 04 – Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations by reference to the stage of completion (percentage of completion method).   Brazilian GAAP in effect in 2010 is not consistent with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) as a result of the application of the aforementioned revenue recognition policies.
 
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect the changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006. Selected financial information presented as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005 has not been re-presented on the basis of the new accounting policies introduced in 2008, as the cost and time required to prepare such information would be prohibitive. As a result, such information is not comparable to the financial information reported herein as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
 
When we present our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, we expect to restate the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009 to conform  with new Brazilian GAAP accounting standards which will be applied retroactively from January 1, 2009.
 
Brazilian GAAP differs in significant respects from U.S. GAAP. The notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report contain a reconciliation of shareholders’ equity and net income from Brazilian GAAP to U.S. GAAP. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information of our company included in this annual report is derived from our Brazilian GAAP consolidated financial statements.
 
Our consolidated financial statements reflect income statement and balance sheet information for all of our subsidiaries, and also separately disclose the interest of noncontrolling shareholders. With respect to our jointly-controlled entities, in accordance with the shareholders agreements, we consolidate income statement and balance sheet information relating to those entities in proportion to the equity interest we hold in the capital of such investees for Brazilian GAAP purposes.
 
Market Information
 
Certain industry, demographic, market and competitive data, including market forecasts, used in this annual report were obtained from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. We have made these statements on the basis of information from third-party sources that we believe are reliable, such as the Brazilian Property Studies Company (Empresa Brasileira de Estudos de Patrimônio), or the “EMBRAESP,” the Association of Managers of Real Estate Companies (Associação de Dirigentes de Empresas do Mercado Imobiliário), or the “ADEMI,” the Brazilian Association of Real Estate Credit and Savings Entities (Associação Brasileira das Entidades de Crédito Imobiliário e Poupança), or the “ABECIP,” the Real Estate Companies’ Union (Sindicato das Empresas de Compra, Venda, Locação e Adminsitração de Imóveis Residenciais e Comerciais), or the “SECOVI,” the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or the “IBGE” and the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil), or the “Central Bank,” among others. Industry and government publications, including those referenced here, generally state that the information presented therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Although we have no reason to believe that any of this information or these reports are inaccurate in any material respect, such information has not been independently verified by us. Accordingly, we do not make any representation as to the accuracy of such information.
 
Rounding and Other Information
 
Some percentages and certain figures included in this annual report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables in this annual report may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.
 
In this annual report, all references to “contracted sales” are to the aggregate amount of sales resulting from all agreements for the sale of units (including residential communities and land subdivisions) entered into during a certain period, including new units and units in inventory. Further, in this annual report we use the term “value of launches” as a measure of our performance. Value of launches is not a Brazilian GAAP measurement. Value of launches, as used in this annual report, is calculated by multiplying the total numbers of units in a real estate development by the unit sales price.
 
In addition, we present information in square meters in this annual report. One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
 
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
The statements contained in this annual report in relation to our plans, forecasts, expectations regarding future events, strategies, and projections, are forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties and which are therefore not guarantees of future results. Our estimates and forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates on projections of future events and trends, which affect or may affect our businesses and results of operations. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to several uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Our estimates and forward-looking statements may be influenced by the following factors, among others:
 
 
·  
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
 
·  
changes in the overall economic conditions, including employment levels, population growth and consumer confidence;
 
 
·  
changes in real estate market prices and demand, estimated budgeted costs and the preferences and financial condition of our customers;
 
 
·  
demographic factors and available income;
 
 
·  
our ability to repay our indebtedness and comply with our financial obligations;
 
 
·  
our ability to arrange financing and implement our expansion plan;
 
 
·  
our ability to compete and conduct our businesses in the future;
 
 
·  
changes in our business;
 
 
·  
inflation and interest rate fluctuations;
 
 
·  
changes in the laws and regulations applicable to the real estate market;
 
 
·  
government interventions, resulting in changes in the economy, taxes, rates or regulatory environment;
 
 
·  
other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of our operations; and
 
 
·  
other risk factors discussed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”
 
The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements. Estimates and forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or to review any estimate and/or forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors. Estimates and forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. Our future results may differ materially from those expressed in these estimates and forward-looking statements. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this annual report might not occur and our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, inclusive of, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above.
 
 
PART I
 
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
 
Not applicable.
 
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
 
Not applicable.
 
KEY INFORMATION
 
A. 
Selected Financial Data
 
The following selected financial data have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report.
 
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from U.S. GAAP. For a discussion of the significant differences relating to these consolidated financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity from Brazilian GAAP to U.S. GAAP, see the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
This financial information should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
As Restated (1)
   
2008
As Restated (1)
   
2007
As Restated (1) (2)
   
2006
As Restated (1) (2)
   
2005
As Restated (1) (2)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais except per share, per ADS and operating data)(3)
 
Income statement data:
                             
Brazilian GAAP:
                             
Gross operating revenue
  R$ 3,144,880     R$ 1,805,468     R$ 1,251,894     R$ 681,791     R$ 480,774  
Net operating revenue
    3,036,357       1,740,404       1,204,287       648,158       457,024  
Operating costs
    (2,143,762 )     (1,214,401 )     (867,996 )     (464,766 )     (318,211 )
Gross profit
    892,595       526,003       336,291       183,392       138,813  
Operating expenses, net
    (431,421 )     (357,798 )     (236,861 )     (118,914 )     (79,355 )
Financial income (expenses), net
    (111,006 )     7,815       28,628       (11,943 )     (31,162 )
Non-operating income (expenses), net
                            (1,024 )
Income before taxes on income and noncontrolling interest
    350,168       176,020       128,058       52,535       27,272  
Taxes on income
    (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )     (8,525 )     3,405  
Noncontrolling interest
    (41,222 )     (22,702 )     (6,046 )            
Net income
    213,540       109,921       91,640       44,010       30,677  
Share and ADS data(3):
                                       
Earnings per share—R$ per share
    1.2804       0.8458       0.7079       0.4258       1.2457  
Number of preferred shares outstanding as at end of year
                            16,222,209  
Number of common shares outstanding as at end of year
    166,777,934       129,962,546       129,452,121       103,369,950       8,404,185  
Earnings per ADS—R$ per ADS (4)
    2.5608       1.6916       1.4158       0.8516       2.4914  
U.S. GAAP:
                                       
Net operating revenue
    1,700,940       1,306,626       997,975       659,514       435,886  
Operating costs
    (1,256,317 )     (979,604 )     (817,770 )     (487,881 )     (328,451 )
Gross profit
    444,623       327,023       180,205       171,633       107,435  
Operating expenses, net
    (575,024 )     (114,658 )     (190,430 )     (139,188 )     (77,305 )
 
 
4

 
   
 
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
 
2009
As Restated (1)
   
 
2008
As Restated (1)
   
 
2007
As Restated (1) (2)
   
 
2006
As Restated (1) (2)
   
 
2005
As Restated (1) (2)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais except per share, per ADS and operating data)(3)
 
                                         
Financial income (expenses), net
    (102,925 )     76,653       31,629       4,022       (17,684 )
Income (loss) before income taxes, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (233,326       289,018       21,404       36,467       12,446  
Taxes on income
    40,367       (49,279 )     5,223       (11,776 )     (1,274 )
Equity in results
    88,913       29,873       18,997       894       22,593  
Cumulative effect of a change in an accounting principle:
                      (157 )      
Net income (loss)
    (104,046 )     269,612       45,624       25,428       33,765  
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
    (30,333 )     (17,485 )     (15,236 )     (1,125 )     (571 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388       24,303       33,194  
                                         
Per share and ADS data(3):
                                       
Per preferred share data—R$ per share:
                                       
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
                      0.0759       0.3028  
Earnings (loss) per share—Dilute
                      0.0749       0.3011  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
                      3,402       85,606  
Per common share data—R$ per share:
                                       
Earnings (loss) per share—Basic
    (0.5030 )     0.9722       0.1206       0.1244       0.1735  
Earnings (loss) per share—Diluted
    (0.5030 )     0.5726       0.0915       0.1229       0.1727  
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – in thousands
    267,174       259,341       252,063       197,592       48,788  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    50,716       26,104       26,981       10,938        
Per ADS data—R$ per ADS(4):
                                       
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Basic (4)
    (1.006 )     1.9444       0.2411       0.2487       0.3469  
Earnings (loss) per ADS—Diluted (4)
    (1.006 )     1.1452       0.1830       0.2458       0.3453  
Weighted average number of ADSs outstanding – in thousands
    133,587       129,671       126,032       98,796       24,394  
Dividends declared and interest on shareholders’ equity
    50,716       26,104       26,981       10,938        
                                         
Balance sheet data:
                                       
Brazilian GAAP:
                                       
Cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
  R$ 1,424,053     R$ 605,502     R$ 517,420     R$ 266,159     R$ 133,891  
Current and non-current properties for sale
    1,748,457       2,028,976       1,022,279       486,397       304,329  
Working capital(6)
    3,155,154       2,448,305       1,315,406       926,866       464,589  
Total assets
    7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785       1,558,590       944,619  
Total debt(7)
    3,122,132       1,552,121       695,380       295,445       316,933  
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,325,634       1,612,419       1,498,728       807,433       270,188  
                                         
U.S. GAAP:
                                       
Cash and cash equivalents
    292,940       183,524       213,069       220,556       26,053  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116       40,363       110,100  
Restricted cash
    96,846       76,928       9,851              
Current and non-current properties for sale
    3,068,738       2,663,737       1,204,881       500,026       377,937  
Working capital(6)
    2,762,165       2,653,630       1,322,692       786,616       471,993  
Total assets
    7,320,057       5,381,926       2,878,331       1,632,151       900,198  
Total debt(7)
    3,057,792       1,525,138       686,524       289,416       294,149  
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,679,418       1,465,866       1,264,919       793,539       289,415  
Noncontrolling interests
    18,426       420,165       29,156       1,050       197  
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,697,844       1,886,031       1,294,075       794,589       289,612  
                                         
Consolidated cash flow provided by (used in):
                                       
Brazilian GAAP
                                       
Operating activities
    (676,693 )     (812,512 )     (451,929 )     (271,188 )     (112,947 )
 
 
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
As Restated (1)
   
2008
As Restated (1)
   
2007
As Restated (1) (2)
   
2006
As Restated (1) (2)
   
2005
As Restated (1) (2)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais except per share, per ADS and operating data)(3)
 
                                         
Investing activities
    (65,577 )     (78,300 )     (149,290 )     (25,609 )     (5,576 )
Financing activities
    1,540,353       911,817       842,629       429,065       206,526  
                                         
Operating data:
                                       
Number of new developments
    69       64       53       30       21  
Potential sales value(11)
    2,301,224       2,763,043       2,235,928       1,005,069       651,815  
Number of units launched(8)
    10,795       10,963       10,315       3,052       2,363  
Launched usable area (m2)(9) (10
    1,415,110       1,838,000       1,927,821       407,483       502,520  
Sold usable area (m2)(9) (10)
    1,378,177       1,339,729       2,364,173       357,723       372,450  
Units sold
    22,012       11,803       6,120       3,049       1,795  

(1)
The Brazilian GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting treatment for net income attributable to non-controlling interest related to an unincorporated venture to financial expenses. Our U.S. GAAP financial information was restated to correct the accounting for revenue recognition, retrospective adjustment to Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatements of Tenda’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the revenue recognition error, revision of the classification of non-controlling interest to financial expenses, and deferred tax effects on the adjustments.  See the Explanatory Note preceding Part I of this annual report on Form 20-F, Item 5B. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Liquidity and Capital Resources – U.S. GAAP Reconciliation and U.S. GAAP Operating Trends and Note 26 in our consolidated financial statements.
 
(2)
Our Brazilian GAAP financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 reflect the changes introduced by Law 11,638/07 and the new accounting standards issued by the CPC in 2008, which we retroactively applied beginning on January 1, 2006.  Selected financial information presented as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005 has not been represented on the basis of the new accounting policies introduced in 2008, as the cost and time required to prepare such information would be prohibitive. As a result, such information is not comparable to the financial information reported herein as of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
 
(3)
On January 26, 2006, all our preferred shares were converted into common shares. On January 27, 2006, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into three newly issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 27,774,775 to 83,324,316. On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. All U.S. GAAP information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010. All U.S. GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010. Brazilian GAAP earnings per share and ADS amounts have not been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the share split on January 27, 2006 and on February 22, 2010.
 
(4)
Earnings per ADS is calculated based on each ADS representing two common shares.
 
(5)
The following table sets forth reconciliation from U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to U.S. GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
As Restated (1)
   
2008
As Restated (1)
   
2007
As Restated (1)
   
2006
As Restated (1)
   
2005
As Restated (1)
 
Reconciliation from U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to U.S. GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Basic):
                             
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) (Basic)
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388       24,303       33,194  
Preferred Class G exchange*
                            (9,586 )
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Basic earnings)
                      (258 )     (16,334 )
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388       24,045       7,274  
Reconciliation from U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa to U.S. GAAP net income available to common shareholders (Diluted):
                                       
U.S. GAAP net income (loss)
    (134,379 )     243,880       24,443       24,303       33,194  
Preferred Class G exchange*
                                (9,586 )
Undistributed earnings for Preferred Shareholders (Diluted earnings)
                          (258 )     (16,373 )
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (134,379 )     243,880       24,443       24,045       7,235  

*
Pursuant to EITF Topic D-42 “The Effect on the Calculation of Earnings per Share for the Redemption or Induced Conversion of Preferred Stock,” following the exchange of Class A for Class G Preferred shares, the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the balance sheet was subtracted from net income to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders in the calculation of earnings per share. For purposes of displaying earnings per share, the amount is treated in a manner similar to the treatment of dividends paid to the holders of the preferred shares. The conceptual return or dividends on preferred shares are deducted from net earnings to arrive at net earnings available to common shareholders.
 
(6)
Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
 
(7)
Total debt comprises loans, financings and short term and long term debentures. Amounts exclude loans from real estate development partners.
 
(8)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(9)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(10)
Does not include data for FIT, Tenda and Bairro Novo.
 
(11)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 

Exchange Rates
 
There were previously two foreign exchange markets in Brazil.  With the enactment of the National Monetary Council Resolution No. 3,265 of March 14, 2005, the foreign exchange markets were consolidated to form one exchange market. On July 1, 2008, Resolution No. 3,568, as amended, revoked Resolution No. 3,265, but maintained its main changes concerning the consolidation of the foreign exchange markets. Therefore, all transactions involving foreign currency in the Brazilian market, whether carried out by investors resident or domiciled in Brazil or investors resident or domiciled abroad, must now be conducted on the consolidated exchange market through institutions authorized by the Central Bank and subject to the rules of the Central Bank.
 
From March 1995 through January 1999, the Central Bank allowed the gradual devaluation of the real against the U.S. dollar under an exchange rate policy that established a band within which the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate could fluctuate. Responding to pressure on the real, on January 13, 1999, the Central Bank widened the foreign exchange rate band. Because the pressure did not ease, on January 15, 1999, the Central Bank abolished the band system and allowed the real to float freely.
 
Since the beginning of 2001, the Brazilian exchange market has been increasingly volatile, and, until early 2003, the value of the real declined relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily due to financial and political instability in Brazil and Argentina. According to the Central Bank, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, however, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar 13.4%, 9.5% and 20.7%, respectively. In 2008, the period-end value of the real depreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 24.2%. In 2009, the period-end value of the real appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 34.2%. Although the Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control unstable movements in the foreign exchange rates, the exchange market may continue to be volatile as a result of this instability or other factors, and, therefore, the real may substantially decline or appreciate in value in relation to the U.S. dollar in the future.
 
The following table shows the selling rate, expressed in reais per U.S. dollar (R$/US$), for the periods and dates indicated.
 
   
Period-end
   
Average for
period(1)
   
Low
   
High
 
   
(per U.S. dollar)
 
Year Ended:
                       
December 31, 2005
  R$ 2.341     R$ 2.463     R$ 2.163     R$ 2.762  
December 31, 2006
    2.138       2.215       2.059       2.371  
December 31, 2007
    1.771       1.793       1.762       1.823  
December 31, 2008
    2.337       2.030       1.559       2.500  
December 31, 2009
    1.741       2.062       1.702       2.422  
Month Ended:
                               
September 2009
    1.778       1.841       1.778       1.904  
October 2009
    1.744       1.738       1.704       1.784  
November 2009
    1.751       1.726       1.702       1.759  
December 2009
    1.741       1.749       1.710       1.788  
January 2010
    1.875       1.799       1.723       1.875  
February 2010
    1.811       1.841       1.805       1.877  

(1)
Average of the lowest and highest rates in the periods presented.
 
Source: Central Bank.
 

On March 8, 2010, the selling rate was R$1.78180 to US$1.00. The real/dollar exchange rate fluctuates and, therefore, the selling rate at March 8, 2010 may not be indicative of future exchange rates.
 
B. 
Capitalization and Indebtedness
 
Not applicable.
 
C. 
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
 
Not applicable.
 
D. 
Risk Factors
 
This section is intended to be a summary of the more detailed discussion included elsewhere in this annual report. Our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects could be adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the trading price of our common shares and ADSs could decline. The risks described below are those known to us and those that we currently believe may materially affect us.
 
Risks Relating to Our Business and to the Brazilian Real Estate Industry
 
Our business, results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs may be adversely affected by weaknesses in general economic, real estate and other conditions.
 
The residential homebuilding and land development industry is cyclical and is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic conditions, such as:
 
 
·  
employment levels;
 
 
·  
population growth;
 
 
·  
consumer demand, confidence, stability of income levels and interest rates;
 
 
·  
availability of financing for land home site acquisitions and the availability of construction and permanent mortgages;
 
 
·  
inventory levels of both new and existing homes;
 
 
·  
supply of rental properties; and
 
 
·  
conditions in the housing resale market.
 
Furthermore, the market value of undeveloped land, buildable lots and housing inventories held by us can fluctuate significantly as a result of changing economic and real estate market conditions. If there are significant adverse changes in economic or real estate market conditions, we will have to sell homes at a loss or hold land in inventory longer than planned.
 
For example, in 2008, the global financial crisis adversely impacted Brazil’s gross domestic product resulting in a decrease in both the number of developments launched and the rate of sales of our units. Worldwide financial market volatility may adversely impact government plans for the Brazilian real estate industry, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, our financial condition and the results of operations.
 
The Brazilian real estate industry is highly competitive and fragmented. We compete with several developers on availability and location of land, price, funding, design, quality, and reputation as well as for partnerships with other developers. Because our industry does not have high barriers to entry, new competitors, including international companies working in partnerships with Brazilian developers, may enter into the industry, further intensifying this competition. Some of our current potential competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do. Furthermore, a significant portion of our real estate development and construction activity is conducted in the states
 
of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, areas where the real estate market is highly competitive due to a scarcity of properties in desirable locations and the relatively large number of local competitors. If we are not able to compete effectively, our business, our financial condition and the results of our operations could be adversely affected.
 
Problems with the construction and timely completion of our real estate projects, as well as third party projects for which we have been hired as a contractor, may damage our reputation, expose us to civil liability and decrease our profitability.
 
The quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects are major factors that determine our reputation, and therefore our sales and growth. Delays in the construction of our projects or defects in materials and/or workmanship may occur. Any defects could delay the completion of our real estate projects, or, if such defects are discovered after completion, expose us to civil lawsuits by purchasers or tenants. These factors may also adversely affect our reputation as a contractor for third party projects, since we are responsible for our construction services and the building itself for five years. Construction projects often involve delays in obtaining, or the inability to obtain, permits or approvals from the relevant authorities. In addition, construction projects may also encounter delays due to adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, fires, delays in the provision of materials or labor, accidents, labor disputes, unforeseen engineering, environmental or geological problems, disputes with contractors and subcontractors, unforeseen conditions at construction sites, disputes with surrounding landowners or other events. In addition, we may encounter previously unknown conditions at or near our construction sites that may delay or prevent construction of a particular project. If we encounter a previously unknown condition at or near a site, we may be required to correct the condition prior to continuing construction and there may be a delay in the construction of a particular project. The occurrence of any one or more of these problems in our real estate projects could adversely affect our reputation and our future sales.
 
We may incur construction and other development costs for a project that exceeds our original estimates due to increases over time in interest rates, real estate taxes, material costs, labor costs or other costs. We may not be able to pass these increased costs on to purchasers. Construction delays, scarcity of skilled workers, cost overruns and adverse conditions may also increase project development costs. In addition, delays in the completion of a project may result in a delay in the commencement of cash flow, which would increase our capital needs.
 
Our inability to acquire adequate capital to finance our projects could delay the launch of new projects and adversely affect our business.
 
We expect that the continuing expansion and development of our business will require significant capital, including working capital, which we may be unable to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all, to fund our capital expenditures and operating expenses, including working capital needs. We may fail to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to meet our cash requirements. Furthermore, our capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned if, for example, our revenues do not reach expected levels or we have to incur unforeseen capital expenditures and make investments to maintain our competitive position. If this is the case, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated, or we may have to delay some of our new development and expansion plans or otherwise forgo market opportunities. Future borrowing instruments such as credit facilities are likely to contain restrictive covenants, particularly in light of the recent economic downturn and unavailability of credit, and/or may require us to pledge assets as security for borrowings under those facilities. Our inability to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms may delay or prevent the expansion of our business, which would have an adverse effect on our business. As of the date of this annual report, our net debt level and obligations to venture partners was in excess of R$2.0 billion, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities was in excess of R$1.4 billion and our total debt was R$3.1 billion and obligations to venture partners was R$0.3 billion.
 
Changing market conditions may adversely affect our ability to sell our home inventories at expected prices, which could reduce our margins and adversely affect the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
As a homebuilder, we must constantly locate and acquire new tracts of land for development and development home sites to support our homebuilding operations. There is a lag between the time we acquire land for development or developed home sites and the time that we can bring the properties to market and sell homes. As a result, we face the risk that demand for housing may decline, costs of labor or materials may increase, interest rates may increase, currencies may fluctuate and political uncertainties may occur during this period and that we will not be able to dispose of developed properties at expected prices or profit margins or within anticipated time frames or at all.
 
Significant expenditures associated with investments in real estate, such as maintenance costs, construction costs and debt payments, cannot generally be reduced if changes in the economy cause a decrease in revenues from our properties. The market value of home inventories, undeveloped tracts of land and desirable locations can fluctuate significantly because of changing market conditions. In addition, inventory carrying costs (including interest on funds unused to acquire land or build homes) can be significant and can adversely affect our performance. Because of these factors, we may be forced to sell homes and other real properties at a loss or for prices that generate lower profit margins than we anticipate. We may also be required to make material write-downs of the book value of our real estate assets in accordance with Brazilian and U.S. GAAP if values decline. The occurrence of these factors may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
We are subject to risks normally associated with permitting our purchasers to make payments in installments; if there are higher than anticipated defaults or if our costs of providing that financing increase, then our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
As is common in our industry, we and the special purpose entities, or “SPEs,” in which we participate permit some purchasers of the units in our projects to make payments in installments. As a result, we are subject to the risks associated with this financing, including the risk of default in the payment of principal or interest on the loans we make as well as the risk of increased costs for the funds raised by us. In addition, our term sales agreements usually bear interest and provide for an inflation adjustment. If the rate of inflation increases, the loan payments under these term sales agreements may increase, which may lead to a higher rate of payment default. If the default rate among our purchasers increases, our cash generation and, therefore, our profitability could be adversely affected.
 
In the case of a payment default after the delivery of financed units, Brazilian law provides for the filing of a collection claim to recover the amount owed or to repossess the unit following specified procedures. The collection of overdue amounts or the repossession of the property is a lengthy process and involves additional costs. It is uncertain that we can recover the full amount owed to us or that if we repossess the unit, we can re-sell the unit at favorable terms or at all.
 
In March 2009, the Brazilian government announced the creation of a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” that aims to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil, which as of 2007 is estimated to be 6.3 million houses. The program calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion to be made through financing made available from Caixa Econômica Federal, or the CEF, and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, 600 thousand houses will be built for families with monthly incomes of three to ten times the minimum wage, which are our target clients through our Tenda brand. This program offers, among other things, long-term financing, lower interest rates, greater share of the property financed to the client, subsidies based on income level, lower insurance costs and the creation of a guarantor fund to refinance debt in case of unemployment.
 
The affordable entry-level segment is strongly dependent on the availability of financing. The scarcity of financing, the increase in interest rates, the reduction in financing terms, share of financing per unit and subsidies or any other modification in other financing terms and conditions may adversely affect the performance of the affordable entry-level segment.
 
If we or the SPEs in which we participate fail to comply with or become subject to more onerous government regulations, our business could be adversely affected.
 
We and the SPEs we participate in are subject to various federal, state and municipal laws and regulations, including those relating to construction, zoning, use of soil, environmental protection, historical patrimony and consumer protection and antitrust. We are required to obtain, maintain and renew on a regular basis permits, licenses and authorizations from various governmental authorities in order to carry out our projects. We strive to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. If we are unable to maintain or achieve compliance with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, project shutdowns, cancellation of licenses and revocation of authorizations or other restrictions on our ability to develop our projects, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition. In addition, our contractors and subcontractors are required to comply with various labor and environmental regulations and tax and regulatory obligations. Because we are secondary obligors to these contractors and subcontractors, if they fail to comply with these regulations or obligations, we may be subject to penalties by the relevant regulatory bodies.
 
Regulations governing the Brazilian real estate industry as well as environmental laws have tended to become more restrictive over time. We cannot assure you that new and stricter standards will not be adopted or become applicable to us, or that stricter interpretations of existing laws and regulations will not occur. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that these more onerous regulations would not cause delays in our projects or that we would be able to get the relevant permits and licenses. Any such event may require us to spend additional funds to achieve compliance with such new rules and therefore make the development of our projects more costly, which can adversely affect our business and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
If there is a scarcity of financing and/or increased interest rates, this may decrease the demand for real estate properties, which could negatively affect our results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The scarcity of financing and/or an increase in interest rates or in other indirect financing costs may adversely affect the ability or willingness of prospective buyers to purchase our products and services, especially prospective low income buyers. A majority of the bank financing obtained by prospective buyers comes from the Housing Financial System (Sistema Financeiro de Habitação), or “SFH,” which is financed by funds raised from savings account deposits. The Brazilian Monetary Council (Conselho Monetário Nacional), or the “CMN,” often changes the amount of such funds that banks are required to make available for real estate financing. If the CMN restricts the amount of available funds that can be used to finance the purchase of real estate properties, or if there is an increase in interest rates, there may be a decrease in the demand for our residential and commercial properties and for the development of lots of land, which may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
 
We and other companies in the real estate industry frequently extend credit to our clients. As a result, we are subject to risks associated with providing financing, including the risk of default on amounts owed to us (principal and interest), as well as the risk of increased costs of funding our operations. An increase in inflation would raise the nominal amounts due from our clients, pursuant to their sales agreements, which may increase their rates of default. If this were to occur, our cash generation and, therefore, our operating results may be adversely affected. In addition, we obtain financings from financial institutions at different rates and subject to different indexes and may be unable to match our debt service requirements with the terms of the financings we grant to our clients. The mismatch of rates and terms between the funds we obtain and the financings we grant may adversely affect us.
 
Some of our subsidiaries use significant funding from the home financing programs of the CEF and, as a result, are subject to institutional and operating changes in the CEF.
 
The CEF has several home financing programs for the low-income segment, which are used by Construtora Tenda S.A., or Tenda, to fund its activities. The CEF is a state-owned financial institution and is subject to political influence that may change the availability or the terms of the home financing programs. The cancelation, suspension, interruption or a significant change in such programs may affect our growth estimates and our business. Furthermore, the suspension, interruption or slowdown in the CEF’s activities to approve projects, grant financing to our clients and evaluate construction process, among other activities, may adversely impact our business, financial capacity, results of operations and the market price of our common shares and ADSs. Financing to the affordable entry-level segment is primarily made available through the CEF. Any changes in such financing would force us to seek new sources of financing and the availability of funds under similar conditions is limited, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
The real estate industry is dependent on the availability of credit, especially in the affordable entry-level segment.
 
One of our main strategies is to expand our operations to the affordable entry-level segment in which clients are strongly dependent on bank financing to purchase homes. This financing may not be available on favorable terms to our clients, or at all. Changes in the Real Estate Financing System (Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário), or SFI, and in the SFH rules, the scarcity of available resources or an increase in interest rates may affect the ability or desire of such clients to purchase homes, consequently affecting the demand for homes. These factors would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Because we recognize sales income from our real estate properties under the percentage of completion method of accounting, an adjustment in the cost of a development project may reduce or eliminate previously reported revenue and income.
 
We recognize income from the sale of units in our properties based on the percentage of completion method of accounting, which requires us to recognize income as we incur the cost of construction. Total cost estimates are revised on a regular basis as the work progresses, and adjustments based upon such revisions are reflected in our results in accordance with the method of accounting used. To the extent that these adjustments result in an increase, a reduction or an elimination of previously reported income, we will recognize a credit to or a charge against income, which could have an adverse effect on our previously reported revenue and income.
 
Our participation in SPEs creates additional risks, including potential problems in our financial and business relationships with our partners.
 
We invest in SPEs with other real estate developers and construction companies in Brazil. The risks involved with SPEs include the potential bankruptcy of our SPE partners and the possibility of diverging or inconsistent economic or business interests between us and our partners. If an SPE partner fails to perform or is financially unable to bear its portion of the required capital contributions, we could be required to make additional investments and provide additional services in order to make up for our partner’s shortfall. In addition, under Brazilian law, the partners of an SPE may be liable for obligations of an SPE in particular areas, including tax, labor, environmental and consumer protection. These risks could have an adverse effect on us.
 
We may experience difficulties in finding desirable land tracts and increases in the price of land may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings.
 
Our continued growth depends in large part on our ability to continue to acquire land and to do so at a reasonable cost. As more developers enter or expand their operations in the Brazilian home building industry, land prices could rise significantly and suitable land could become scarce due to increased demand or decreased supply. A resulting rise in land prices may increase our cost of sales and decrease our earnings. We may not be able to continue to acquire suitable land at reasonable prices in the future, which could adversely affect our business.
 
The market value of our inventory of undeveloped land may decrease, thus adversely affecting our results of operations.
 
We own tracts of undeveloped land that are part of our inventory for future developments. We also intend to increase our inventory and acquire larger tracts of land. The market value of these properties may significantly decrease from the acquisition date to the development of the project as a result of economic downturns or market conditions, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 
Increases in the price of raw materials may increase our cost of sales and reduce our earnings.
 
The basic raw materials used in the construction of our homes include concrete, concrete block, steel, aluminum, bricks, windows, doors, roof tiles and plumbing fixtures. Increases in the price of these and other raw materials, including increases that may occur as a result of shortages, duties, restrictions, or fluctuations in exchange rates, could increase our cost of sales. Any such cost increases could reduce our earnings and adversely affect our business.
 
If we are not able to implement our growth strategy as planned, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 
We plan to grow our business by selectively expanding to meet the growth potential of the Brazilian residential market. We believe that there is increasing competition for suitable real estate development sites. We may not find suitable additional sites for development of new projects or other suitable expansion opportunities.
 
We anticipate that we will need additional financing to implement our expansion strategy and we may not have access to the funding required for the expansion of our business or such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms. We may finance the expansion of our business with additional indebtedness or by issuing
 
additional equity securities. We could face financial risks and covenant restrictions associated with incurring additional indebtedness, such as reducing our liquidity and access to financial markets and increasing the amount of cash flow required to service such indebtedness, or associated with issuing additional stock, such as dilution of ownership and earnings.
 
Our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover damages that we may suffer.
 
We maintain insurance policies against certain risks, such as damages, engineering risks, fire, land slides, storms, gas explosions and civil liabilities stemming from construction errors. There can be no assurance that such policies will always be available or provide sufficient coverage for certain damages. In addition, there are certain risks that may not be covered by such policies, such as damages resulting from wars, force majeure or the interruption of certain activities. Furthermore, we are required to pay penalties and other fines whenever there is delay in the delivery of our units, and such penalties and fines are not covered by our insurance policies.
 
Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our current insurance policies under favorable terms, or at all. As a result, insufficient coverage of our insurance or our inability to renew the existing insurance policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our total debt was R$3.1 billion and our short-term debt was R$801.0 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2009, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities available was R$1.4 billion and our net debt represented 83.8% of our shareholders’ equity including the noncontrolling interest. Our indebtedness has variable interest rates. A hypothetical 1% adverse change in interest rates would have had an annualized unfavorable impact of R$31.2 million on our earnings and cash flows, based on the net debt level as of December 31, 2009.
 
Our level of indebtedness could have important negative consequences for us. For example, it could:
 
 
·  
require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow from operations to fund payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;
 
 
·  
increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;
 
 
·  
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
 
 
·  
limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity capital in the future or increase the cost of such funding;
 
 
·  
restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or exploring business opportunities; and
 
 
·  
place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
 
We may not be successful in managing and integrating the businesses and activities of Alphaville, Cipesa and Tenda.
 
We have recently acquired controlling stakes in three Brazilian real estate companies: (1) Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil; (2) Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., one the leading homebuilder in the State of Alagoas; and (3) Construtora Tenda S.A., a residential homebuilder with a focus on the affordable entry-level segment. However, we may not be successful in managing and integrating these companies, which could adversely affect our business.
 
Failures or delays by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and business and expose us to civil liability.
 
We engage third party contractors to provide services for our projects. Therefore, the quality of work in the construction of our real estate projects and the timely completion of these projects may depend on factors that are beyond our control, including the quality and timely delivery of building materials and the technical skills of the outsourced professionals. Such outsourcing may delay the identification of construction problems and, consequently, the correction of such problems. Any failures, delays or defects in the services provided by our third party contractors may adversely affect our reputation and relationship with our clients, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
Unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions may adversely affect us.
 
We currently are, and may be in the future, defendants in several judicial and administrative proceedings related to civil, labor and tax matters. We cannot assure you that we will obtain favorable decisions in such proceedings, that such proceedings will be dismissed, or that our provisions for such proceedings are sufficient. Unfavorable decisions that impede our operations, as had been initially planned, or that result in a claim amount that is not adequately covered by provisions in our balance sheet may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
 
We may be held responsible for labor liabilities of our third party contractors.
 
We may be held responsible for the labor liabilities of our third party contractors and obligated to pay for fines imposed by the relevant authorities in the event that our third party contractors do not comply with applicable legislation. As of December 31, 2009, we had a total of R$71.0 million of labor liabilities and provisions for such liabilities in the amount of R$8.9 million. 85% of the labor claims were commenced by employees of our third party contractors. An adverse result in such claims would cause an adverse effect on our business.
 
Failure to keep members of our senior management and/or our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Our future success depends on the continued service and performance of our senior management and our ability to recruit and retain qualified professionals. None of the members of our senior management are bound to long-term labor contracts or non-compete agreements and there can be no assurance that we will successfully recruit and retain qualified professionals to our management as our business grow. The loss of any key professionals or our inability to recruit or retain qualified professionals may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Changes in Brazilian GAAP may adversely affect timing of revenue recognition.
 
Law No. 11,638 /07, effective as of January 1, 2008 and as amended by Law No. 11,941/09, amended the Brazilian corporate law regarding corporate accounting practices in Brazil. The changes primarily sought to update the law to facilitate the process of changing Brazilian GAAP, and permitted the CVM to issue new accounting standards and procedures substantially consistent with international accounting standards. Portions of these regulations are currently in effect. Although the changes became effective on January 1, 2010, the CVM still permits public companies to present their quarterly reports under the prior rules.
 
With respect to the real estate sector, CVM Resolution No. 612 dated December 22, 2009, which approved Technical Interpretation ICPC02, addresses the recognition of costs and revenues by real estate companies prior to the completion of a property and applies to financial statements from the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2010. Beginning on January 1, 2010, costs and revenues will be recognized only when the property is transferred to the buyer, which normally occurs upon the completion of the construction. Since we recognize our revenues during construction and before the completion of projects, these laws and regulations may adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, the process of converging Brazilian GAAP to IFRS, specifically the accounting procedures applicable to real estate companies, may have a significant impact on our financial statements and adversely impact our results of operations and dividend distributions.
 
We are currently evaluating the potential effects of the new regulation. In addition, new accounting regulations and pronouncements were issued in 2009 by the CPC and CVM and became effective on January 1, 2010. There can be no assurance that these modifications will not materially and adversely affect our financial statements, in particular our revenues and our results of operations and impact the comparability of our financial statement for the year ended December 31, 2009 with our financial statements for year ending December 31, 2010.
 
Material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements as well as result in our inability to file periodic reports within the timeframes required by federal securities laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
 
We are required to design, implement and maintain effective controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.  Material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting could result in future material misstatement in our financial statements as well as result in our incurring increased costs in order to timely file periodic reports required by federal securities laws, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
 
Furthermore, our independent registered public accounting firm was unable to issue an opinion on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009, and accordingly this Form 20-F/A is deficient.  Such deficiency until eventually remedied will preclude us from issuing registered securities in the United States capital markets.
 
Risks Relating to Brazil
 
Brazilian economic, political and other conditions, and Brazilian government policies or actions in response to these conditions, may negatively affect our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
The Brazilian economy has been characterized by frequent and occasionally extensive intervention by the Brazilian government and unstable economic cycles. The Brazilian government has often changed monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of Brazil’s economy. For example, the government’s actions to control inflation have at times involved setting wage and price controls, blocking access to bank accounts, imposing exchange controls and limiting imports into Brazil. We have no control over, and cannot predict, what policies or actions the Brazilian government may take in the future.
 
Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects, as well as the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs, may be adversely affected by, among others, the following factors:
 
 
·  
exchange rate movements;
 
 
·  
exchange control policies;
 
 
·  
expansion or contraction of the Brazilian economy, as measured by rates of growth in gross domestic product, or “GDP;”
 
 
·  
inflation;
 
 
·  
tax policies;
 
 
·  
other economic, political, diplomatic and social developments in or affecting Brazil;
 
 
·  
interest rates;
 
 
·  
lack of credit funding provided by the government’s financial institution, Caixa Economica Federal – CEF for real estate programs, such as Minha Casa, Minha Vida;
 
 
·  
energy shortages;
 
 
·  
liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets; and
 
 
·  
social and political instability.
 
Uncertainty over whether the Brazilian government may implement changes in policy or regulations may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets as well as securities issued abroad by Brazilian issuers. As a result, these uncertainties and other future developments in the Brazilian economy may adversely affect us and our business and results of operations and the market price of our common shares.
 
Inflation, and government measures to curb inflation, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, the Brazilian securities market, our business and operations and the market prices of our common shares or the ADSs.
 
At times in the past, Brazil has experienced high rates of inflation. According to the General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado), or IGP-M, inflation rates in Brazil were 1.2% in 2005, 3.8% in 2006, 7.8% in 2007, 9.8% in 2008 and (1.7)% in 2009. In addition, according to the Amplified Consumer Price Index (Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Ampliado), or “IPCA,” Brazilian consumer price inflation rates were 5.05% in 2005, 3.1% in 2006, 4.5% in 2007, 5.9% in 2008 and 4.3% in 2009. Our term sales agreements usually provide for an inflation adjustment linked to the INCC. The INCC increased by 5.0% in 2006, 6.2% in 2007, 11.9% in 2008 and 3.14% in 2009. The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets.
 
Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in future periods. Periods of higher inflation may slow the rate of growth of the Brazilian economy, which could lead to reduced demand for our products in Brazil and decreased net sales. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers and, as a result, may reduce our profit margins and net income. In addition, high inflation generally leads to higher domestic interest rates, and, as a result, the costs of servicing our reais-denominated debt may increase, resulting in lower net income. Inflation and its effect on domestic interest rates can, in addition, lead to reduced liquidity in the domestic capital and lending markets, which could affect our ability to refinance our indebtedness in those markets. In addition, increases in inflation rates would increase the outstanding debt of our customers, which could increase default levels and affect our cash flows. Any decline in our net operating revenue or net income and any deterioration in our financial condition would also likely lead to a decline in the market price of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Social, political and economic events and the perception of risks, especially in other emerging economies, may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, our business and the market price of our securities.
 
The Brazilian capital markets are influenced by the Brazilian market and economic conditions and, to a certain extent, by the conditions in other Latin American countries and other emerging market countries. Investors’ reactions to developments in certain countries may have an adverse effect on the market value of the securities of Brazilian issuers. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries normally trigger a significant outflow of funds and the reduction of foreign investment in Brazil. For example, in 2001 Argentina announced a moratorium on its public debt after a recession and a period of political instability, which affected investor perceptions towards the Brazilian capital markets for many years. Crises in other Latin American and emerging market countries may diminish investor interest in the securities of Brazilian issuers, including ours, which could negatively affect the market price of our common shares.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally, especially in the United States. The prices of shares traded on the BM&FBOVESPA have been historically affected by the fluctuation of interest rates and stock exchange indexes in the United States. Events in other countries or capital markets could have an adverse effect on the price of our
 
shares, which could make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and obtain financing on acceptable terms in the future, or at all.
 
Fluctuations in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our business and the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The Central Bank establishes the basic interest rate target for the Brazilian financial system by reference to the level of economic growth of the Brazilian economy, the level of inflation and other economic indicators. Debts of companies in the real estate industries, including ours, are subject to the fluctuation of market interest rates, as established by the Central Bank. Should such interest rates increase, the costs relating to the service of our debt obligations would also increase.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our indebtedness was denominated in reais and subject to Brazilian floating interest rates, such as the Reference Interest Rate (Taxa Referencial), or “TR,” and the Interbank Deposit Certificate Rate (Certificado de Depósito Interbancário), or “CDI rate.” Any increase in the TR rate or the CDI rate may have an adverse impact on our financial expenses, our results of operations and on the market price of our common shares or the ADSs. We are not a party to any hedging instruments with respect to our indebtedness.
 
Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares.
 
Brazilian law permits the Brazilian government to impose temporary restrictions on conversions of Brazilian currency into foreign currencies and on remittances to foreign investors of proceeds from their investments in Brazil, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are reasons to expect a pending serious imbalance. The Brazilian government last imposed remittance restrictions for approximately six months in 1989 and early 1990. The Brazilian government may take similar measures in the future. Any imposition of restrictions on conversions and remittances could hinder or prevent holders of our common shares or the ADSs from converting into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies and remitting abroad dividends, distributions or the proceeds from any sale in Brazil of our common shares. Exchange controls could also prevent us from making payments on our U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations and hinder our ability to access the international capital markets. As a result, exchange controls restrictions could reduce the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Changes in tax laws may increase our tax burden and, as a result, adversely affect our profitability.
 
The Brazilian government regularly implements changes to tax regimes that may increase our and our customers’ tax burdens. These changes include modifications in the rate of assessments and, on occasion, enactment of temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. In April 2003, the Brazilian government presented a tax reform proposal, which was mainly designed to simplify tax assessments, to avoid internal disputes within and between the Brazilian states and municipalities, and to redistribute tax revenues. The tax reform proposal provided for changes in the rules governing the federal Social Integration Program (Programa de Integração Social), or “PIS,” the federal Contribution for Social Security Financing (Contribuição para Financiamento da Seguridade Social), or “COFINS,” the state Tax on the Circulation of Merchandise and Services (Imposto Sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or “ICMS,” and other taxes. The effects of these proposed tax reform measures and any other changes that result from enactment of additional tax reforms have not been, and cannot be, quantified. However, some of these measures, if enacted, may result in increases in our overall tax burden, which could negatively affect our overall financial performance.
 
Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs
 
International economic and market conditions, especially in the United States, may adversely affect the market price of the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to a varying degree, by international economic and market conditions generally. Because our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or the “NYSE,” adverse market conditions and economic and/or political crises, especially in the United States, such as the subprime mortgage lending crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the financial and credit crises in 2008, have at times resulted in significant negative impacts on the market price of our ADSs. Despite the fact that our clients, whether financed
 
by us or by Brazilian banks through resources obtained in the local market, are not directly exposed to the mortgage lending crisis in the United States, there are still uncertainties as to whether such crisis may indirectly affect homebuilders worldwide. The uncertainties generated by the subprime crisis may affect the market prices of our ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
Developments and the perception of risks in other countries, especially emerging market countries, may adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
The market for securities issued by Brazilian companies is influenced, to varying degrees, by economic and market conditions in other emerging market countries, especially other Latin American countries. Although economic conditions are different in each country, the reaction of investors to developments in one country may cause the capital markets in other countries to fluctuate. Developments or adverse economic conditions in other emerging market countries have at times resulted in significant outflows of funds from, and declines in the amount of foreign currency invested in, Brazil. For example, in 2001, after a prolonged recession, followed by political instability, Argentina announced that it would no longer continue to service its public debt. The economic crisis in Argentina negatively affected investors’ perceptions of Brazilian securities for several years. Economic or political crises in Latin America or other emerging markets may significantly affect perceptions of the risk inherent in investing in the region, including Brazil.
 
The Brazilian economy is also affected by international economic and general market conditions, especially economic and market conditions in the United States. Share prices on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa S.A. — Bolsa de Valores Mercadorias e Futuros), or the “BM&FBOVESPA,” for example, have historically been sensitive to fluctuations in U.S. interest rates as well as movements of the major U.S. stock indexes, particularly in the current worldwide economic downturn. Developments in other countries and securities markets could adversely affect the market prices of our common shares and the ADSs and could also make it more difficult for us to access the capital markets and finance our operations in the future on acceptable terms or at all.
 
The relative volatility and the lack of liquidity of the Brazilian securities market may adversely affect you.
 
The Brazilian securities market is substantially smaller, less liquid, more concentrated and more volatile than major securities markets in the United States. This may limit your ability to sell our common shares and the common shares underlying your ADSs at the price and time at which you wish to do so. The BM&FBOVESPA, the only Brazilian stock exchange, had a market capitalization of approximately US$1.3 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of US$2.7 billion for 2009. In comparison, the NYSE had a market capitalization of US$18.9 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$4.9 billion for 2009.
 
There is also a large concentration in the Brazilian securities market. The ten largest companies in terms of market capitalization represented 50.4% of the aggregate market capitalization of the BM&FBOVESPA as of December 31, 2009. The top ten stocks in terms of trading volume accounted for 45% of all shares traded on the BM&FBOVESPA in 2009. Gafisa’s average daily trading volume on the BM&FBOVESPA and in the NYSE in 2009 were US$21.5 million and US$19.4 million, respectively.
 
Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market value of our common shares and the ADSs.
 
Certain of our shareholders have the ability, subject to applicable Brazilian laws and regulations and applicable securities laws in the relevant jurisdictions, to sell our shares and the ADSs. We cannot predict what effect future sales of our shares or ADSs may have on the market price of our shares or the ADSs. Future sales of substantial amounts of such shares or the ADSs, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market prices of our shares or the ADSs.
 
The economic value of your investment in our company may be diluted.
 
We may need additional funds in the future, and as a result, we may issue additional common shares and/or convertible securities. Any additional funds obtained by such a capital increase may dilute your interest in our company. We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This
 
participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own through the issuance of new shares, which we intend to complete by 2012. As a result of these new issuances of shares, you may experience additional dilution of your investment in our company. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
 
Holders of our common shares or the ADSs may not receive any dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity.
 
According to our by-laws, we must generally pay our shareholders at least 25% of our annual net profit as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity, as calculated and adjusted under the Brazilian corporate law method. This adjusted net profit may used to absorb losses or for the payment of statutory participation on profits to debenture holders, employees or members of our management, which would ultimately reduce the amount available to be paid as dividends or interest on shareholders’ equity. Additionally, the Brazilian corporate law allows a publicly traded company like ours to suspend the mandatory distribution of dividends in any particular year if our board of directors informs our shareholders that such distributions would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition or cash availability. For 2003, 2004 and 2005, we did not distribute dividends. In 2007, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$11.0 million, or R$0.10 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), for fiscal year 2006. In April 2008, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2007 in the amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which were fully paid to our shareholders on April 29, 2008. On April 30, 2009, our shareholders approved the distribution of dividends for the fiscal year 2008 in the amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which was fully paid to our shareholders on December 18, 2009. Based on the results of the fiscal year 2009, our management has recommended the distribution of a dividend in the amount of R$50.7 million, or R$0.15 per share (giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting held on February 22, 2010 and excluding shares held in treasury), which will be fully paid to our shareholders during the fiscal year 2010 upon board approval. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”
 
Holders of ADSs may find it difficult to exercise voting rights at our shareholders’ meetings.
 
Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to our common shares represented by ADSs only in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement governing the ADSs. Holders of ADSs will face practical limitations in exercising their voting rights because of the additional steps involved in our communications with ADS holders. For example, we are required to publish a notice of our shareholders’ meetings in specified newspapers in Brazil. Holders of our common shares will be able to exercise their voting rights by attending a shareholders’ meeting in person or voting by proxy. By contrast, holders of ADSs will receive notice of a shareholders’ meeting from the ADR depositary following our notice to the depositary requesting the depositary to do so. To exercise their voting rights, holders of ADSs must instruct the ADR depositary on a timely basis. This voting process necessarily will take longer for holders of ADSs than for holders of our common shares. Common shares represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the ADR depositary from the holders of ADSs shall not be voted.
 
Holders of ADSs also may not receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions of the holders of ADSs or for the manner of carrying out those voting instructions. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights, and they will have little, if any, recourse if the common shares underlying their ADSs are not voted as requested.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock, which may increase the opportunity for alliances between shareholders as well as conflicts between them.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock. There is no guidance in Brazilian corporate law for publicly-held companies without an identified controlling shareholder. Due to the absence of a controlling shareholder, we may be subject to future alliances or agreements between our shareholders, which may result in the exercise of a controlling power over our company by them. In the event a controlling group is formed and decides to exercise its controlling power over our company, we may be subject to unexpected changes in our corporate governance and strategies, including the replacement of key executive officers. Additionally, we may be more vulnerable to a hostile takeover bid. The absence of a controlling group may also jeopardize our decision-making process as the minimum quorum required by law for certain decisions by shareholders may not be reached and, as a result, we cannot guarantee that our business plan will be effected. Any unexpected change in our management team, business policy or strategy, any dispute between our shareholders, or any attempt to acquire control of our company may have an adverse impact on our business and result of operations.
 
Holders of ADSs will not be able to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law and may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are subject to different corporate rules and regulations as a Brazilian company.
 
Holders of ADSs will not be direct shareholders of our company and will be unable to enforce the rights of shareholders under our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law.
 
Our corporate affairs are governed by our by-laws and Brazilian corporate law, which differ from the legal principles that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, such as the State of Delaware or New York, or elsewhere outside Brazil. Although insider trading and price manipulation are crimes under Brazilian law, the Brazilian securities markets are not as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or the markets in some other jurisdictions. In addition, rules and policies against self-dealing or for preserving shareholder interests may be less well-defined and enforced in Brazil than in the United States and certain other countries, which may put holders of the ADSs at a potential disadvantage. Corporate disclosures also may be less complete or informative than for a public company in the United States or in certain other countries.
 
Holders of ADSs may face difficulties in serving process on or enforcing judgments against us and other persons.
 
We are a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil, and all of our directors and executive officers and our independent public accountants reside or are based in Brazil. Most of the assets of our company and of these other persons are located in Brazil. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of ADSs to effect service of process upon us or these other persons within the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil or to enforce against us or these other persons judgments obtained in the United States or other jurisdictions outside Brazil. Because judgments of U.S. courts for civil liabilities based upon the U.S. federal securities laws may be enforced in Brazil only if certain conditions are met, holders may face greater difficulties in protecting their interests in the case of actions by us or our directors or executive officers than would shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
 
Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.
 
According to Law No. 10,833 of December 29, 2003, the disposition of assets located in Brazil by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident is subject to taxation in Brazil, regardless of whether the disposition occurs outside or within Brazil. In these terms, gains arising from a disposition of our common shares by a non-resident of Brazil to another non-resident of Brazil are subject to income tax.
 
Our interpretation of Law No. 10,833 is that ADSs should not be regarded as assets located in Brazil. Accordingly, the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident to either a Brazilian resident or a non-resident should not be subject to taxation in Brazil. However, in the event that a disposition of our ADSs is considered a disposition of assets located in Brazil, this tax law could result in the imposition of withholding taxes on the disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. We are not aware of precedents on the application of Law No. 10,833 to ADSs
 
and, accordingly, we are unable to predict whether Brazilian courts would apply it to a disposition of our ADSs by a non-resident of Brazil. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains.”
 
Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) would be treated as U.S. source gain or loss for all foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gain would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Judgments of Brazilian courts with respect to our common shares will be payable only in reais.
 
If proceedings are brought in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce our obligations in respect of the common shares, we will not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than reais. Under Brazilian exchange control limitations, an obligation in Brazil to pay amounts denominated in a currency other than reais may be satisfied in Brazilian currency only at the exchange rate, as determined by the Central Bank, in effect on the date the judgment is obtained, and such amounts are then adjusted to reflect exchange rate variations through the effective payment date. The then, prevailing exchange rate may not afford non-Brazilian investors with full compensation for any claim arising out of or related to our obligations under our common shares or the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.
 
Holders of ADSs will be unable to exercise the preemptive rights relating to our common shares underlying ADSs unless a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” is effective with respect to those rights or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. We are not obligated to file a registration statement with respect to the shares relating to these preemptive rights or to take any other action to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs. We may decide, in our discretion, not to file any such registration statement. If we do not file a registration statement or if we, after consultation with the ADR depositary, decide not to make preemptive rights available to holders of ADSs, those holders may receive only the net proceeds from the sale of their preemptive rights by the depositary, or if they are not sold, their preemptive rights will be allowed to lapse.
 
An exchange of ADSs for common shares risks loss of certain foreign currency remittance and Brazilian tax advantages.
 
The ADSs benefit from the certificate of foreign capital registration, which permits Citibank N.A., as depositary, to convert dividends and other distributions with respect to our common shares into foreign currency, and to remit the proceeds abroad. Holders of ADSs who exchange their ADSs for common shares will then be entitled to rely on the depositary’s certificate of foreign capital registration for five business days from the date of exchange. Thereafter, they will not be able to remit non-Brazilian currency abroad unless they obtain their own certificate of foreign capital registration, or unless they qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, which entitles certain investors to buy and sell shares on Brazilian stock exchanges without obtaining separate certificates of registration.
 
If holders of ADSs do not qualify under Resolution CMN 2,689, they will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on distributions with respect to our common shares. There can be no assurance that the depositary’s certificate of registration or any certificate of foreign capital registration obtained by holders of ADSs will not be affected by future legislative or regulatory changes, or that additional Brazilian law restrictions applicable to their investment in the ADSs may not be imposed in the future.
 
Our bylaws do not contain any provisions that discourage hostile takeovers.
 
No single shareholder or group of shareholders holds more than 50% of our capital stock. In addition, our bylaws do not contain any provisions that discourage or prohibit our acquisition or the acquisition of a significant share of our capital stock. The absence of such provisions makes us vulnerable to future acquisitions by our existing shareholders or new investors, which could result in significant changes in our management and strategy, adversely affecting us. We may default on certain of our material contracts in the event we cease to have a dispersed ownership control structure.
 
A portion of the compensation of our officers and members of the senior management is paid in form of stock options, which could tie their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
We have established stock option plans for our officers and members of our senior management. Potential benefits under the stock option plans are tied to the appreciation of the market price of our shares and ADSs.
 
As a result, our compensation policy may influence our officers and members of the senior management and their interest to the market price of our shares and ADSs, which may conflict with the interests of our shareholders. Our officers and members of the senior management may be influenced to focus on short-term rather than long-term results because a significant portion of their compensation is tied to our results and the market price of our shares and ADSs. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans” in this annual report.
 
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
 
A. 
History and Development of the Company
 
General
 
Gafisa S.A. is a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil. We were incorporated on November 12, 1996 for an indefinite term. Our registered and principal executive offices are located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and our general telephone and fax numbers are + 55 (11) 3025-9000 and + 55 (11) 3025-9348, respectively.
 
We are a leading diversified national homebuilder serving all demographic segments of the Brazilian market. Established over 55 years ago, we have completed and sold more than 980 developments and constructed over 11 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other homebuilder in Brazil. Recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, we are also one of the best-known brands in the real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners, and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism. Our brands include Tenda, which serves the affordable entry-level housing segments, Gafisa, which offers a variety of residential options to the mid to higher income segments and Alphaville, which focuses on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 55% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 18% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 27% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders and currently operate in more than 120 cities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 21 states and the Federal District. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 37% of the value of our launches were derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Our agent for services of process in the United States is National Corporate Research, Ltd. located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th floor, New York, NY 10016.
 
Historical Background and Recent Developments
 
Gomes de Almeida Fernandes Ltda., or “GAF,” was established in 1954 in the city of Rio de Janeiro with operations in the real estate markets in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In December 1997, GP Investimentos S.A. and its affiliates, or “GP,” entered into a partnership with the shareholders of GAF to create
 
Gafisa S.A. In 2004, as a result of a corporate restructuring, GP assumed a controlling position in our company. In 2005, an affiliate of Equity International Management, LLC, or “Equity International,” acquired approximately 32% of our company through a capital contribution. In February 2006, we concluded our initial public offering in Brazil, resulting in a public float of approximately 47% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering.
 
In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas Intermediação Imobiliária Ltda., or “Gafisa Vendas,” to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. Gafisa Vendas has strengthened our market position and reduced our need for external brokerage companies. This wholly-owned subsidiary promotes sales of our projects in the state of São Paulo. Gafisa Vendas focuses its efforts on: (1) launches – our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers, thus creating what we believe is a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory – Gafisa Vendas has a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales – Gafisa Vendas has a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.
 
In October 2006, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., or “Alphaville,” one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.4 million common shares of Gafisa. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% in two phases, with 20% in 2010 and the remaining 20% by 2012 in cash or shares issued by us, at our sole discretion. Alphaville is operating as one of our subsidiaries based in the city of Barueri, within the metropolitan region of São Paulo.
 
On February 1, 2007, we created a branch of Gafisa Vendas in Rio de Janeiro, or “Gafisa Vendas Rio,” to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Gafisa Vendas Rio has strengthened our market position and reduced our need for external brokerage companies in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Gafisa Vendas Rio focuses its efforts in the same activities of Gafisa Vendas.
 
On March 15, 2007, we created a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., or “FIT,” (which, on October 21, 2008, was merged into Tenda, as described below) for the development, construction and management of low and mid low income residential projects.
 
On March 17, 2007, we concluded our initial public offering of common shares in the United States, resulting in a public float of 78.6% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering. Upon completion of the offering, entities related to Equity International and GP beneficially owned 14.2% and 7.3% of our total capital stock, respectively.
 
In June 2007, Brazil Development Equity Investments, LLC, a company affiliated to GP, sold its remaining stake in our company (7.1% of our capital stock at the time).
 
In October 2007, we entered into an agreement with Cipesa Engenharia S.A., or “Cipesa,” one of the leading homebuilder in the state of Alagoas. Under the agreement, Gafisa and Cipesa established a new company named Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., or “Nova Cipesa,” in which 70% of the interest ownership is held by Gafisa and the remaining 30% is held by Cipesa. Gafisa capitalized Nova Cipesa with R$50 million in cash and acquired shares of Nova Cipesa held by Cipesa in the amount of R$15 million (which was payable over a period of one year). Cipesa is entitled to an earn-out of 2% of the potential sales value launched by Nova Cipesa until 2014. This earn-out is capped at R$25 million.
 
In January 2008, we formed an unincorporated venture. As of December 31, 2009, the fully subscribed and paid capital of the venture was of R$313.1 million, represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid by us and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from our venture partners. The venture will use these funds to acquire equity investments in real estate developments and to make capital contributions in our subsidiaries. Since investment decisions are made by all venture partners, we recorded R$300 million as venture partners obligations, which is due on January 31, 2014. The venture partners receive an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate and as of December 31, 2009, we recorded a provision in the amount of R$11.0 million for such purpose. The venture’s charter provides that we must comply with certain covenants in our
 
capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum net debt and receivables. We are currently in compliance with these covenants.
 
On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht Empreendimentos S.A., or “Odebrecht,” entered into an agreement to terminate the partnership created in February 2007 for the development, construction and management of large scale, low income residential projects with more than 1,000 units each. Gafisa withdrew from Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., or “Bairro Novo,” and, as a consequence, terminated the shareholders’ agreement it had entered into with Odebrecht. The ongoing real estate developments which were being jointly developed by Gafisa and Odebrecht were separated as follows: Gafisa continued developing the Empreendimento Imobiliário Bairro Novo Cotia, or “Bairro Novo Cotia” and Odebrecht continued developing the other real estate developments of the partnership as well as the operations of Bairro Novo. On June 29, 2009, Gafisa sold its equity participation in the company developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture to Tenda.
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own by 2012.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2007, we invested R$61.3 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were construction of sales stands of R$37.0 million and the implementation of SAP that totaled R$7.5 million. In addition, investments in information technology equipment and software totaled R$1.5 million, and office facilities totaled R$2.3 million.
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. We also had a reduction in restricted cash due to guaranteed financing of R$29.7 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by internal sources. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
B. 
Business Overview
 
General Overview
 
We believe we are one of Brazil’s leading homebuilders. Over the last 50 years, Gafisa has been recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, having completed and sold more than 980 developments and constructed over 11 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other residential development company in Brazil. We believe our brands “Gafisa,” “Alphaville,” and “Tenda” are well-known brands in the Brazilian real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism.
 
Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 55% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments under the Gafisa brand. We are also engaged in the development of land subdivisions, also known as residential communities, representing approximately 18% of the value of our launches under the Alphaville brand, and affordable entry-level housing, which represents approximately 27% of the value of our launches under the Tenda brand. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties.
 
We are one of Brazil’s most geographically-diversified homebuilders currently operating in more than 120 municipalities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Natal, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Belém, across 21 states and the Federal District, which represents approximately 90% of the national population and approximately 89% of the gross domestic product as of December 31, 2009. Many of these developments are located in markets where few large competitors currently operate. For the year ended December 31, 2009 approximately 37% of the value of our launches was derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Our Markets
 
We are present in more than 120 municipalities, including Ananindeua, Aracajú, Barueri, Bauru, Belém, Belford Roxo, Belo Horizonte, Betim, Brasília, Camaçari, Campina Grande, Campinas, Campo Grande, Caruaru, Caxias do Sul, Contagem, Cotia, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Diadema, Duque de Caxias, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçú, Goiânia, Governador Valadares, Gramado, Gravataí, Jandira, João Pessoa, Juiz de Fora, Lauro de Freitas, Londrina, Macaé, Maceió, Manaus, Mossoró, Natal, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, Nova Lima, Petrópolis, Piracicaba, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Recife, Resende, Ribeirão Preto, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Sabará, Salvador, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Gonçalo, São José dos Campos, São Luis, São Paulo, São Vicente, Sobradinho, Sorocaba, Suzano, Teresina, Uberlândia, Vila Velha and Vitória, across 21 states and the Federal District throughout Brazil.
 
Our Real Estate Activities
 
Our real estate business includes the following activities:
 
 
·  
developments for sale of:
 
 
residential units,
 
 
land subdivisions (also known as residential communities), and
 
 
commercial buildings;
 
 
·  
construction services to third parties; and
 
 
·  
sale of units through our brokerage subsidiaries, Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio, jointly referred to as “Gafisa Vendas.”
 
The table below sets forth our sales from new developments generated for each of our real estate activities and as a percentage of total real estate amount generated during the periods presented:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2009 (1)
   
2009
   
2008 (2)
   
2008
   
2007
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
   
(in thousands
of R$)
   
(% of total)
 
Residential buildings
    1,726,399       73.9       1,829,780       80.4       1,348,811       81.2  
Land subdivisions
    419,512       17.6       405,678       17.8       249,916       15.0  
Commercial
    155,313       6.5       3,100       0.1       27,877       1.7  
Pre-sales
    2,301,224       98.0       2,238,558       98.4       1,626,604       97.9  
Construction services
    47,999       2.0       37,268       1.6       35,121       2.1  
Total real estate sales
    2,349,223       100.0       2,275,826       100.0       1,661,725       100.0  

(1)
Consolidates all sales of Tenda since January 1, 2009.
 
(2)
Includes sales of Tenda since October 22, 2008.
 

Developments for Sale
 
The table below provides information on our developments for sale activities during the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
São Paulo
                 
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    804,937       918,156       742,712  
Developments launched
    11       13       11  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    157,755       288,028       250,185  
Units launched(3)
    1,490       2,301       2,040  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2) 
    5,102       3,188       2,969  
Rio de Janeiro
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    95,955       443,516       510,639  
Developments launched
    3       8       11  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    19,015       196,189       177,428  
Units launched(3)
    436       837       2,020  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    5,046       2,261       2,878  
Other States
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    363,628       551,728       444,852  
Developments launched
    13       15       14  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    138,503       163,610       166,321  
Units launched(3)
    1,487       1,811       1,804  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    2,625       3,372       2,675  
Total Gafisa
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    1,264,520       1,913,400       1,698,203  
Developments launched
    27       36       36  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    315,273       647,827       593,934  
Units launched(3)
    3,413       4,949       5,864  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    4,011       2,954       2,859  
Alphaville
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    419,512       312,515       237,367  
Developments launched
    10       11       6  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
    1,039,434       956,665       1,160,427  
Units launched(3)
    2,096       1,818       1,489  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
    403       327       686  
Tenda(5)(6)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
    617,191       1,448,325        
Developments launched
    31       1        
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                 
 
 
   
As of and for year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Units launched(3)
    5,286       112        
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                 
FIT(7)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
          496,147       263,359  
Developments launched
          16       10  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
                149,842  
Units launched(3)
          3,759       2,459  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
                1,896  
Bairro Novo(8)
                       
Potential sales value of units launched(1)
          25,311       37,000  
Developments launched
          1       1  
Usable area (m2)(2) 
          16,487       23,618  
Units launched(3)
          325       503  
Average sales price (R$/m2)(2)(4) 
          1,535       1,567  

(1)
Potential sales value is calculated by multiplying the number of units sold in a development by the unit sales price.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(4)
Average sales price per square meter excludes the land subdivisions. Average sales price per square meter (including land subdivisions and excluding Tenda’s ventures) was R$1,369, R$1,225 and R$1,137 in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
(5)
Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected until 2009.
 
(6)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(7)
FIT was merged into Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
(8)
On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht entered into an agreement to terminate the partnership created in February 2007 for the development, construction and management of large scale, low income residential projects with more than 1,000 units each. Gafisa withdrew from Bairro Novo, terminating the Shareholders’ Agreement then effective between Gafisa and Odebrecht. Therefore Gafisa is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo. The ongoing real estate ventures that were being jointly developed by the parties were separated as follows: Gafisa continued developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture and Odebrecht continued developing the other real estate ventures of the dissolved partnership, in addition to the operations of Bairro Novo. Further, on June 29, 2009, Gafisa sold its equity participation in the company developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture to Tenda.
 
(9)
Does not consider stake acquisitions and cancelled projects for 2009.
 
Our developments for sale are divided into three broad categories: (1) residential buildings, (2) land subdivisions, and (3) commercial buildings.
 
Overview of Residential Buildings
 
In the residential buildings product category, we develop three main types of products: (1) luxury buildings targeted at upper-income customers; (2) buildings targeted at middle-income customers; and (3) affordable entry-level housing targeted at lower-income customers. Quality residential buildings for middle- and upper-income customers are our core products and we have developed them since our inception. A significant portion of our
 
residential developments is located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we have held a leading position over the past five years based upon area of total construction. However, we began our national expansion to pursue highly profitable opportunities in residential buildings outside these cities. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 37% of the value of our launches was derived from our operations outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Luxury Buildings
 
Luxury buildings are a high margin niche. Units usually have over 180 square meters of private area, at least four bedrooms and three parking spaces. Typically, this product is fitted with modern, top-quality materials designed by brand-name manufacturers. The development usually includes swimming pools, gyms, visitor parking, and other amenities. Average price per square meter generally is higher than approximately R$3,600 (US$1,540). Luxury building developments are targeted to families with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$20,000 (US$8,558).
 
The table below sets forth our luxury building developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation (%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(As of
December 31, 2009)
 
Horto – Phase 1
 
2007
    50       22,298       2010       90       98  
Vision
 
2007
    100       19,712       2010       284       76  
Supremo
 
2007
    100       34,703       2011       191       86  
London Green – Phase 2
 
2008
    100       15,009       2010       92       67  
Horto – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       22,298       2011       184       97  
Costa Maggiore
 
2008
    50       9,386       2010       60       87  
Chácara Sant’Anna
 
2008
    50       30,517       2011       158       54  
Details
 
2008
    100       7,802       2011       38       63  
Quintas do Pontal
 
2008
    100       21,915       2010       91       20  
Laguna di Mare
 
2008
    80       17,454       2011       146       17  
Nouvelle
 
2008
    100       5,367       2012       12       7  
MontBlanc
 
2008
    80       30,479       2011       112       22  
Reserva Laranjeiras
 
2008
    100       11,740       2010       108       97  
Verdemar – Phase 1
  2008     100       13,084       2011       80       77  
Verdemar – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       12,593       2011       77       39  
Supremo Ipiranga
 
2009
    100       13,904       2012       108       59  
Sorocaba
 
2009
    100       7,046       2012       81       79  
Vistta Santana
 
2009
    100       27,897       2012       179       80  
The Place
 
2009
    80       5,984       2012       17       43  
Magno
 
2009
    100       8,686       2012       34       90  
London Ville
 
2009
    100       18,768       2012       195       24  
Vision Brooklin
 
2009
    100       20,536       2012       266       71  
IT Style
 
2009
    100       16,208       2013       204       37  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development, except on projects with stake acquisition.
 

Middle Income Buildings
 
Buildings targeted at middle-income customers have accounted for the majority of our sales since our inception. Units usually have between 90 and 180 square meters of private area, three or four bedrooms and two to three underground parking spaces. Buildings are usually developed in large tracts of land as part of multi-building developments and, to a lesser extent, in smaller lots in attractive neighborhoods. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$2,000 to R$3,600 (US$856 to US$1,540). Developments in Rio de Janeiro tend to be larger due to the large tracts of land available in Barra da Tijuca. Middle-income building developments are tailored to customers with monthly household incomes between approximately R$5,000 and R$20,000 (approximately US$2,139 and US$8,558).
 
The restated table below sets forth our middle-income building developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
(%) Sold (As
of December
31. 2009)
 
Collori
 
2006
    100       39,462       2010       345       100  
Península FIT
 
2006
    100       24,119       2010       192       97  
Blue Land
 
2006
    100       18,252       2010       200       99  
Vivance Res. Service
 
2006
    100       14,729       2010       187       98  
CSF Acácia
 
2007
    100       19,959       2010       160       100  
Olimpic Bosque da Saúde
 
2007
    100       18,736       2010       145       81  
Magic
 
2007
    100       31,487       2010       268       42  
London Green
 
2007
    100       44,007       2010       440       67  
GrandValley Niterói (F1)
 
2007
    100       17,137       2010       153       93  
SunValley (Gran Valley Niterói F2)
 
2007
    100       7,031       2011       58       44  
Reserva Santa Cecília
 
2007
    80       16,059       2010       122       22  
Solares da Vila Maria
 
2007
    100       12,595       2010       94       100  
Acqua Residence – Phase 2
 
2007
    100       7,136       2010       72       40  
Bella Vista
 
2007
    100       15,406       2010       116       36  
Parc Paradiso – Phase 2
 
2007
    90       10,427       2010       108       95  
Parc Paradiso – Phase 1
 
2007
    90       35,980       2010       324       95  
Privilege Residencial
 
2007
    80       15,536       2010       188       82  
Orbit
 
2007
    100       9,419       2010       153       30  
JTR – Phase 3
 
2007
    50       13,418       2010       140       47  
Enseada das Orquídeas
 
2007
    80       52,589       2011       528       72  
Horizonte
 
2007
    60       6,754       2010       26       80  
Secret Garden
 
2007
    100       15,344       2010       252       66  
Evidence
 
2007
    50       23,487       2010       144       59  
Acquarelle
 
2007
    85       15,833       2010       200       66  
Art Ville
 
2007
    50       15,270       2010       250       92  
Isla
 
2007
    100       31,423       2010       240       88  
Grand Valley
 
2007
    100       16,908       2010       212       61  
Acqua Residence – Phase 1
 
2007
    100       28,400       2010       380       40  
Celebrare
 
2007
    100       14,621       2010       188       77  
Reserva do Lago
 
2007
    50       16,800       2010       81       81  
Parque Barueri
 
2008
    50       58,437       2012       677       65  
Brink - Campo Limpo – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       17,280       2010       191       55  
Patio Condominio Clube – Phase 1A
 
2008
    100       20,741       2011       192       21  
Mansão Imperial – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       18,778       2011       87       17  
Reserva do Bosque - Lauro Sodré – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       4,200       2011       35       71  
Alegria - Mãe dos Homens – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       29,199       2011       278       45  
Dubai
 
2008
    50       19,316       2011       240       43  
Reserva do Bosque – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       4,151       2011       34       97  
Ecolive
 
2008
    100       12,255       2011       122       50  
Manhattan Square - Res 2
 
2008
    50       28,926       2011       270       20  
Manhattan Square - Res 3
 
2008
    50       37,879       2011       621       22  
Reserva Santa Cecília
 
2008
    100       8,350       2010       92       22  
Mistral
 
2008
    100       1,856       2011       25       82  
Terraças Tatuapé
 
2008
    100       14,386       2011       105       28  
Barueri II – Phase 1
 
2008
    100       58,437       2011       677       50  
Carpe Diem - Belém – Pará
 
2008
    70       13,951       2011       90       53  
Grand Park - Parque das Águas – Phase 2
 
2008
    50       12,960       2011       150       55  
Nova Petropolis
 
2008
    100       41,182       2011       300       36  
Terraças Alto da Lapa
 
2008
    100       24,525       2010       192       68  
Raízes Granja Viana
 
2008
    50       18,022       2010       73       35  
Magnific
 
2008
    100       10,969       2010       31       61  
Carpe Diem – Itacoatiara
 
2008
    80       12,667       2010       116       47  
Brink – Phase 2 – Campo Limpo
 
2009
    100       8,576       2010       95       71  
Alegria – Phase 2
 
2009
    100       14,599       2011       139       57  
Canto dos Pássaros
 
2009
    80       7,428       2011       112       29  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Seringueira(1)
 
2009
    50       5,576       2011       76       98  
Vila Nova São José – Phase 1 – Metropolitan
 
2009
    100       10,370       2011       96       38  
Grand Park - Parque Árvores - Salgueiro(1)
 
2009
    50       5,576       2011       76       100  
 
 
Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation (%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
(%) Sold (As
of December
31. 2009)
 
City Park Brotas
 
2009
    50       9,404       2012       185       99  
Grand Park Árvores – Bambu
 
2009
    50       5,576       2011       76       98  
Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       9,206       2012       104       66  
City Park Acupe
 
2009
    50       12,105       2012       190       91  
Reserva Ibiapaba – Phase 2
 
2009
    80       9,206       2012       104       66  
Parque Maceió – Phase 2
 
2009
    50       14,478       2011       252       3  
Vista Patamares
 
2009
    50       24,883       2012       336       7  
City Park Exclusive
 
2009
    50       8,779       2011       146       14  
Stake Aquisition Horizonte
 
2009
    80       6,004       2010       23       100  
Stake Aquisition Parc Paradiso
 
2009
    5       2,321       2010       22       100  
Stake Aquisition Carpe Diem – Belem
 
2009
    80       10,134       2011       93       61  
Stake Aquisition Mistral
 
2009
    10       1,485       2011       20       79  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 1
 
2009
    20       3,448       2011       27       97  
Stake Aquisition Reserva Bosque Resort – Phase 2
 
2009
    20       3,481       2011       29       68  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development, except on projects with stake acquisitions.
 

Affordable Entry-Level Developments
 
Affordable entry-level housing consists of building and house units. Units usually have between 42 to 60 square meters of indoor private area and two to three bedrooms. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$1,500 to R$2,000 (approximately US$861 to US$1,149). Affordable entry-level housing developments are tailored to families with monthly household incomes between approximately R$1,600 and R$5,000 (approximately US$919 and US$2,872).
 
As part of our strategy of expanding our foothold in the affordable entry-level residential market, we incorporated on March 15, 2007 a wholly-owned subsidiary, FIT, to focus exclusively on this market. The principal emphasis of FIT was on five standardized residential developments in the outer parts of large metropolitan regions. Financing for FIT’s developments primarily came from one of the Brazilian largest government-owned banks called Caixa Econômica Federal, or the “CEF,” and such financing was structured so that customers paid low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk.
 
On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa received 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda. Because Tenda launched very few units in 2008, we believe the full impact of the merger was not reflected in Gafisa’s results of operations until 2009.
 
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
The restated table below sets forth our affordable entry-level housing developments launched by us between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold
(%) (as of
December
31, 2009)
 
Vila Real Life - Sitio Cia
 
2009
    100       10,603       2011       178       99  

 
Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold
(%) (as of
December
31, 2009)
 
FIT Giardino – Phase 1
 
2009
    80       10,864       2011       259       10  
FIT Icoaraci
 
2009
    80       16,008       2011       235       47  
Le Grand Vila Real Tower
 
2009
    100       6,298       2011       92       100  
Green Park Life Residence
 
2009
    100       16,002       2012       220       59  
Vermont Life
 
2009
    100       11,190       2011       192       27  
FIT Dom Jaime - Bosque dos Passaros
 
2009
    100       21,221       2011       364       54  
Bairro Novo – Phase 3
 
2009
    100       26,111       2010       448       100  
Bariloche
 
2009
    100       5,578       2011       80       100  
Mirante do Lago – Phase 2A
 
2009
    70       8,664       2011       188       59  
Parma
 
2009
    100       2,083       2010       36       100  
Marumbi – Phase 1
 
2009
    100       29,989       2011       335       46  
Bosque das Palmeiras
 
2009
    100       6,694       2011       144       100  
Residencial Club Gaudi Life
 
2009
    100       15,384       2011       300       81  
Tony - Passos – Phase 1 - Recanto das Rosas
 
2009
    100       23,995       2012       240       80  
Residencial Jardim Alvorada
 
2009
    100       10,319       2011       180       93  
FIT Bosque Itaquera
 
2009
    100       15,558       2012       256       94  
FIT Lago dos Patos
 
2009
    100       9,791       2011       144       99  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Stage I
 
2009
    100       4,256       2010       96       92  
Clube Garden – Mônaco
 
2009
    100       11,441       2011       186       100  
Vivenda do Sol I
 
2009
    100       7,744       2010       200       7  
Parque Green Village
 
2009
    100       13,692       2011       176       31  
Fit Marodin – Jardins
 
2009
    70       15,432       2011       171       64  
 Mirante do Lago – Phase 2B
 
2009
    70       7,368       2011       310       50  
Residencial Monet Life - Le Grand Villa das Artes
 
2009
    100       11,154       2011       200       79  
Cotia – Phase 4 - Estapa II
 
2009
    100       13,553       2010       309       75  
Portal do Sol Life I
 
2009
    100       3,203       2012       64       66  
Portal do Sol Life II
 
2009
    100       3,203       2012       64       67  
Portal do Sol Life III
 
2009
    100       3,203       2012       64       41  
Residencial Monet II (Grand Ville das Artes – Phase 3)
 
2009
    100       4,937       2011       120       76  
Residencial Itaim Paulista Life I
 
2008
    100       7,309       2011       160       100  
Residencial Santo Andre Life II
 
2008
    100       3,847       2011       49       96  
Residencial Curuca
 
2008
    100       6,777       2009       160       99  
Residencial Ferraz Life I
 
2008
    100       42,841       2012       792       11  
Residencial Portal Do Sol
 
2008
    100       16,889       2012       282       30  
Residencial Das Flores
 
2008
    100       9,845       2010       156       3  
Residencial Colina Verde
 
2008
    100       8,980       2011       200       100  
Residencial Spazio Felicitta
 
2008
    100       9,209       2011       180       99  
Residencial Parque Ipe
 
2008
    100             2010       77       100  
Residencial Clube Vivaldi
 
2008
    100             2011       174       90  
Residencial Monaco
 
2008
    100             2012       233       100  
Residencial Vila Nova Life
 
2008
    100       5,022       2011       105       96  
Residencial Monte Cristo I
 
2008
    100       4,597       2010       96       6  
Residencial Brisa Do Parque
 
2008
    100       2,752       2010       53       100  
Residencial Renata
 
2008
    100       9,031       2011       200       5  
Residencial Villaggio Do Jockey II
 
2008
    100       9,386       2011       188       100  
Residencial Jardim Girassol II
 
2008
    100       29,911       2010       520       73  
Residencial Parque Romano
 
2008
    100             2011       362       13  
Residencial Santana Tower I
 
2008
    100       16,015       2011       448       88  
Residencial Santana Tower II
 
2008
    100       21,394       2012       448       68  
Residencial Salvador Life I
 
2008
    100       14,224       2010       280       100  
Residencial Salvador Life II
 
2008
    100       11,188       2010       180       99  
Residencial Salvador Life III
 
2008
    100       24,197       2011       480       99  
Residencial Vila Mariana Life
 
2008
    100       5,362       2010       92       100  
Residencial Villa Rica Life
 
2008
    100       12,822       2010       220       99  
Residencial Ciro Faraj
 
2008
    100       4,235       2009       71       100  
Residencial Gama J.A.
 
2008
    100       4,196       2010       72       0  
Residencial Parque Lousa
 
2008
    100       17,718       2011       302       75  
Le Grand Orleans Tower
 
2008
    100       5,929       2011       112       11  
Residencial Bela Vista
 
2008
    100       4,242       2008       101       97  
Residencial Marata
 
2008
    100       19,583       2011       400       42  

Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold
(%) (as of
December
31, 2009)
 
Parque Toulouse Life
 
2008
    100       11,190       2010       192       100  
Residencial Ilha De Capri
 
2008
    100       13,614       2012       224       4  
Residencial Parque Das Aroeiras Life
 
2008
    100       13,988       2010       240       80  
Residencial Monte Carlo I
 
2008
    100       5,855       2010       92       100  
Residencial Chacaras Bom Jesus Life
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       143       38  
Residencial Arvoredo Life
 
2008
    100       906       2009       14       100  
Residencial Sao Francisco Life
 
2008
    100       4,938       2010       80       98  
Residencial Betim Life
 
2008
    100       8,752       2011       108       100  
Residencial Portinari Tower
 
2008
    100       7,200       2011       136       100  
Residencial Madri Life I
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       160       100  
Residencial Madri Life II
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       160       100  
Residencial Bahamas Life
 
2008
    100       2,551       2010       40       100  
Residencial Napole Life
 
2008
    100       8,872       2011       140       100  
Residencial San Pietro Life
 
2008
    100       12,630       2010       172       74  
Residencial Boa Vista
 
2008
    100       2,214       2010       38       92  
Residencial Villa Bella
 
2008
    100       1,377       2009       16       100  
Residencial Bologna Life
 
2008
    100       13,210       2010       306       100  
Residencial Chacara Das Flores
 
2008
    100       6,212       2011       120       100  
Residencial Las Palmas Life
 
2008
    100       8,160       2011       131       97  
Residencial Arezzo Life
 
2008
    100       6,994       2011       120       99  
Residencial Di Stefano Life
 
2008
    100       6,994       2011       120       100  
Residencial Vermont Life
 
2008
    100       11,190       2011       192       27  
Residencial Piedade Life
 
2008
    100       49,200       2010       1008       34  
Residencial Jangadeiro Life
 
2008
    100       10,491       2010       180       100  
Residencial Atelie Life
 
2008
    100       6,564       2010       108       100  
Residencial Cidades Do Mundo Life
 
2008
    100       8,392       2009       144       100  
Nova Marica Life
 
2008
    100       21,603       2012       468       50  
Casa Blanca Life
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       154       40  
Residencial Malaga Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246       2009       300       99  
Residencial Gibraltar Garden
 
2008
    100       15,246       2009       300       100  
Espaco Engenho Life I
 
2008
    100       4,663       2010       80       100  
Espaco Engenho Life II
 
2008
    100       4,604       2010       79       100  
Comendador Life I
 
2008
    100       13,614       2011       210       7  
Comendador Life II
 
2008
    100       10,696       2013       165       7  
Moinho Life
 
2008
    100       12,065       2011       207       4  
America Life
 
2008
    100       8,101       2011       139       82  
Porto Life
 
2008
    100       4,663       2011       76       78  
Residencial Mondrian Life
 
2008
    100       36,369       2011       624       89  
Residencial Parque Arboris Life
 
2008
    100       13,056       2011       214       81  
Residencial Daltro Filho
 
2008
    100       9,325       2009       160       100  
Residencial Bartolomeu De Gusmao
 
2008
    100       15,154       2008       260       79  
Residencial Papa Joao XXIII
 
2008
    100       13,056       2011       224       64  
Residencial Vivendas Do Sol II
 
2008
    100       11,657       2010       200       99  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek I
 
2008
    100       9,325       2011       160       76  
Residencial Juscelino Kubitschek II
 
2008
    100       15,154       2011       260       15  
Residencial Figueiredo II
 
2008
    100       12,822       2010       220       100  
Residencial Figueiredo I
 
2008
    100       12,822       2011       220       76  
Parque Baviera Life
 
2008
    100       29,142       2011       500       50  
FIT Vila Allegro
 
2008
    50             2011       298       100  
FIT Terra Bonita
 
2008
    51             2011       304       35  
Città Lauro de Freitas
 
2008
    50       17,778       2010       304       100  
FIT Coqueiro - Stake Acquisition
 
2008
    20       35,614       2010       570       98  
FIT Mirante do Lago – Phase 1
 
2008
    70       33,947       2011       461       32  
FIT Mirante do Parque
 
2008
    60       38,130       2011       420       85  
FIT Palladium
 
2008
    70       19,498       2010       229       93  
FIT Parque Lagoinha I
 
2008
    75       12,712       2010       212       28  
FIT Planalto
 
2008
    100       34,682       2010       472       83  
FIT Jardim Botânico Paraiba
 
2008
    50       23,689       2011       310       43  
FIT Parque Maceió
 
2008
    50       29,474       2010       470       49  
FIT Cristal
 
2008
    70       11,278       2011       154       88  
FIT Vivai
 
2008
    90       37,427       2011       640       74  

Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold
(%) (as of
December
31, 2009)
 
Città Itapoan
 
2008
    50       27,775       2010       374       100  
FIT Novo Osasco
 
2008
    100       17,331       2011       296       94  
Itaúna Life
 
2007
    100       7,779       2009       128       99  
Madureira Life
 
2007
    100       3,889       2008       64       94  
Cittá Alcântara
 
2007
    100       19,999       2010       370       99  
Sant’anna Life
 
2007
    100       4,430       2009       76       100  
Morada das Violetas
 
2007
    100       3,548       2009       64       98  
Pompéia Life
 
2007
    100       11,657       2010       200       97  
West Life
 
2007
    100       4,663       2009       80       95  
Arsenal Life-I-IV
 
2007
    100       20,653       2008       497       98  
Pendotiba Life
 
2007
    100       9,325       2010       160       99  
Bandeirantes Life
 
2007
    100       15,154       2010       260       75  
Telles Life
 
2007
    100       3,730       2009       64       91  
Nova Guanabara
 
2007
    100       11,405       2009       211       100  
Vila Riviera / Vila Positano – Phase 1
 
2007
    100       4,092       2009       84       95  
Piacenza Life
 
2007
    100       16,727       2011       287       95  
Parma Life
 
2007
    100       15,329       2010       263       97  
Firenze Life
 
2007
    100             2011       139       99  
Duo Valverde
 
2007
    100       6,652       2010       497       82  
Humaitá Garden
 
2007
    100       13,128       2008       200       99  
Primavera Ville
 
2007
    100       13,009       2011       256       96  
São Matheus Life
 
2007
    100       8,392       2010       144       94  
Novo Jockey Life I
 
2007
    100       25,390       2009       500       100  
Novo Jockey Life II
 
2007
    100       8,951       2009       180       100  
Residencial Jardim dos Girassóis
 
2007
    100       2,746       2009       60       95  
Residencial Lisboa
 
2007
    100       12,123       2009       280       100  
Residencial San Marino II
 
2007
    100       2,927       2009       60       100  
Residencial Villa Park
 
2007
    100       17,485       2009       300       94  
Residencial Vila Coimbra
 
2007
    100       8,648       2009       156       100  
Residencial Vitória Régia
 
2007
    100       2,471       2009       54       41  
Residencial Vale do Sol
 
2007
    100       4,324       2009       80       16  
Residencial Pacifico
 
2007
    100       2,798       2009       48       100  
Residencial Ferrara
 
2007
    100       6,209       2010       112       98  
Residencial Villa Esplendore
 
2007
    100       9,325       2011       160       79  
Residencial Montana
 
2007
    100       5,524       2009       104       100  
Residencial Morada de Ferraz
 
2007
    100       7,317       2009       132       98  
Residencial Santo André Life
 
2007
    100       10,491       2011       180       69  
Residencial Santo André Life I
 
2007
    100       7,460       2011       128       75  
Residencial Itaquera Life
 
2007
    100       6,994       2010       120       96  
Residencial Jardim São Luiz Life
 
2007
    100       13,871       2010       238       98  
Residencial Duo Jardim São Luiz
 
2007
    100       2,217       2011       40       65  
Residencial Aricanduva Life
 
2007
    100       10,491       2009       180       92  
Residencial Guarulhos Life
 
2007
    100       9,325       2011       160       87  
Residencial Lajeado Life
 
2007
    100       6,994       2012       120       24  
Residencial Azaléias
 
2007
    100             2010       100       98  
Residencial São Miguel Life
 
2007
    100       3,497       2010       60       93  
Residencial Vila Verde
 
2007
    100       4,663       2009       80       99  
Residencial Santa Julia
 
2007
    100       10,041       2011       260       100  
Residencial Guaianazes Life
 
2007
    100       9,792       2011       168       34  
Residencial Filadélphia
 
2007
    100       7,321       2011       160       12  
Residencial Osasco Life
 
2007
    100       17,951       2010       308       97  

Restated
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold
(%) (as of
December
31, 2009)
 
Villágio do Jockey
 
2007
    100       9,529       2009       180       100  
Nova Cintra
 
2007
    100       21,440       2011       405       99  
Viver Melhor
 
2007
    100       4,200       2011       100       100  
Jaraguá Life
 
2007
    100       15,104       2010       260       95  
Residencial Parque Valença 1
 
2007
    100       5,828       2010       112       100  
Residencial Parque Valença 2
 
2007
    100       8,043       2010       138       98  
Residencial Parque Valença 3
 
2007
    100       6,527       2009       100       98  
Vista Bella
 
2007
    100       5,405       2011       100       42  
Residencial Tapajos
 
2007
    100       3,980       2008       64       98  
Residencial Parque Das Amoras
 
2007
    100       13,080       2008       195       99  
Residencial Jardim Das Jabuticabas
 
2007
    100       4,862       2010       80       100  
Residencial Jardim Das Azaleias
 
2007
    100       2,917       2010       48       98  
Residencial Venda Nova Life
 
2007
    100       1,507       2008       34       100  
Residencial Santa Luzia Life
 
2007
    100       32,309       2009       480       100  
Residencial Amanda
 
2007
    100       1,166       2009       20       100  
Portal De Santa Luzia
 
2007
    100       9,646       2009       174       100  
Parque Do Jatobá
 
2007
    100       7,459       2010       138       98  
Res. Amsterdam
 
2007
    100       2,272       2008       48       100  
Juliana Life
 
2007
    100       16,319       2010       280       100  
Residencial Verdes Mares
 
2007
    100             2010       16       100  
Athenas
 
2007
    100       16,786       2009       288       100  
Egeu
 
2007
    100       14,921       2009       256       98  
Betim Life I
 
2007
    100       8,393       2009       144       100  
Betim Life II
 
2007
    100       7,460       2010       128       100  
Duo Xangri Lá
 
2007
    100       5,433       2011       98       100  
Santa Luzia Life I
 
2007
    100       13,056       2009       224       100  
Fernão Dias Tower
 
2007
    100       4,870       2010       92       98  
Nicolau Kun - Sapucaia do Sul
 
2007
    100       26,810       2010       460       41  
Araguaia
 
2007
    100       11,190       2009       192       94  
Atibaia
 
2007
    100       18,917       2009       350       97  
Santo Antonio life
 
2007
    100       1,865       2009       32       3  
Terra Nova I
 
2007
    100       13,929       2009       240       98  
Terra Nova II
 
2007
    100       14,046       2011       240       7  
Res do Trabalhador
 
2007
    100       4,200       2008       100       87  
Res do Trabalhador – Phase 2
 
2007
    100             2008       515       87  
Lisboa
 
2007
    100       12,123       2009       208       100  
Garden VP 1
 
2007
    100       16,785       2011       288       100  
Garden VP 2
 
2007
    100       13,988       2012       240       100  
Feira de Santana Life
 
2007
    100       28,909       2009       496       100  
Parque Nova Esperança Life
 
2007
    100       5,165       2008       124       100  
Jardim Ipitanga
 
2007
    100       15,154       2009       260       98  
Parque Florestal
 
2007
    100       11,657       2009       200       100  
Portal de Valença
 
2007
    100       8,055       2009       194       22  
Quintas do Sol I
 
2007
    100       16,377       2009       340       99  
Quintas do Sol II
 
2007
    100       17,890       2010       300       54  
Hildete Teixiera
 
2007
    100       22,148       2009       380       98  
Residencial 2 de Julho
 
2007
    100       46,627       2009       800       99  
Camaçari Ville I
 
2007
    100       28,576       2011       608       19  
Camaçari Ville II
 
2007
    100       27,025       2011       575       34  
Camaçari Ville III
 
2007
    100       21,808       2011       464       97  
Vila Olimpia Life
 
2007
    100       25,178       2011       432       63  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development, except on projects with stake acquisition.
 
 

Land Subdivisions under our Gafisa Brand
 
In 2001, we started developing residential land subdivisions for sale upon which residential buildings can be developed. Land subdivisions under our Gafisa brand are usually smaller than our Alphaville residential communities and do not include some of the facilities available in our Alphaville residential communities, such as various amenities, shopping centers and schools. We usually provide the infrastructure for a given land subdivision planning such as the electric, water and sewage systems, paved streets, and common recreational areas. Our land subdivisions are typically located in affluent suburban areas close to major highways leading to the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. A typical lot has between 250 and 1,500 square meters. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$150 to R$800 (approximately US$86 to US$459). We target clients with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$5,000 (approximately US$2,872) for these land subdivisions.
 
The table below sets forth our land subdivision developments launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2) (1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
Units Sold (%)
(as of December
31, 2009)
 
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       133,251       2011       251       100  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 

Land Subdivisions under our Alphaville Brand
 
On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60.0% of our subsidiary Alphaville, a development company focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. Following this acquisition, our new residential communities are sold exclusively under the Alphaville brand.
 
The Alphaville brand was created in the 1970s when the first Alphaville community was developed in the cities of Barueri and Santana do Paranaíba in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Beginning in the 1990s, Alphaville developed residential communities in several other cities in Brazil, such as Campinas, Goiânia, Curitiba, Londrina, Maringá, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, Natal, Gramado, Manaus, Cuiabá, Campo Grande, São Luis and Rio de Janeiro.
 
Whenever we develop a new Alphaville community, we provide all the basic civil works for supporting the construction on the lots, such as electrical, telephone and data communications cabling, hydraulic (water and sewer) mains and treatment facilities, landscaping and gardening, lighting and paving of the streets and driveways and security fencing. In most Alphaville communities, we also build a social and sports club for the residents, with soccer, golf and tennis fields, jogging and bicycle tracks, saunas, swimming pools, ballrooms, restaurants and bars, and other facilities. In addition, most Alphaville projects have a shopping center where residents can shop for clothes and groceries. Additionally, whenever we develop a new Alphaville community far from large urban centers, we seek to assist in establishing schools near the community by forming partnerships with renowned educational institutions. Throughout our Alphaville communities, we also seek to stimulate the local economy by drawing new businesses to that area.
 
We believe that the maintenance of a development’s quality is essential. For this reason, we impose on every Alphaville community a series of building and occupancy standards that are more rigorous than those required by applicable local legislation. Every Alphaville community has an Alphaville association formed by us before delivery of the community starts, and is funded by maintenance fees paid by the residents. The purpose of the association is to allow community involvement in the management and maintenance of the premises and to ensure orderly and harmonious relationships among the residents.
 
Upon completion of a sale, a purchaser of an Alphaville property will receive, along with the purchase and sale contract, documentation that sets out the regulations on land use and occupancy, and these will serve as private zoning regulations that are binding on the resident. These regulations set forth, among other things, the maximum
 
number of floors allowed in an Alphaville building, the minimum number of meters between buildings and land coverage limits, thereby maintaining the uniformity and quality of the Alphaville properties.
 
The table below sets forth our residential communities launched between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project Description
 
 
Year
Launched
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
   
Usable Area
(m2)(1) (2)
   
Completion
Year
   
Number of
Units (2)
   
% Sold (As of
December 31,
2009
 
Alphaville - Campo Grande
 
2007
    67       225,342       2009       489       99  
Alphaville - Rio Costa do Sol
 
2007
    58       313,400       2009       616       97  
Alphaville – Araçagy
 
2007
    38       236,118       2009       332       90  
Alphaville Jacuhy
 
2007
    65       374,290       2010       775       97  
Alphaville Londrina II
 
2007
    62.5       134,120       2010       554       64  
Alphaville Jacuhy II
 
2008
    65       177,981       2010       330       48  
Alphaville Cuiabá II
 
2008
    60       150,896       2010       424       42  
Alphaville João Pessoa
 
2008
    100       61,782       2010       124       100  
Alphaville Rio Costa do Sol II
 
2008
    58       349,186       2010       366       18  
Alphaville Manaus II
 
2008
    62.5       166,938       2010       335       80  
Alphaville Litoral Norte II
 
2008
    66       150,813       2010       391       33  
Alphaville Manaus Comercial
 
2008
    60       48,252       2010       42       27  
Alphaville Barra da Tijuca
 
2008
    65       173,251       2011       251       100  
Alphaville Votorantim
 
2008
    30       246,315       2010       472       71  
Alphaville Mossoró
 
2008
    70       65,912       2010       170       99  
Alphaville Caruaru
 
2009
    70       79,253       2011       172       100  
Alphaville Granja
 
2009
    33       65,360       2011       110       100  
Alphaville Votorantim 2
 
2009
    30       59,166       2011       51       83  
Conceito A Rio das Ostras
 
2009
    100       12,354       2011       106       27  
Alphaville Capina Grande
 
2009
    53       91,504       2011       205       49  
Alphaville Porto Alegre
 
2009
    64       258,991       2011       429       86  
Alphaville Piracicaba
 
2009
    63       112,351       2011       216       100  
Alphaville Gravataí 2
 
2009
    64       91,040       2011       225       86  
Alphaville Costa do Sol 3
 
2009
    58       234,966       2011       293       86  
Terras Alpha Foz do Iguaçu
 
2009
    27       34,269       2011       104       86  

(1)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(2)
Values for 100% of the building development.
 
The table below discloses the projects that were completed in 2009 or in prior years and where the number of units sold as of December 31, 2009 was less than 90%.
 
 
Project Description
 
Percentage of Units Sold
 
Residencial Trabalhador (a)
    87.0 %
Residencial Trabalhador – Phase 2 (a)
    87.0 %
Belle Vue (b)
    88.9 %
Espacio Laguna (c)
    88.8 %
Quinta Imperial (d)
    88.3 %
Alphaville Gravatai (e)
    83.0 %
Residencial Valencia (f)
    80.0 %
Residencial Bartolomeu de Gusmão (g)
    79.2 %
Residencial Vitória Régia (h)
    40.6 %

 

(a)
Residencial Trabalhador (Phases 1 and 2).  This development was 100.0% completed at December 31, 2009 and only 87.0% of the units were sold. According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 100.0% of the units were sold.
 
(b)
Belle Vue.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 94.4% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(c)
Espacio Laguna.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 97.5% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(d)
Quinta Imperial.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 100% of the units were sold.
 
(e)
Alphaville Gravataí.  Most of unsold inventory units are commercial and multi-family units. These units are easier to sell after completion of the residential area because it creates a demand for services. As of December 31, 2010, 91.6% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(f)
Residencial Valencia.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 97.5% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(g)
Residencial Bartolomeu de Gusmão.  According to the Company’s then-existing business plan, this development’s selling forecast indicated sales of the unsold units within a short time period with sales value higher than the accounted cost. As of December 31, 2010, 99.2% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
(h)
Residencial Vitória Regia.  This development was 100% completed at December 31, 2009 and yet only 41% of the units were sold. The larger percentage of unsold units is primarily attributable to the use of dry-wall in the construction for which it is not possible for a customer to obtain third party financing from a Brazilian financial institution. As a result, the Company began offering financing to select customers of up to 220 months in an effort to increase sales of such units.  As of December 31, 2010, 83.3% of the units were sold. The Company currently has no reason to believe that the carrying value of this property is greater than its market value.
 
Commercial Buildings
 
In 2009, we launched four commercial buildings:  Centro Empresarial Madureira, Paulista Corporate, Reserva Eco Office Life and Global Offices. As of December 31, 2008 we had four commercial buildings under development for sale: Sunplaza Personal Office and Icaraí Corporate, both in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Manhattan Wall Street in Salvador and JTR in Maceió.
 
In December 2007, we completed the Eldorado Business Tower in São Paulo, a triple A standard office building developed in partnership with São Carlos Empreendimentos e Participações S.A. and Banco Modal S.A. The Eldorado Business Tower brings together advanced technology and environmental innovation. The building is the fourth building in the world and the only building in Latin America to be pre-certified by U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.
 
Construction Service
 
We provide construction services to third parties, building residential and commercial projects for some of the most well-known developers in Brazil. This practice allows us to benchmark our construction costs, exposes us to new constructions materials, techniques and service providers such as architects and sub-contractors, and provides larger economies of scale. Third-party construction services are a significant, less volatile source of revenues, which does not require us to allocate capital. Our principal construction services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2009, our principal construction services clients were Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Sisan-Grupo Silvio Santos, Camargo Correa Desenvolvimento
 
Imobiliário S.A., Helbor Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., InCons S.A., SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda. and Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. We also provide construction services on certain developments where we retain an equity interest.
 
The table below sets forth the real estate building developments we have constructed exclusively for third parties between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project
 
First Year of
Construction
 
 
Client
 
 
Type of Project
Porto Pinheiros
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Holiday Inn
 
2007
 
Ypuã Empreendimentos Imobiliários SPE Ltda.
 
Hotel
Wave
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Corcovado
 
2007
 
Camargo Corrêa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A.
 
Residential
Open View (Oscar Freire)
 
2008
 
Grupo Sisan
 
Residential
Open View (Oscar Freire)
 
2008
 
Grupo Sisan
 
Residential
New Age
 
2009
 
Incols Curitiba Empreedimentos Imobiliários SPE
 
Residential
Duetto Volare
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Residential
Duetto Fioratta
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Residential
Carlyle
 
2009
 
Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários
 
Commercial

The table below sets forth the real estate developments we have constructed for third parties, in which we also have an equity interest, between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009:
 
 
Project
 
First Year of
Construction
 
Gafisa
Participation
(%)
 
 
Partner
 
Type of Project
Tiner Campo Belo
 
2007
 
45
 
Tiner Empreendimentos e Participações Ltda.
 
Residential
Forest Ville – Salvador
 
2007
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Garden Ville – Salvador
 
2007
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Reserva do Lago – Phase 1
 
2007
 
50
 
Invest Empreendimentos & Participações Ltda.
 
Residential
Alta Vista – Phase 1
 
2007
 
50
 
Cipesa Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Collori
 
2007
 
50
 
Park Empreendimentos Ltda.
 
Residential
Jatiuca Trade Residence
 
2007
 
50
 
Cipesa Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Espacio Laguna
 
2007
 
80
 
Tembok Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda.
 
Residential
Del Lago Res. Casas
 
2007
 
80
 
Plarcon Engenharia S.A.
 
Residential
Belle Vue POA
 
2007
 
80
 
Ivo Rizzo
 
Residential
Mirante do Rio
 
2007
 
60
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Acquerelle
 
2007
 
85
 
Civilcorp
 
Residential
Enseada das Orquideas
 
2008
 
80
 
Yuny
 
Residential
Evidence
 
2008
 
50
 
Park Empreendimentos Ltda.
 
Residential
Art Ville
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Palm Ville
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park das Águas – Phase 1
 
2008
 
50
 
Franere
 
Residential
Grand Park - Park Árvores – Phase 1
 
2008
 
50
 
Franere
 
Residential
Privilege
 
2008
 
80
 
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Horizonte
 
2008
 
80
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Horto Panamby
 
2008
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Residential
Manhattan Square – Phase 1
(Wall Street)
 
2009
 
50
 
OAS Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda.
 
Commercial
Chácara Santanna
 
2009
 
50
 
Monza Incoporadora
 
Residential
Montblanc
 
2009
 
80
 
Yuny
 
Residential
Carpe Diem RJ
 
2009
 
80
 
Mattos & Mattos
 
Residential
Mistral
 
2009
 
80
 
Premiun
 
Residential
Reserva do Bosque
 
2009
 
80
 
GM
 
Residential
Ecoville
 
2009
 
50
 
Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda
 
Residential

Sale of Units Through Our Brokerage Subsidiaries
 
In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas, to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. In February 2007, we created another new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas Rio, to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. These wholly-owned subsidiaries promote sales of our projects in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and focus their efforts on: (1) launches – our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers, thus creating
 
what we believe is a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio have each a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales – Gafisa Vendas and Gafisa Vendas Rio have each a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.
 
Our Clients
 
Our clients consist of development and construction service clients. Development clients are those who purchase units in our developments. As of December 31, 2009, our development-client database was comprised of more than 71,000 individuals. We currently have approximately 28,000 active clients. Our construction-services clients are large companies, many of them developers that do not build their own projects. As of December 31, 2009, we had, among our main construction services clients, the following companies: Fibra Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., Sisan-Grupo Silvio Santos, Camargo Correa Desenvolvimento Imobiliário S.A., Helbor Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., InCons SA, SDI Desenvolvimento Imobiliário Ltda. and Abyara Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. No individual client represents more than 5% of our revenues from residential developments or construction services.
 
Our Operations
 
The stages of our development process are summarized in the diagrams below:
 
 
Land Acquisition
 
We use results from our extensive market research to guide our land reserves strategy and process. Our marketing and development teams monitor market fundamentals and trends. We have developed a sophisticated database to support our search for and analysis of new investment opportunities. Key decision factors used by our management for land acquisition and new developments include location, type of product to be developed, expected demand for the new developments, current inventory of units in the region and acquisition cost of the land.
 
Whenever we identify an attractive tract of land, we first conduct a study of the project to define the most appropriate use of the space. Afterwards, the basic design of the project enters the economic feasibility study stage, where we consider preliminary revenues and expenses associated with the project. This study will determine project profitability. We collect and analyze information on demand, competition, construction budget, sales policy and funding structure to ensure economic viability of the new development. We then initiate a legal due diligence of the property to identify liens, encumbrances and restrictions, potential solutions to such issues and the relevant costs. Before acquiring the land, we conduct a thorough due diligence process including an environmental review. Each decision to acquire land is analyzed and approved by our investment committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices” elsewhere in this annual report for further information on the activities of our committees and boards.
 
We seek to finance land acquisition through swaps, in which we grant the seller a certain number of units to be built on the land or a percentage of the proceeds from the sale of units in such development. As a result, we reduce our cash requirements and increase our returns. In the event we cannot do so or in order to obtain better terms or prices, we acquire land for cash, alone or in partnership with other developers. We purchase land both for immediate development and for inventory.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we had an inventory of 383 land parcels in which we estimate we could develop a total of 90,522 residential units with a sales value of R$15.8 billion (US$9.1 billion), of which 50.7% represents land acquired through swaps. The table below sets forth the breakdown of our land reserves by location and by the type of development.
 
   
Gafisa
   
Alphaville
   
Tenda
 
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
   
Future Sales
(% Gafisa)
   
% Swap
 
Land bank - Per geographic location:
                                   
São Paulo
    3,440,753       35       1,037,146       96       1,242,754       21  
Rio de Janeiro
    1,456,652       35       210,601       99       1,804,694       20  
Other states
    2,678,652       59       2,714,614       100       1,237,486       18  
Total
    7,576,057       42       3,962,360       99       4,284,935       19  

Project Design
 
In order to meet evolving preferences of our customers, we invest considerable resources in creating an appropriate design and marketing strategy for each new development, which includes determining the size, style and price range of units. Our staff, including engineers and marketing and sales professionals, works with recognized independent architects on the planning and designing of our developments. Their activities include designing the interior and exterior, drafting plans for the execution of the project, and choosing the finishing construction materials. A team responsible for preparing the business plan and budget and assessing the financial viability for each of our projects is also involved. Simultaneously with the planning and designing of our developments, we seek to obtain all the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals from local authorities, which usually take three to twelve months in the case of our residential buildings and three years in the case of our residential communities.
 
Marketing and Sales
 
Our marketing efforts are coordinated by our internal dedicated staff of approximately 30 professionals. Our specialized team generally leads several independent brokerage companies with a combined sales force of more than 5,000 representatives, monitoring them in order to gain their loyalty and ensure performance. Our marketing team is also responsible for gathering information on the needs and preferences of potential customers to provide guidance on our land acquisition and project design activities. Gafisa Vendas was created as our internal sales division and it currently consists of 160 sales consultants and 11 sales managers.
 
The creation of Gafisa Vendas was intended to establish a strategic channel for us to access our clients and to reduce our dependence on outside brokers for marketing. Because the sales force at Gafisa Vendas are trained to sell our products exclusively, we believe that they are able to focus on the sale of our developments, articulate the unique features of our development better, manage our current customer and capture new customers more effectively. Gafisa Vendas was initially established in São Paulo and in 2007 rolled-out in Rio de Janeiro. In 2007 and 2008, Gafisa Vendas was our number one sales team, responsible for approximately 39% and 34% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. In 2009, Gafisa Vendas was responsible for approximately 41% and 55% of our sales in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively.
 
We will continue to utilize independent real estate brokerage firms as we believe the creation of Gafisa Vendas has created a healthy competition between our internal sales force and outside brokers. Independent brokers provide us with a broad reach, access to a specialized and rich database of prospective customers, and flexibility to accommodate the needs of our diverse offering and clientele. In line with our results-oriented culture, we compensate brokers based on their profit contribution rather than on sales. Brokers are required to attend periodic specialized training sessions where they are updated on customer service and marketing techniques, competing
 
developments, construction schedules, and marketing and advertising plans. We emphasize a highly transparent sales approach, as opposed to the traditional high-pressure techniques, in order to build customer loyalty and to develop a sense of trust between customers and us. At our showrooms, brokers explain the project and financing plans, answer questions and encourage customers to purchase or sign on to receive a visit or additional information.
 
We initiate our marketing efforts usually 30 days before the launch of a development. We normally have a showroom on or near the construction site, which includes a model unit furnished with appliances and furniture. We leverage on our reputation for quality, consistency, on-time delivery and professionalism to increase sales velocity. We have been successful with this strategy, usually selling approximately 60% of the units before construction starts.
 
Our subsidiary Alphaville has also been successful in its sales and marketing efforts. For example, in Vitória, Alphaville Jacuhy was 85% sold in its month of launch; in João Pessoa, Paraiba, the sales force needed only two days to market and sell all of its residential lots; in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 90% of the Alphaville lots available were sold in their month of launch; and Alphaville Caruaru in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Alphaville Granja in Carapicuiba, São Paulo and Alphaville Piracicaba in Piracicaba, São Paulo were 100% sold within one month of launch.
 
We market our developments through newspapers, direct mail advertising and by distributing leaflets in neighboring areas, as well as through telemarketing and websites. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we publish the magazine “Gafisa Way” which is distributed to our customers and offers news on our most recent developments and progress updates on buildings under construction.
 
Tenda’s sales and marketing efforts are coordinated through 32 store fronts located across the principal metropolitan areas of the country. A direct sales force is trained to offer advice to first-time home buyers and to assist these buyers in finding the best financing solution. In addition, this sales force provides information on the benefits under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” including the process of obtaining a mortgage through the CEF. Because the Tenda sales force is specially trained to provide information on the affordable entry-level segment, we believe that they are uniquely positioned to provide us with an advantage in this segment.
 
In addition to direct sales, Tenda markets its developments through telemarketing, which generates more than 80,000 calls per month and results in over 25,000 visits per month to its store fronts. Tenda also gathers information on its customers’ preferences to better tailor its marketing efforts and has implemented a customer relationship management department in order to improve its client satisfaction. Finally, Tenda focuses on improving its sales during the launch of a development using a specific strategy for each type of development. For example, with large developments, Tenda successfully combined its direct sales force with independent real estate brokerage firms, and the increase in such cost was offset by the significant increase in sales during the initial months after launch.
 
Under Brazilian law, we may establish a term within and the conditions under which we are entitled to cancel the development. According to our regular purchase contracts, if we are not able to sell at least 60% of the units within 180 days of launching, we can cancel the development. Under those circumstances, we usually consider changing the project or selling the land, but, in any of those cases, we have to return the cash payment made by our customers adjusted for inflation but with no interest. Customers, however, are not entitled to other remedies. Over the last five years, we have only cancelled nine developments.
 
Construction
 
Gafisa has been engaged in the construction business for over 50 years. Our experience spans across the entire construction chain. Before engaging in each new project, we develop sketches and research and develop projects and plans to create the most appropriate product possible. Our standardized construction techniques and unique control system are designed to optimize productivity and minimize raw material losses. Our monitoring tools are available on our intranet where all employees regularly review costs and key performance indicators of each development such as actual versus budget comparisons, volume consumption for each raw material, and construction schedule.
 
We use strict quality control methods. Procedure manuals describe in significant detail each task of each stage of the construction project. These manuals are also used for the training sessions we require all of our workers to
 
attend. In addition, we make quarterly reviews of projects delivered. The reviews focus on identifying problems in order to take corrective and preventive actions in projects underway and thus avoid costly repetition. We have adopted a quality management system that was certified for ISO 9002 by Fundação Bureau Veritas, from Universidade de São Paulo. We received in 2007 a certification from Programa Brasileiro de Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H), which is part of the Ministry of Cities. In addition, the Eldorado Business Tower building was certified as a Green Building, category Platinum, by U.S. Green Building Council, which attests that it is environmentally sustainable, through the rational use of energy, natural lighting, pollution control and recycling. There are only three other buildings in the world that have achieved this category.
 
We invest in technology. Our research and development costs amounted to R$1.4 million, R$1.5 million and R$1.5 million in each of 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We believe that we have pioneered the adoption of advanced construction techniques in Brazil such as dry wall and plane pre-stressed slabs, which present numerous advantages over traditional techniques. We also optimize costs by synchronizing our projects’ progress so as to coordinate the purchase of raw material and benefit from economies of scale. We have long-term arrangements with a number of suppliers which allow us to build our developments with quality, brand name construction materials and equipments, and advanced technology. Moreover, our centralized procurement center enables us to achieve significant economies of scale in the purchase of materials and retention of services.
 
We do not own heavy construction equipment and we employ directly only a small fraction of the labor working on our sites. We generally act as a contractor, supervising construction while subcontracting more labor-intensive activities. Substantially all on-site construction is performed for a fixed price by independent subcontractors. We hire reputable, cost-oriented and reliable service providers that are in compliance with labor laws and have performed their work diligently and on time in the past. Hiring subcontractors instead of employing them directly has some financial and logistical advantages. For instance, we do not need to incur fixed costs to maintain a specialized labor force even when they are not actively working at a construction site and we do not need to pay for frequent transfers of labor to different construction locations.
 
Our construction engineering group coordinates the activities of service providers and suppliers, guarantees compliance with safety and zoning codes, and ensures completion of the project on a timely basis. We provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects in all our developments.
 
Risk Control
 
Our risk control procedures require that all of our projects be approved by our investment committee, which meets on a monthly basis, or more frequently on an as-needed basis, and consists of our chief executive officer and two members of our board of directors (including one representative from Equity International). Our investment committee carefully reviews the various studies conducted by us and described above. In addition, we have a board of officers, which meets monthly, and is in charge of overseeing and approving major decisions. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership” in this annual report.
 
Customer Financing
 
The table below sets forth the terms of customer financing we provide for each type of our developments:
 
 
Sales Term
 
Luxury
   
Middle Income
   
Affordable
Entry-Level(1)
   
Land
Subdivisions (2)
 
Mortgage lending (delivery)
    40 %     75 %     60 %      
Caixa Econômica Federal
                40 %      
Gafisa 36 months
    35 %     10 %           40 %
Gafisa 60 months
    20 %     5 %           60 %
Gafisa 120 months
    5 %     10 %            

(1)
Includes Tenda developments.
 
(2)
Includes both Gafisa and Alphaville land subdivisions.
 

Mortgages. In 2009, 70% of our sales value was financed by bank mortgages, where the customer paid us approximately 20% to 30% of the sales price of the property during the period of construction, and upon delivery of the property paid the balance of the sales price through a bank mortgage. We analyze the credit history of each customer at the time of sale to see if the customer would qualify for a bank mortgage based on banks’ standard credit rating policies. Although there is no assurance that the customer will qualify for a mortgage at the time of delivery, our analyses have been fairly successful in predicting whether the customer would qualify for a mortgage. The following table sets forth the credit limits established by mortgage sources available in Brazil:
 
Credit Lines
 
Typical Interest rate
 
Maximum
Home Value
 
Maximum
Loan Value
Mortgage portfolio (Carteira Hipotecária) or CH
 
≤ 13% annually + TR(1)
 
No limit
 
No limit
Housing Finance System (Sistema Financeiro da Habitação) or SFH
 
≤ 12% annually + TR
 
R$500,000
 
R$450,000
Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia sobre Tempo de Serviços) or FGTS.
 
≤ 8.16% annually + TR
 
R$130,000
 
R$130,000

(1)
TR refers to the daily reference rate.
 

Mortgage financing for Tenda’s developments primarily comes from Caixa Econômica Federal, or the “CEF”, one of Brazil’s largest government-owned financial institutions. The financing is structured so that customers with monthly income of up to ten times the Brazilian minimum wage pay low monthly installments without increasing our credit risk. Additionally, as of December 31, 2009, Tenda was working with three private banks in addition to the CEF to provide financing for homebuyers with monthly income between five and 20 times the Brazilian minimum wage (the monthly minimum wage was approximately R$465 as of December 31, 2009) with similar terms as the financing provided by the CEF.
 
Financing by Gafisa during construction. We finance some of our own sales during the construction period, with a down payment of 20-30% and financing of the balance through monthly installments up to the delivery of the unit.
 
Financing by Gafisa after delivery. In addition, we offer financing plans to prospective customers using our own capital, where we finance purchases for up to 120 months after the completion of the construction. For completed units we require a down payment of 30% and financing of the remaining balance with up to 120 monthly installments. For units under construction we require a down payment of 10% and provide financing of 20-30% with up to 30 monthly installments until the delivery of the unit and financing of the remaining 60-70% with up to 120 additional monthly installments. All of our financing plans are guaranteed by a conditional sale of the unit, with the transfer of the full property rights of the unit to the customer upon the full payment of the outstanding installments.
 
We have developed a strict credit policy in order to minimize risks. We take the following steps whenever we conduct a credit review process:
 
 
·  
trained independent brokers interview each potential customer to collect personal and financial information and fill out a registration form;
 
 
·  
registration forms are delivered, along with a copy of the property deed, to us and, if the bank providing the financing requests, to an independent company specialized in real estate credit scoring;
 
 
·  
credit is automatically extended by us to the customer if his or her credit analysis is favorable. However, if the credit analysis report raises concerns, we will carefully review the issues and accept or reject the customer’s application depending on the degree of risk. To the extent financing is provided by a bank, such financial institution will follow their own credit review procedures; and
 
 
·  
after approving the application, our staff accepts the upfront down payment which is given as a deposit on the purchase of the unit.
 
Sales contracts. Our sales contracts generally provide for adjustment of the sales price according to the INCC during construction and at an annual interest rate of 12% plus IGP-M over the receivables balance after a stated date
 
in our sales contracts. We have historically experienced a low rate of customer default on our sales. As of December 31, 2009, our consolidated clients’ default level on a consolidated basis was 4.51% of our accounts receivable. We attribute our low default rate to the fact that:  (1) we conduct database research on the socio-economic background of our prospective customers; (2) our agreements discourage default and cancellation of the purchase by imposing immediate penalty fees, interest and liquidated damages which are adjusted for inflation, and we retain approximately 60% (Gafisa), 20% (Tenda) and 20% (Alphaville) of the total purchase price plus expenses incurred by us, which in general represents all or a substantial portion of the amount that the defaulted clients have already paid us; and (3) we offer several options to our customers if they experience financial difficulties, such as offering them a greater number of installment payments or exchanging the unit bought for a less expensive one. When a default occurs, we endeavor to renegotiate the outstanding loan with our customers before taking any legal action. We will only transfer title of the unit to a buyer after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by local authority and/or the full payment of all outstanding installments. We have decreased the percentage of mortgages that our customers obtain from us from approximately 33% in 2006 to 30% in 2009. This decrease reflects the growing interest of commercial banks in financing the Brazilian housing industry.
 
The table below sets forth the client’s default level breakdown segment.
 
   
Gafisa
 
Alphaville
 
Tenda
Default level by segment
 
4.15%
 
4.86%
 
4.87%

Cancelation of sales contracts. Gafisa and Tenda sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law. That means that a customer does not have the unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless we agree. To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, we may at our option either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to a “default” by the customer. Should we agree at our sole discretion to refund part of amounts paid to the defaulting party, we will normally apply the penalty set forth in the contract.
 
In the event either we or the customer do not agree to enter into a commercial negotiation following a customer default there are two courses of action available:
 
 
1.
The first option is that we may seek to enforce the agreement in Court to collect the amount outstanding and effectively transfer ownership of the unit to the buyer.
 
 
2.
As provided in the contract and contemplated in Brazilian law we have the right to force the unit to be auctioned. When the unit is purchased in auction by a third party the proceeds from the auction are used in part to settle in full (including interest and penalties for late payments) the amount owed by the customer to Gafisa and the remaining balance is paid to the customer. When no third party is willing to acquire the unit in the auction, the title to the unit returns to Gafisa or Tenda without any disbursement, except for the auctioneers fees. Provisions in the Gafisa contract indicate that when such auction occurs it is without prejudice of the penalties set forth in this contract (meaning that the penalty provisions survive). Upon consultation, our legal counsel advised us that the customer has a right to request that amounts paid by him be returned after the contractual “penalty” has been deducted.
 
The table below provides the number and sales value of contracts terminated by customers for the periods presented:
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands
except as otherwise
indicated)
 
Segment
                                   
Gafisa
                                   
Contracted sales
    4,510     R$ 1,637,961       4,099     R$ 1,484,854       5,145     R$ 1,499,588  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (320 )   R$ (127,886 )     (366 )   R$ (139,442 )     (324 )   R$ (111,301 )
Percentage
    7.1 %     7.8 %     8.9 %     9.4 %     6.3 %     7.4 %
Sales value, net of terminations
    4,190     R$ 1,510,075       3,733     R$ 1,345,412       4,821     R$ 1,388,287  
 
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands)
   
Number of
contracts
   
Sales value
(R$ thousands
except as otherwise
indicated)
 
Tenda (1)
                                               
Contracted sales
    21,193     R$ 1,804,193       12,348     R$ 1,055,892    
__
   
__
 
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (5,322 )   R$ (443,089 )     (5,796 )   R$ (462,635 )  
__
   
__
 
Percentage
    25.1 %     24.6 %     46.9 %     43.8 %  
__
   
__
 
Sales value net of terminations
    15,871     R$ 1,361,105       6,552     R$ 593,257    
__
   
__
 
                                                 
Alphaville
                                               
Contracted sales
    2,230     R$ 402,599       1,621     R$ 310,343       1,314     R$ 239,817  
Volume/Sales value of terminations
    (279 )   R$ (25,714 )     (103 )   R$ (10,454 )     (15 )   R$ (1,500 )
Percentage
    12.5 %     6.4 %     6.4 %     3.4 %     1.1 %     0.7 %
Sales value net of termination
    1,951     R$ 376,885       1,518     R$ 299,889       1,299     R$ 238,317  
Total sales value net of termination
    22,012     R$ 3,248,065       11,803     R$ 2,238,558       6,120     R$ 1,626,604  

(1)
IncludesTenda from the date of its acquisition in October 2008.
 

Upon a recognition of a default, the Company enters into commercial negotiations with its customer to determine the amount to be ultimately refunded. Refunds have historically averaged 35% of amounts paid for Gafisa segment and 76% of amounts paid for Tenda segment. Consistent with those historical percentages, during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, penalties charged to customers that have defaulted and contracts cancelled, have been as follows:
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in R$ million)
 
                   
Gafisa
  R$ 5.4     R$ 2.7     R$ 5.3  
Tenda
  R$ 7.8     R$ 4.8        

This table includes Tenda from the date of its acquisition in October 2008. These penalties are charged in order to reimburse the Company for sales and marketing costs previously incurred, and thus they are accounted as a credit to “Real estate development sales” within “Gross operating revenue” in the statement of income.
 
Receivables securitization. We release capital for new projects by seeking not to maintain receivables after our projects are completed. We have been active in the securitization market and we are capitalizing on an increasing investor demand for mortgage-backed securities. The securitization (mortgage-backed securities) market in Brazil is relatively new but we believe it is rapidly expanding. This expansion is helped significantly by recent development in Brazilian foreclosure laws.
 
With the growing availability of mortgages from commercial banks and the increasing liquidity of mortgage-backed securities (CRIs), we expect to further reduce our role as a financing provider to our customers. Our goal is to optimize our working capital by transferring the financing activities to securitization companies and banks.
 
Main Raw Materials and Suppliers
 
We purchase a wide variety of raw materials for our operations. Even though these raw materials have represented on average, over the last three years, approximately 34% of our total costs of development, aside from land, the only raw material that represents more than approximately 5% of our total costs is steel. Prices of some raw materials have significantly increased over the last two years at a rate much higher than inflation. The index that measures the fluctuation of construction costs, the INCC, increased 23% during the three year period ended
 
December 31, 2009. During that same period, the IGP-M increased 15%, resulting in an increase in unit prices. We have been working on the development of new construction techniques and the utilization of alternative materials in order to reduce costs and improve our construction process with advanced technology.
 
We contract with major suppliers for the materials used in the construction of the buildings. We receive general pricing proposals from various suppliers of raw materials and select the proposal with the best terms and conditions for each development. In addition to pricing, we select our suppliers by the quality of their materials. We set forth specific minimum quality requirements for each construction, and the chosen supplier must meet this quality requirement. The materials for our developments are readily available from multiple sources and, accordingly, we do not rely on any one supplier for our raw materials.
 
Our four largest suppliers in terms of volume are Gerdau Açominas S.A., Votorantim Cimentos Brasil Ltda., Cia. Brasileira de Concreto S.A. and Supermix Concreto S.A. In general terms, we purchase products for our construction based on the scheduled requirements, and we are given approximately 28 days to pay. The products we purchase generally come with a five-year warranty. We do not have any exclusive arrangements with our suppliers. We work closely with suppliers, enabling them to schedule their production in order to meet our demand or notify us in advance in the event they anticipate delays. We have good relationships with our suppliers and have experienced no significant construction delays due to shortages of materials in recent years. We do not maintain inventories of construction materials.
 
We achieve significant economies of scale in our purchases because we
 
 
·  
use standard construction techniques,
 
 
·  
engage in a large number of projects simultaneously, and
 
 
·  
have long-term relationships with our suppliers. We periodically evaluate our suppliers. In the event of problems, we generally replace the supplier or work closely with them to solve the problems.
 
Customer Services
 
In our industry, customer satisfaction is based in large part on our ability to respond promptly and courteously to buyers before, during and after the sale of our properties, including providing an owner’s guide containing all the documents of the unit delivered. We use innovative and personalized customer service techniques beginning with the initial encounter with a potential customer. Our customer service techniques are innovative as we believe we were one of the first homebuilders in Brazil to introduce services such as breakfast for customers at construction sites and providing monthly photos to customers on the progress of the construction. These services are provided with the objective of educating customers on the progress of the construction and improving customers’ experience with the purchase of our units. Other customer services efforts include:
 
 
·  
a dedicated outsourced call center with consultants and specialists trained to answer our customers’ inquiries;
 
 
·  
the development of the “Gafisa Viver Bem” portal, through which our customers can, for example, follow the project’s progress, alter their registration information, simulate unit designs and check their outstanding balances;
 
 
·  
the development of the “Comunidade Alphaville” portal, which aims to foster a sense of community among the residents of our residential communities; and
 
 
·  
the development of the “Gafisa Personal Line,” through which buyers of certain units are able to customize their units in accordance with plans and finishing touches offered by Gafisa. Such options vary by development.
 
As part of our customer service program in our residential developments, we conduct pre-delivery inspections to promptly address any outstanding construction issues. Prior to the delivery of each unit, we maintain regular contact with the customer by sending the customer our magazine “Gafisa Way.”  We also conduct monitored
 
inspections of our developments to allow buyers to gather more information from our technical personnel. In addition, we send a monthly status report on the construction of the unit. We conduct another evaluation of the customer’s satisfaction with his or her unit, as well as the customer’s experience with our sales personnel and our various departments (customer services, construction and title services) 18 months after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by the relevant local authority. We also provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects, which is required by Brazilian law.
 
We also promote a program called the “Alphaville Clubes – Lazer Brasil,” which allows owners of the Alphaville developments and other registered members to use the facilities of all Alphaville clubs throughout the country. News on our Alphaville communities are posted on Alphaville’s website, which also contains documents and information related to each of our Alphaville developments exclusively for owners of Alphaville developments.
 
Competition
 
The real estate market in Brazil is highly fragmented and competitive with low barriers to entry. The main competitive advantages include price, financing, design, quality, reputation, reliability, meeting delivery expectations, partnerships with developers and the availability and location of the land. In particular, certain of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, which could be an advantage over us in the acquisition of land using cash. In addition, some of our competitors have a better brand recognition in certain regions, which could give them a competitive advantage in increasing the velocity of their sales. Because of our geographic diversification, we believe that we have access to different markets within Brazil that have different demand drivers.
 
Because of the high fragmentation of the markets we operate in, no single developer or construction company is likely to obtain a significant market share. With the exception of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we face competition from major publicly-traded competitors, in other regions we generally face competition from small and medium-sized local competitors that are not as well-capitalized. We expect additional entrants, including foreign companies in partnership with Brazilian entities, into the real estate industry in Brazil, particularly the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets.
 
The table below sets forth the most recent data available on our market share in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets:
 
São Paulo (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    12,718       17,365       17,537  
Gafisa(2)
    896       1,187       747  
Gafisa’s market share
    7.0 %     6.8 %     4.3 %

Source: EMBRAESP and SECOVI.
 

Rio de Janeiro (1) – Gafisa’s Market Share
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
Year
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Launches in R$ million)
 
Local market
    2,809       4,260       3,464  
Gafisa(2)
    85       629       265  
Gafisa’s market share
    3.0 %     14.8 %     7.7 %

Source: ADEMI.
 
(1)
Metropolitan region.
 
(2)
Gafisa stake.
 
We believe we are the leader in residential community developments. Our subsidiary Alphaville has a sizable and what we believe to be non-replicable land reserves, which will foster our future growth in the upcoming years with relatively low risk.
 
Seasonality
 
Although the Brazilian real estate market is not generally seasonal, there are a few months of the year when the market slows down (January, February and July) of each year. These months coincide with school vacations and result in the postponement of investment decisions. We are impacted similarly as the rest of the market during such period.
 
Subsidiaries
 
We carry out our real estate developments directly or through our subsidiaries or our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties. As of December 31, 2009, we had 58 subsidiaries and 40 jointly-controlled entities under operations, all of them incorporated as special purpose entities and headquartered in Brazil. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities operate exclusively in the real estate sector.
 
Intellectual Property
 
Trademarks
 
Our trademarks are filed or registered in Brazil with the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial), or the “INPI.” Currently, the registration process takes approximately 30 to 36 months from the date of filing of the application for a definitive registration to be granted. From the date of filing of the application to the date of the definitive registration, the applicant has an expectation of right for the use of the trademark in connection with the products and services for which the trademark was applied for.
 
Each trademark registration is effective for a 10-year period and is renewable for equal and successive periods. Renewal of registration is granted by request accompanied by payment of renewal fees during the final year of the trademark’s registration or within the 6-month waiting period after the registration has expired. In the latter case, if the request is not accompanied by due payment, the registration is cancelled by the INPI.
 
A trademark registration is terminated by (1) expiration of its term; (2) the trademark holder’s total or partial waiver of the rights granted by registration; (3) forfeiture, in the case of the applicant’s or the holder’s failure to use a registered trademark in connection with goods or services for a period of more than five years; or (4) failure to appoint a Brazilian resident with powers to represent the applicant or holder in administrative or judicial proceedings, in cases where the applicant or the holder resides abroad.
 
As of the date of this annual report, we had approximately 108 pending trademark applications and 96 trademark registrations in Brazil with the INPI, including our subsidiaries (except for (1) Alphaville, which had approximately 68 pending trademark applications and 110 trademark registrations under its name and (2) Tenda, which had 35 pending trademark applications and 6 trademark registrations, including four trademark applications and one trademark registrations currently under FIT’s name with the INPI). Our most significant trademark is “Gafisa,” which is duly registered with the INPI in the relevant market segment. Our trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between May 2010 and December 2019. Alphaville’s trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between April 2011 and November 2019 and Tenda’s trademark registrations will expire, unless renewed, between January 2016 and December 2019. We will seek to renew our trademarks expiring in 2010, after evaluating their continuing applicability.
 
Our only trademark registration outside of Brazil is for the trademark “Gafisa,” which is registered in the United States.
 
Domain Name
 
As of the date of this annual report, we, together with our subsidiaries, were the owners of approximately 140 domain names including our and our subsidiaries’ principal websites. The term of each domain name registration is one year and is renewable for equal and successive periods. An annual fee payment is necessary for the maintenance
 
of the domain name registrations. Other than non-payment of the annual fee, domain name registration may be cancelled by: (1) express waiver of the owner; (2) irregularities in the data form as requested by the respective agency; (3) non-compliance with applicable regulations; (4) judicial order; or (5) in the case of foreign companies, non-compliance with the obligation to initiate the company’s activities in Brazil. Two of our domain names expired in December 2009 and in January 2010 and we are in process of renewing them. The other domain names will, unless renewed, expire between March 2010 and January 2012. We will seek to renew our domain names expiring in 2010, after evaluating their continuing applicability.
 
Patents
 
We have no patents registered in our name.
 
Licenses
 
Under Brazilian laws, we are required to obtain a variety of licenses for each of our new developments. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained all necessary licenses and permits to operate our business.
 
Insurance
 
We maintain insurance policies with leading and financially sound Brazilian insurance companies, such as Allianz Seguros S.A., UBF Garantias & Seguros S.A., Itau Unibanco Seguros e J.Malluceli Seguros S.A. and Áurea Seguros S.A. Our insurance policies cover potential risks from the commencement of construction, including property damages, business interruption, engineering risks, fire, falls, collapse, lightning, gas explosion, and possible construction errors. Such insurance policies contain customary specifications, limits and deductibles. We do not maintain any insurance policy for our properties after construction is completed. Our management believes that the insurance coverage for our properties is adequate. No assurance can be given, however, that the amount of insurance we carry will be sufficient to protect us from material loss in the future.
 
Regulatory Framework
 
Brazilian Government and Real Estate Sector Regulations.
 
The real estate sector is directly regulated by the Brazilian government and is indirectly impacted by the government’s regulations on the availability of credit. Regulations include development policies, zoning restrictions and environmental laws which can determine the availability of different products offered in the market. For example, city master plans restrict the types of real estate developments that can be constructed in a given area.
 
As a general rule, the NBCC requires that the transfer of title of real estate properties, as well as the assignment, transfer, change or waiver of rights on real estate properties, be carried out by means of a public deed, except in certain cases, such as when the Real Estate Finance System (Sistema Financeiro Imobiliario), or SFI, or the SFH, are involved. The intent of this rule is to increase the security of property transfers.
 
According to applicable law, transfer of real estate title is only deemed effective upon the registration of the transfer with the relevant Real Estate Registry Office. The procedure for the execution of public deeds and also the respective registration with the Real Estate Registry Office (Registro Imobiliário) is regulated by the Brazilian Law of Public Registers (Lei de Registros Públicos).
 
Real Estate Development
 
Real estate development activities are regulated by Law No. 4,591 of December 16, 1964, as amended, or Law No. 4,591. The main duties of a developer are to: (1) obtain all required construction approvals and authorizations from the proper authorities; (2) register the development with the Real Estate Registry Office (without registration, the developed units cannot be sold); (3) indicate in the preliminary documents the deadline for the developer to withdraw from the development; (4) indicate in all advertisements and sales contracts the registration number of the development with the Real Estate Registry Office; (5) oversee the construction of the project established by the contract which must be in accordance with the approval granted by the authorities; (6) deliver to the final owner the completed units, in accordance with the contractual specifications, and transfer to the final owner the title of the unit by signing the final sale deed; (7) assume sole responsibility for the delivery of the developed units to the respective
 
purchasers; (8) assume sole responsibility in the event the construction of the unit is not in accordance with the advertisements and sale contracts; and (9) provide construction blueprints and specifications along with the joint ownership agreement to the proper Real Estate Registry Office. The final owner is obligated, in turn, to pay the price related to the cost of the land and the construction.
 
The construction of the real estate units may be contracted and paid for by the developer or by the final owners of the units. Brazilian law provides for two pricing methods in real estate development: (1) construction under contract and (2) construction under a system of management. In construction under contract, the contracting parties will either set a fixed price, stipulated before the construction begins, or agree on an adjustable price pegged to an index determined by the contracting parties. In construction under a system of management, an estimated price is agreed upon by the contracting parties, but no fixed final price is provided at the beginning of the construction process. The actual amount that purchasers of the units pay depends on the monthly costs of the developer or contractor.
 
Urban Land Subdivisions
 
Urban land subdivisions consist of subdivisions of urban land parcels into building lots and the construction of new roads and other infrastructure, and are regulated by Law No. 6,766 from December 19, 1979. The Brazilian Urban Land Subdivision Act governs urban land subdivisions and establishes, among other things, the planning and technical requirements for this form of land parceling and the obligations of the developers, and also provides for fines and sanctions in the event of violation of its provisions.
 
Under the Urban Land Subdivision Act, land subdivisions are intended for the creation of lots in urban areas or urban expansion zones, as defined by the planning director or approved by municipal law, and must comply with Law No. 6,766 from December 19, 1979.
 
For the construction of land subdivisions, the developer must proceed through the following steps: (1) prior to developing the land subdivision plan, it must request the municipality in which the development will be located to issue directives on use policies specifically to the land, such as the delineation of lots, road and street systems and areas reserved for municipal or community properties; (2) pursuant to the directives issued by the municipality, it must develop a plan for the proposed land subdivision and present it to the municipality for approval, including the plans, designs, descriptions, and schedule for performance of the work, among other documents; and (3) after approval for the land subdivision project is obtained, it must be submitted for recording in the property registry of the appropriate Real Estate Registry Office within 180 days.
 
In addition to the approval of the project by the municipality in which the development will be located, the approval of other governmental bodies may be necessary in cases where the land subdivision: (1) is located in an area of particular interest, such as a protected cultural heritage site, as defined by state or federal legislation; (2) is located in the boundary area of a city, belongs to more than one municipality, or is in a metropolitan region as defined in state or federal law; or (3) has an area greater than 1 million m², in which case the state where the development will be located will be responsible for reviewing and approving it prior to the approval by the municipality, and will also determine the regulations to which the development must be subject.
 
The legal requirements for the approval of the land subdivision by a municipality include: (1) the developer must preserve a percentage of the land used for residential communities as open spaces for public use and for municipal or community properties with the percentage determined by each municipal zoning code; (2) each lot must have a minimum area of 125 m² and the distance between the building and the street must be at least five meters; and (3) the developer must reserve 15 meters of land on either side of running or still water and of strips of public domain land for roads and highways.
 
The Urban Land Subdivision Act also sets forth locations where subdivisions are not permitted, such as: (1) on wetlands and those subject to flooding, until measures have been taken to assure water drainage; (2) on land that has been filled with material that is a public health hazard, unless previously cleaned up; (3) on land that has a slope equal to or greater than 30 degrees, unless the requirements of the appropriate authorities have been met; (4) on lands where geological conditions make buildings inadvisable; and (5) in ecological preserves or areas where pollution creates unacceptable sanitary conditions, until corrected.
 
 
51

 
In order to offer greater security to the property market, the Urban Land Subdivision Act prohibits the sale or promise of sale of any lot that is the result of a subdivision where the developer has not previously obtained approval by the appropriate municipality and the development has not been recorded with the respective Real Estate Registry Office. If any such lot is sold or contracted to be sold, the developer and any person or legal entity benefiting from such sale or promise of sale shall be jointly liable for the resulting damages to the purchaser and the public authorities.
 
Assets for Appropriation
 
Law No. 10,931 provides for certain protection of real estate assets. Accordingly, such protected assets are segregated from other properties, rights and obligations of the developer, including other assets previously appropriated, and such appropriated assets can only be used to guarantee debts and obligations related to the respective development. The appropriated assets are considered bankruptcy free and will not be affected in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer, joint ownership of the construction may be instituted by a resolution of the purchasers of the units or by judicial decision. The joint owners of the construction will decide whether the project will proceed or the assets appropriated will be liquidated. Developers may also opt to submit a project to appropriation in order to benefit from a special tax system. Under this system, land and objects built on the land, financial investments in the land, and any other assets and rights with respect to the land are considered to be protected for benefit of the construction of that development and the delivery of the units to the final owners, and are thus separate from the remaining assets of the developer.
 
In addition, in order to encourage the use of the appropriation system, a new rule was enacted on March 30, 2009, which granted tax benefits for the adoption of the system by reducing tax rates on appropriated assets from 7% to 6% and, in the case of the appropriated assets under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” from 7% to 1%.
 
We have not yet utilized the appropriation system for any of our real estate developments. We prefer to use our subsidiaries and our jointly-controlled entities for each specific real estate development. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities allow us to borrow funds by segregating the credit risk taken on by the financial institutions.
 
Credit Policy Regulations
 
The real estate sector is highly dependent on the availability of credit in the market, and the Brazilian government’s credit policy significantly affects the availability of funds for real estate financing, thus influencing the supply and demand for properties.
 
Housing Finance System, or “SFH”
 
Law No. 4,380 of August 21, 1964, as amended, created the SFH to promote the construction and ownership of private homes, especially for low income earners. Financing resources under the SFH’s control are provided by the Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço), or “FGTS,” and from savings account deposits. The FGTS, created by Law No. 5,107 of September 13, 1966 and regulated by Law No. 8,036 of May 11, 1990, imposes a mandatory 8% employee payroll deduction on all employees in Brazil. Employees maintain FGTS accounts, which are similar to pension funds, and are allowed, among other things, to use the funds deposited in the accounts for the acquisition of real estate property under certain circumstances, as set forth by applicable law. CEF is the agency responsible for managing the funds deposited in the FGTS. In order to be eligible for the financing, the beneficiary must purchase either (1) a new unit priced between R$80,000 and R$130,000 with a minimum down payment of 5% or (2) a completed unit or unit under construction priced at up to R$450,000. In addition, in both cases, the beneficiary shall (1) not own or be the committed purchaser of any residential real estate financed by SFH within Brazil; (2) not own or be the committed purchaser of, any real estate property built or under construction in both his or her current city of residence and the city where the beneficiary conducts his or her main activities; (3) reside for at least one year in the city where the property is located; (4) pay the FGTS; and (5) be registered for at least three years with the FGTS regime. The unemployed also have access to the FGTS to purchase real estate property provided that he still has funds on the FGTS account (where the 8% payroll deduction was deposited while employed).
 
Financings that originate from savings account deposits in the entities comprising the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo), or “SBPE,” are regulated by the Central Bank. Such financings can be obtained through the SFH, which is strictly regulated by the Brazilian government, or through the mortgage portfolio system, where banks are free to set the financing conditions. SFH financing offers fixed interest rates lower than the market rates, capped at 12% per year, and SFH financing contract terms vary, in general, between 15 and 30 years. The mortgage portfolio system financing offers market interest rates as determined by the financial institutions, generally varying between 12% and 14% per year.
 
CMN Resolution No. 3,347 of February 8, 2006, as amended, or Resolution No. 3,347, provides for the allocation of the funds deposited in savings accounts in the entities comprising SBPE and states that the following conditions must be met for SFH financing: (1) the maximum amount of the financing is R$450,000; (2) the maximum sales price for the financed unit is R$500,000; (3) the maximum actual cost to the borrower, which includes charges such as interest, fees and other financial costs, except insurance, may not exceed 12% per year; and (4) in the event of an outstanding balance at the end of the financing term, such term will be extended by half of the initial term.
 
SFH financings need to be secured by at least one of the following: (1) a first mortgage over the unit that is being financed; (2) a conditional sale over the unit that is being financed, as prescribed by Law No. 9,514 of November 20, 1997, as amended by Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, or Law No. 9,514; (3) a first mortgage or conditional sale, as determined by Law No. 9,514, of other property of the borrower or a third party; or (4) some other guarantee, as established by the financing agent. SFH funds are only released upon the formalization of one of these methods of guaranteeing the loan.
 
The federal government has recently announced changes in the regulations on financing and construction in order to promote growth in the real estate market. Among the measures announced are: (1) financial institutions have the option to grant financing with previously fixed rates; (2) lenders have the option of excluding the TR index (Taxa Referencial) from the financing and applying only the limit of 12% per year; (3) allowing financing installment payments to be directly deducted from a borrower’s wage; (4) establishing a new credit program from CEF to real estate developers; and (5) reducing the Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or “IPI,” for products utilized in the construction segment.
 
Mortgage Portfolio
 
While a large portion of the funds in the deposits in saving accounts are allocated to SFH, some of the funds are allocated to loans granted at market rates. CMN Resolution No. 3,005 of July 30, 2002, as amended, before the enactment of Resolution No. 3,347, increased the financing of new real estate projects from approximately R$2 billion in 2003 to approximately R$3 billion in 2004 and established that at least 65% of these deposits should be used for real estate financing, with a minimum of 80% of the financing going to housing loans under the SFH and the remaining balance for loans granted at market rates which are usually higher than in SFH loans, including mortgage portfolio used by banks for the concession of housing loans.
 
In early 2005 the Brazilian government took a number of measures to better regulate the use of the funds raised in savings account deposits in order to promote growth of the real estate sector, these measures included: (1) cancellation of payment to the Central Bank of funds not invested in real estate financing in January, February and March; (2) creation of a real estate interbank deposit market to allow financial institutions with excessive investments in real estate to trade with financial institutions that has capacity for more real estate credits; (3) increase of the operating limits of the SFH to units with a maximum sales price of R$350,000; (4) review of the factors used in the calculation guidelines of the SFH in order to stimulate financing for the acquisition of new real estate properties at a low cost, applicable as of January 1, 2005; and (5) authorization for the SFH to provide financing to legal entities for the construction of development projects for their employees, provided that such entities follow all SFH guidelines. These changes have significantly increased the funds available for investments in the Brazilian real estate sector.
 
Real Estate Finance System, or “SFI”
 
The SFI was created by Law No. 9,514 to establish assignment, acquisition and securitization criteria for real estate credits. The system seeks to develop primary (loans) and secondary (trading of securities backed by
 
receivables) markets for the financing of real estate properties by creating advantageous payment conditions and special protection of creditors’ rights. The SFI supervises real estate financing transactions carried out by savings banks, commercial banks, investment banks, real estate credit portfolio banks, housing loan associations, savings and loan associations, mortgage companies and other entities authorized by the CMN to provide such financing. SFI real estate credits may be freely negotiated by the parties, under the following conditions: (1) the amount loaned and the related adjustments must be fully reimbursed; (2) interest must be paid at the rates established by the contract; (3) interest must be capitalized; and (4) borrowers must purchase life and permanent disability insurance.
 
Real estate sales, rental, or other real estate property financing in general, can be negotiated with non-financial institutions under the same conditions permitted by authorized entities under the SFI. In these cases, non-financial entities are authorized to charge capitalized interest rates greater than 12% per year.
 
The following types of guarantees are applicable to loans approved by the SFI: (1) mortgages; (2) fiduciary assignment of credit rights resulting from sales contracts; (3) guarantee of credit rights resulting from contracts of sale or promise of sale of property; and (4) conditional sale of real estate property.
 
Law No. 9,514 also reformed securitizations of real estate assets provisions, making them less expensive and more attractive. The securitization of credits in the context of the SFI is made through real estate securitization companies, non-financial institutions formed as joint stock companies whose objective is to acquire and securitize real estate credits. Funds raised by the securitizing companies can be made through the issuance of debentures or notes, or the creation of a new type of Real Estate Receivable Certificates (Certificados de Recebíveis Imobiliários), or “CRIs.” According to applicable law, CRIs are nominative credit securities issued exclusively by securitizing companies, backed by real estate credits, freely negotiated, and payable in cash. CRIs tend to have, among others, the following characteristics: they are issued in book-entry form, they may have fixed or floating interest rates and can be paid in installments, they may contain adjustment provisions, they are registered and traded through centralized systems of custody and financial settlement of private securities and they can be secured by the assets of the issuing company.
 
“Minha Casa, Minha Vida” Program
 
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, the government is authorized to spend up to R$2.5 billion on families with monthly incomes of up to six times the minimum wage purchasing houses with assessed values between R$80,000 and R$130,000.
 
Municipal Legislation
 
Municipal planning is regulated by articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution and by Law No. 10,257 of July 10, 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade). Law No. 10,257 provides, among other things, for the establishment of (1) rules for the parceling, use and occupation of urban tracts of land in each municipality for the collective welfare and environmental balance of the community; and (2) a master plan, which shall be reviewed every 10 years. The master plan is the guiding tool used to plan developments in the urban areas of each municipality and is used as a reference by all public and private agents acting within the municipality. It establishes the strategic goals and general guidelines for urban construction, the objectives and guidelines for differentiated areas of planning and the instruments for their deployment.
 
We set out below certain details of the laws governing the municipal planning of the two major cities in which we operate, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro:
 
São Paulo Municipality
 
City laws govern the zoning, construction, parceling, use and occupation of land in the municipality of São Paulo. They set forth technical and urban planning requirements for parceling, and provide that the division, subdivision or segregation of urban tracts of land are subject to the prior approval of the São Paulo municipal government. Moreover, the zoning laws describe the types of permissible uses for the land and their respective
 
characteristics, by dividing São Paulo into areas of use with fixed locations, limits and boundaries. They also provide for fines and sanctions for noncompliance.
 
Municipal Law No. 13,430 of September 13, 2002, approved the master plan and created the Planning System of the municipality of São Paulo. In addition, Law No. 11,228 of June 25, 1992, approved the Code of Works and Construction, regulated by Decree 32,329 of September 23, 1992, which governs administrative and executive procedures and sets forth the rules to be followed in the planning, licensing, execution, maintenance and use of public works and construction within properties in the municipality of São Paulo, and provides for sanctions and fines applicable in cases of non-compliance with these rules.
 
Rio de Janeiro Municipality
 
Decree 322 of March 3, 1976, of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and Decree “E” 3,800 of April 20, 1970, of the then State of Guanabara, jointly created the municipality’s Zoning Regulation, Land Parceling Regulation and Construction Regulation. These regulations control the use of the municipality land, including urban zoning, use of properties, development of construction sites and conditions for the use of each zone in the municipality. The Ten-Year Master Plan of the municipality, approved pursuant to Supplementary Law 16 of June 4, 1992, establishes rules and procedures related to urban policy of the municipality, determines guidelines, provides instruments for its execution and defines area policies and their related programs, aiming at meeting the social needs of the city.
 
Environmental Issues
 
We are subject to a variety of Brazilian federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, as described below. Applicable environmental laws may vary according to the development’s location, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site. These environmental laws may result in delays, cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs, and prohibit or severely restrict development. Before we purchase any real estate property, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, waste substances, springs, trees, vegetation and the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas. We generally condition the consummation of real estate property acquisitions on obtaining the required regulatory approvals prior to closing.
 
We have adopted certain practices to further our commitment to environmental protection and landscape development. Through our Selective Collection Project, we have partnered with private and governmental entities, including non-governmental organizations, to educate others about the environment. We provide training to all of our outsourced workers before we begin work on any particular project that focuses on the importance of preserving the environment and how to effectively collect, store and control recycling materials. Our subsidiary Alphaville was given the “ECO Award” in 2006 and 2007 by the American Chamber of Commerce, the “Top Ambiental Award” (Top Environmental Award) in 2007 and 2008 by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its environmentally responsible practices and the “Top Social Award” in 2008 and 2009, by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its socially responsible practices. Our Eldorado Business Tower building is the fourth building in the world, and the only building in Latin American, to be pre-certified by U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.
 
Environmental Licenses and Authorizations
 
Brazilian environmental policy requires environmental licenses and permits for the construction of development projects. This procedure is necessary for both initial constructions and improvements of existing developments, and the licenses must be periodically renewed. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), or the IBAMA, is responsible for granting such licenses in regional or national developments affecting the environment of more than one state or the country borders. In other cases, state entities are responsible for granting such environmental licenses.
 
The environmental licensing process is comprised of three stages: initial license, construction license and operational license. The licensing process imposes a fee up to 0.5% of the total cost of construction for all projects significantly affecting the environment and constructed since July 2000. If an environmental license is mandatory
 
for a project, starting work without such a license is an environmental crime, and is subject to injunctions prohibiting continuing the development activities and fines of up to R$10 million. The construction, maintenance and sale of our projects may be hampered or halted by delays in or a failure to receive the applicable licenses, or by our inability to meet the requirements set forth in the licenses or otherwise established by the environmental authorities.
 
The construction of real estate developments often requires land moving activities, and in many cases, the cutting down of trees. These activities may require prior authorization of the relevant environmental authorities. As conditions to granting these authorizations, the relevant environmental authorities may require the licensees to plant new trees or acquire forests to repair the areas affected. Unauthorized activity in these protected areas or the cutting down of protected trees are environmental crimes, and could also result in administrative and legal penalties or other liabilities.
 
Solid Residues
 
Brazilian environmental legislation regulates the treatment of solid residues, including those arising from construction. A violation of these regulations could result in penalties. See “—Environmental Responsibility.”
 
Contaminated Areas
 
We develop and construct projects in several states within Brazil. Each state member has its Environmental Secretary and/or Environmental Agency. The São Paulo State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo), or the SMA, and the Environmental Company of São Paulo (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), or CETESB, are the principal environmental regulatory entities of the State of São Paulo, and they have adopted procedures with regard to the management of contaminated areas, including the creation of environmental standards to preserve the quality of land and underground water. In addition, the Rio de Janeiro State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Rio de Janeiro) and the State Environmental Institute of Rio de Janeiro, or INEA, also maintain quality standards established by CONAMA Resolutions. Other member states have similar requirements. Non-compliance with the guidelines established by the environmental and health entities may result in criminal, as well as administrative and legal penalties. Moreover, the owners of properties may be required to pay for costs relating to the clean-up of any contaminated soil or groundwater at their properties, even if they did not cause the contamination.
 
To ensure that we will be able to comply with these and other environmental requirements, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, waste substances, springs, trees, vegetation and the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas, and we work towards ensuring the proper solutions to any environmental issues given the relevant requirements of law.
 
Environmental Responsibility
 
The Brazilian environmental legislation establishes criminal, civil and administrative penalties for individuals and legal entities carrying out activities considered to be environmental infringements or crimes, independent of the obligation to repair any environmental damage. The penalties to which we may be subject as a result of environmental crimes and infringements include the following:
 
 
·  
the imposition of fines that, at the administrative level, may amount to R$50 million, depending on the infringer’s financial condition, the facts of the case, and any prior violations by the infringer. Fines may be doubled or tripled in the case of repeated infringements;
 
 
·  
suspension of development activities;
 
 
·  
loss of tax benefits and incentives; and
 
 
·  
imprisonment.
 
The directors, executive officers and other individuals acting as our representatives or attorneys-in-fact are jointly responsible for the environmental crimes related to us, and are subject, according to their relative level of responsibility, to penalties and possibly the loss of their rights and liberty.
 
In Brazil, environmental damages involve strict liability. This means that the costs of remedying the problems may be imposed on all persons directly or indirectly involved, without regard to who was responsible for the damage or contamination. Accordingly, we may be responsible for any environmental damages or costs relating to projects developed by subsidiaries or by jointly-controlled entities. In addition, we are responsible for costs relating to environmental damages on our projects caused by third parties who are rendering services for us, such as cutting trees or moving soil, if they are not in compliance with environmental requirements. Moreover, Brazilian environmental legislation provides that the controlling legal entity can be found liable despite a limited liability legal status if this will assist in the collection of damages.
 
C. 
Organizational Structure
 
The following chart shows our organizational structure for our principal subsidiaries, all of them incorporated in Brazil, as of December 31, 2009:
 

 
57

 
 
For more information on our remaining subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Subsidiaries.” A list of our significant subsidiaries as determined in accordance with Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X is being filed as Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report.
 
D. 
Property, Plant and Equipment
 
We lease our headquarters located at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. We also lease our branch office located at Avenida das Américas, 500, block 19—rooms 101 and 102, in Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil. Currently, we and our main subsidiaries leased approximately 5,000 square meters. We believe our current facilities are adequate for the full development of our operations.
 
Our properties for sale, including both completed and uncompleted units, are recorded as current assets at their cost of purchase and construction plus capitalized interest from project-specific financing, provided that it does not exceed their expected realizable value.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our property and equipment recorded on our balance sheet mainly consisted of sales stands, facilities, model apartments, computer equipment, vehicles and leasehold improvements, among others, the balance of which was R$56.5 million.
 
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 
None.
 
 
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
 
A. 
Operating Results
 
In 2008, we have retroactively applied changes to Brazilian GAAP introduced by the CPC and the provisions of Brazilian Law No. 11,638/07 from January 1, 2006 to ensure consistency of presentation in our financial statements. All periods presented as from January 1, 2006 have been modified to reflect such new accounting practices.
 
Following the acquisition, formation and incorporation of the entities Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo in 2007 and following the merger of FIT into Tenda in 2008, our financial results for 2007 and 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Further, following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo and the exchange of all the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares), our financial results for 2009 included the results of the following segments” Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results, to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
Overview
 
We generate our revenues mainly from the development and sale of real estate development units or lots. We recognize revenues from the sale of real estate development units or lots over the course of their construction periods, based on a financial measure of completion and not at the time that the sales agreements are executed. To a lesser extent, we also generate revenues from real estate services such as construction, technical and real estate management we render to third parties. We structure some of our projects through either our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities organized as special purpose vehicles.
 
Brazilian Economic Environment
 
Our business and results of operations are significantly affected by changes in the Brazilian economic environment, including changes in employment levels, population growth, consumer’s confidence, stability of income levels and availability of financing for land homesite acquisitions.
 
In September 2004, the Central Bank implemented a policy of increasing interest rates because inflation targets for 2005 were not being reached. The increase of interest rates had immediate consequences on the country’s economic activity, which did not grow in 2005 at the same pace as it did in 2004. GDP grew by 2.3% in 2005. In September 2005, after one year of tightened monetary policy, the Central Bank started a process of gradual loosening of the Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia, or “SELIC,” which is the Brazilian Central Bank’s system for performing open market operations, as the estimated inflation rates for 2005 and the following 12 months started to converge to the established target. The SELIC closed the 2005 year at the rate of 18%. The principal reason for the lower growth of the GDP in 2005 was the maintenance of SELIC at high levels. The inflation rate, as measured by the INPC, was 5.7%, above the target established by the Central Bank of 5.1%. The real appreciated by 13.4% against the U.S. dollar. Notwithstanding the real’s appreciation, Brazil achieved a trade surplus of US$44.7 billion, its highest trade surplus ever.
 
In 2006, the Central Bank continued to reduce the SELIC rate, which attained 13.25% as of December 31, 2006. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.1%. The real appreciated 9.5% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.1380 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2006. Notwithstanding the real’s appreciation, Brazil’s account balance was US$46.5 billion in 2006.
 
The global economic scenario remained favorable and global growth continued to be strong throughout the year ended December 31, 2007. Favorable liquidity conditions continue despite the recent increase in the international markets’ long-term interest rates. The real appreciated 20.7% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.7713 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2007. However, the recent crisis in 2008 in the United States mortgage market affected credit markets, which had a negative impact on emerging markets and on stock exchanges throughout the world. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 5.9%. The SELIC rate closed the 2008 year at the
 
rate of 11.8%. The real depreciated 24.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$2.34 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2008.
 
In 2009, the Central Bank began gradually reducing the SELIC rate, which attained 9.05% as of December 31, 2009. During this period, average inflation according to the INPC was 3.92%. The real appreciated 34.2% in relation to the dollar, reaching R$1.74 per US$1.00 as of December 31, 2009.
 
The table below shows the actual growth of the Brazilian GDP, inflation, interest rates and dollar exchange rates for the periods indicated:
 
   
Year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(%, unless otherwise stated)
 
Real growth in GDP
 
n.a.
      5.1       5.7  
Inflation rate (INPC)(1)
    4.1       6.5       5.9  
Inflation rate (IGP–M)(2)
    (1.71 )     9.8       7.7  
National Construction Index (INCC)(3)
    3.20       11.9       6.2  
TJLP rate (4)
    6.0       6.3       6.3  
CDI rate (5)
    8.62       12.4       11.8  
Appreciation (devaluation) of the real vs. US$
    34.2       (24.2 )     20.7  
Exchange rate (closing) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.74     R$ 2.34     R$ 1.77  
Exchange rate (average)(6) — US$1.00
  R$ 1.99     R$ 2.03     R$ 1.95  

(1)
INPC: consumer price index measured by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), or “IBGE.”
 
(2)
General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado) measured by Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundação Getulio Vargas), or “FGV.”
 
(3)
National Index of Construction Cost (Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção) measured by FGV.
 
(4)
Represents the interest rate used by the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), or “BNDES” for long-term financing (end of period).
 
(5)
Represents an average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil (accumulated for period-end month, annualized).
 
(6)
Average exchange rate for the last day of each month in the period indicated.
 

Brazilian Real Estate Sector
 
The Brazilian real estate sector is characterized by cyclical performance influenced by various macroeconomic factors. Demand for housing, the availability of financing and growth in population and incomes are, among others, factors that influence the performance of the real estate market.
 
Since 1994, Brazil’s ability to control inflation has contributed to the country’s economic recovery (particularly at the lower income level) and allowed Brazil to assert itself more effectively into the global economic context. For example, during the second half of the 1990s, policies that promoted economic liberalization and privatization of public services facilitated a significant influx of foreign investment. This environment generated pressure among the Brazilian financial and business communities to encourage responsible and transparent public management, promoting economic stability. In general, the current and previous presidential administrations have adopted comparatively austere economic policies, characterized by increased independence from the Central Bank, transparency and control over public accounts. Another significant effect of Brazil’s heightened international profile and economic stability was an increase in the competitiveness of various economic sectors, with a notable improvement in standards of corporate administration and governance. This pattern, along with favorable conditions in the global economy, have contributed to improved economic indicators in Brazil.
 
In addition, since 2006, the Brazilian government has enacted incentives in the real estate sector, including the following:
 
 
·  
Provisional Measure No. 321 enacted on September 12, 2006, later converted into Law No. 11,434 enacted on December 28, 2006, gave banks the option to charge fixed interest rates on mortgages;
 
 
·  
Decree No. 5,892 enacted on September 12, 2006, amended Decree No. 4,840 enacted on September 17, 2003, allowed payroll deductible mortgage loans to employees of both public and private entities;
 
 
·  
Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage; and
 
 
·  
Decree No. 6,006 enacted on December 28, 2006, implemented a 50% tax cut on Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI, levied on the acquisition of important construction products, including certain types of tubes, ceilings, walls, doors, toilets and other materials. In 2009, other decrees eliminated the IPI levied on the acquisition of similar products, but were implemented for a limited term only and are set to expire in March 2010.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
Our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report were prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP requires management to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used for, among other things, the selection of the useful lives of movable assets and equipment, provisions necessary for contingent liabilities, taxes, budgeted costs and other similar charges. Although we believe that our judgments and estimates are based on reasonable assumptions that are subject to several risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information available to us, our actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates.
 
We set forth below summarized information related to our critical accounting policies. See the notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information on these and other accounting policies we adopt.
 
Development and sale of real estate
 
In installment sales of finished units, revenue and costs are recognized when the sale is made regardless of the term for receipt of the contractual price, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the value thereof can be estimated, i.e. the receipt of the sale price is known or the sum that will be received may be reasonably estimated, and (b) the process of recognition of the sales revenues is substantially completed, i.e. we are released from our obligation to perform a considerable part of our activities that will generate future expenses related to the sale of the finished unit.
 
In sales of unfinished units, the procedures and rules established by CFC Resolution No. 963 are:
 
 
·  
the cost incurred (including the cost related to land) corresponding to the units sold is fully included in our results;
 
 
·  
the percentage of the cost incurred for units sold (including costs related to land) is calculated as a percentage of total estimated costs, and this percentage is included in revenues from units sold, as adjusted pursuant to the conditions of the sales agreements, and in selling expenses, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized;
 
 
·  
any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or non-current “Receivables from clients”. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as “Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients”;
 
 
·  
interest and inflation adjustments on accounts receivable from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as adjustments to present value of accounts receivable, are included in our results for the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting; and
 
 
·  
financial charges on accounts payable from the acquisition of land and on real estate credit operations incurred during the construction period are included in the costs incurred, and recognized in our results upon the sale of the units of the venture to which they are directly related.
 
Taxes on the difference between revenues from real estate development and taxable accumulated revenues are calculated and recognized when the difference in revenues is recognized. Other income and expenses, including advertising and publicity, are included in results as they are incurred using the accrual basis of accounting.
 
Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded under selling expenses in an amount we consider sufficient to cover any probable losses on realization of our accounts receivable from our customers; no adjustment is made to net operating revenues.
 
Consolidation
 
We structure some of our projects through either our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties both incorporated as special purposes vehicles. Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of all our subsidiaries, with separate disclosure of the participation of minority shareholders. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled entities, which are all governed by shareholder agreements; as a consequence, the assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest we hold in the capital of the investee.
 
Goodwill and amortization of gain on the acquisition of investments
 
We calculate goodwill at the acquisition date, for the purpose of Brazilian GAAP, as the excess purchase price over the proportion of the underlying book value, based on the interest in the shareholders’ equity acquired. Amortization of gain is also calculated at the acquisition date, for purposes of Brazilian GAAP, as the excess of the book value of assets acquired over the purchase consideration.
 
We amortized goodwill, for purposes of Brazilian GAAP, through 2008 (no longer amortized from 2009 following a change to Brazilian GAAP) in accordance with the underlying economic basis which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. Goodwill that cannot be justified economically is immediately charged to results for the year. Amortization of gain that is not justified economically is recognized in the results only upon disposal of the investment. We evaluate whether there are any indications of permanent loss and record an impairment provision, if required, to adjust the carrying value of goodwill to recoverable amounts or to realizable values. The amortization of gain on the sale of FIT to Tenda in exchange for a 60% interest in Tenda is classified as “Deferred gain on sale of investment” for purposes of Brazilian GAAP and will be credited to income over the average estimated period of construction of the FIT real estate ventures. FIT was merged into Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 
Sales of Receivables for Securitization
 
When we sell our accounts receivable, the amount of the mortgage-backed securities issued by the real estate securitization company is recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable on our balance sheet. The financial discount, which represents the difference between the amounts received and the book value of the mortgage-backed securities on the date of the assignment, and the fee paid to the issuer of the mortgage-backed securities, are reflected in receivables from clients account and are included in our income statement as “Financial expense.” Receivables from clients are only removed from the balance sheet when a true sale has been concluded and no beneficial interests are retained in the receivables sold.
 
Properties for sale
 
Our properties for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. In the case of uncompleted units, the portion in inventories corresponds to the costs incurred in units that have not yet been sold.
 
The cost is made up of construction (materials, own or outsourced labor and other related items) and land, including financial charges allocated to the venture as incurred during the construction phase.
 
Land is recorded at acquisition cost. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Operations—Land Acquisition.” We acquire portions of land through swaps where, in exchange for the land acquired, we undertake to deliver either real estate units of developments in progress or part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units in the developments. Land acquired through barter transactions are recorded at fair value.
 
We capitalize interest on the developments during the construction phase under the National Housing System credit line and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount).
 
When construction costs exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected from sales of completed units, properties under construction or land under development, an impairment loss is recorded in the period in which it is determined that the carrying amount is not recoverable. The same analysis applies equally to our high, medium and low income residential developments and our land developments, irrespective of geographic location or stage of completion.
 
Our properties for sale are considered long-lived assets and we regularly review the carrying value of each of our developments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying value of a development is not recoverable from its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, it is impaired and written down to its estimated fair value. In estimating the future undiscounted cash flows of a property, we use various estimates such as (1) expected sales price, based upon general economic conditions of the market, the location of our development and competition within the market and (2) costs expended to date and costs expected to be incurred in the future, which are associated with all future expenditures necessary to develop our properties for sale, including interest payments that will be capitalized as part of the costs of the asset.
 
We have evaluated all of our developments for impairment and have not identified any cases of impairment for any of our properties for sale and no impairment provisions have been recorded for any of our developments for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2008 or 2009. In accordance with our internal policy, each individual project launched has been internally evaluated taking into consideration the following: (1) assumptions for market, sales forecast, economics and operational conditions; (2) cash flow analysis using the discounted cash flow method; (3) approval by an investment committee; and (4) inclusion in the business plan regarding the timetable and backlog for development releases. This process is part of our corporate governance practices. We update the assumptions on an annual basis and consider the continuing viability for each project for impairment test purposes.
 
Adjustment to present value of assets and liabilities
 
The INCC inflation-indexed receivables from installment sales of unfinished units, which are generated prior to delivery of the units and do not accrue interest, are discounted to present value. The present value adjustment is accreted to net operating revenue as we finance our clients through to the delivery of the units. As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in real estate development operating costs or against inventories of properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed. The selection of the discounting rate is subjective and is based on management’s best estimates of the value of money over time and the specific risks of the asset and the liability.
 
Taxes on income
 
The Company uses both the “taxable profit” and “presumed profit” regimes in its operations.
 
Deferred income and social contribution taxes are calculated to take into account all tax timing differences as follows: (1) amounts not yet taxed due to the fact that net income from real estate activities is taxed when the sales price is collected in cash as opposed to when revenue is recognized on an accrual basis; (2) income or expenses which are not yet taxable or deductible, such as provisions for contingencies; and (3) net operating losses, when realization or recovery in future periods is considered probable. Deferrred tax assets are generated under the “taxable profit” regime only.  The Company evaluates whether a valuation allowance is required for these assets and deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. In the event our jointly-controlled subsidiaries elect to change from the “taxable profit” regime to the “presumed profit” regime, accumulated tax loss carryforwards will be forfeited.
 
Impairment analysis
 
The Company reviews each individual property annually for impairment which includes a profitability assessment. For those developments operating below certain profitability thresholds, or where other negative factors, such as a decline in market or economic conditions in the market where the individual property is located, or high cancellation rates and a significant increase in speculative inventory in the general market exist, the Company determines the estimated fair value of those developments and whether the estimated fair value exceeds their carrying value. The Company uses an undiscounted cash flows model for estimating fair value.
 
New Developments and Contracted Sales
 
New developments
 
The table below presents detailed information on our new developments for the periods presented, including developments launched by our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
New developments
                 
Number of projects launched
    68       64       53  
Number of units launched (1)
    10,795       10,963       10,315  
Launched usable area (m2) (2) (3)
    1,354,332       1,838,000       1,927,812  
Percentage of Gafisa investment
    80 %     70 %     77 %

(1)
The units delivered in exchange for land pursuant to swap agreements are not included.
 
(2)
One square meter is equal to approximately 10.76 square feet.
 
(3)
Does not include data for Bairro Novo, FIT and Tenda in 2008.
 

In 2009, we launched 65 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.1 billion. This sales value was approximately 22.2% lower than that achieved in 2008, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.7 billion. This decrease is a reflection of an increase in commercial launches. We also launched four commercial developments with a total sales value of R$155.4 million.
 
Of the 69 developments we launched during 2009, 24 developments were located in the state of São Paulo, while another nine developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 36 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Vila Velha, state of Espírito Santo, Belém, state of Pará, Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Goiânia, state of Goiás, Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, São Luis, state of Maranhão, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Curitiba, state of Paraná, Salvador, state of Bahia.
 
During 2009, approximately 30% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business accounted for approximately 42% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2009. In the year ended December 31, 2008, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 35% of our total sales value.
 
In 2008, we launched 64 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.7 billion. This sales value was approximately 23% higher than that achieved in 2007, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$2.2 billion. This increase is a reflection of our business combination with Tenda, our target segment strategy (primarily high-potential and less explored markets) and our strategy for geographic diversification.
 
Sixteen of the 64 developments we launched during 2008 were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 10 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 38 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Salvador and Camaçari in the state of Bahia, Curitiba and Londrina in the state of Paraná, Belém and Ananindeua in the state of Pará, João Pessoa in the state of Paraíba, Maceió in the state of Alagoas, Porto Alegre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Serra in the state of Espirito Santo, Cuiabá in the state of Mato Grosso, Manaus in the state of Amazonas, Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Goiânia in the state of Goiás, São Luis in the state of Maranhão, Porto Velho in the state of Rondonia and Aracajú in the state of Sergipe.
 
During 2008, approximately 40% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our diversification into the affordable entry-level business (through our subsidiaries Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo) accounted for approximately 35% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2008. In the year ended December 31, 2007, the affordable entry-level business represented approximately 4% of our total sales value.
 
In 2007, we launched 53 residential developments with a total sales value of R$2.2 billion. This sales value was approximately 122% higher than that achieved in 2006, during which we launched residential developments totaling R$1.0 billion. This increase is a reflection of our target segment strategy (primarily high-potential and less explored markets) and our strategy for geographic diversification.
 
Of the 53 developments we launched during 2007, 17 developments were located in the state of São Paulo, while another 11 developments were located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The remaining 25 residential developments launched were located in the cities of Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia, both in the state of Goiás; Maceió, in the state of Alagoas; São Luis, in the state of Maranhão; Belem, in the state of Pará; Manaus, in the state of Amazonas; Salvador, in the state of Bahia; Curitiba and Londrina in the state of Paraná; Campo Grande in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul; and Serra in the state of Espírito Santo.
 
During 2007, approximately 33% of our total sales value was generated from launches outside the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our segment diversification through our entrance into the affordable entry-level business (through our subsidiaries FIT and Bairro Novo) accounted for approximately 13% of our total sales value for the year ended December 31, 2007.
 
Contracted sales
 
The following table shows the development of our contracted sales by the type of development, according to units sold during the same year that they were launched and the units sold in the years after they were launched, as well as their respective percentages in relation to total sales for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
Type of development
             
Luxury buildings
  R$ 416,481     R$ 472,846     R$ 255,855  
Middle-income buildings
    1,005,860       755,728       1,028,907  
Affordable entry-level housing
    1,361,105       601,206       64,026  
Commercial
    87,734       3,100       27,900  
Lots(1)
    376,885       405,678       249,916  
Total contracted sales
  R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558     R$ 1,626,604  
Sale of units launched in the year
  R$ 1,279,591     R$ 1,362,425     R$ 1,139,113  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    39.4 %     60.9 %     70.0 %
Sale of units launched during prior years
    1,968,474       876,133       487,491  
Percentage of total contracted sales
    60.6 %     39.1 %     30.0 %

 (1) In 2008 and 2007, it includes sales of land subdivisions under the Gafisa brand.
 

 
The following table shows our and our main subsidiaries, contracted sales for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Company
                 
Gafisa
  R$ 1,510,075     R$ 1,345,411     R$ 1,328,785  
FIT (1)
          394,090       47,143  
Tenda (2)
    1,361,105       167,800        
Bairro Novo (3)
          31,368       12,359  
Alphaville
    376,885       299,889       238,317  
Total contracted sales
  R$ 3,248,065     R$ 2,238,558     R$ 1,626,604  

(1)
On October 21, 2008, FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa were exchanged into Gafisa shares and, as a result, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
(3)
On June 29, 2009, we sold our equity participation in the company developing Bairro Novo Cotia to Tenda.
 

In 2009, we sold 39.4% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$3,248.1 million, an increase of approximately 45% compared to 2008. In 2008, we sold 60.9% of the units launched during that year, which together with the sales of units launched during prior periods, resulted in total contracted sales of R$2.2 billion, an increase of 37.6% compared to 2007. The increase in 2009 is a result, among others, of the favorable sales performance of our finished units, better economic conditions and better financing structures provided to our customers by public as well as private banks.
 
The following table sets forth the growth of our contracted sales to be recognized, as well as the amount corresponding to the cost of units sold, and the expected margin, all of them to be recognized in future periods, for the periods presented:
 
   
As of and for the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Sales to be recognized—end of the year
  R$ 3,139,587     R$ 2,996,905     R$ 1,526,597  
Net sales(1)
    3,024,992       2,887,518       1,470,876  
Cost of units sold to be recognized
    (1,959,215 )     (1,872,927 )     (943,200 )
Expected gross profit—yet to be recognized(2)
    1,065,777       1,014,591       527,676  
Expected gross margin
    35.2 %     35.1 %     35.9 %

(1)
Excludes indirect PIS and COFINS taxes of 3.65%.
 
(2)
Based on management’s estimates.
 

Gross Operating Revenues
 
Our revenues are derived mainly from the development and sale of real estate and, to a lesser extent, the rendering of construction services to third parties, as follows:
 
   
For year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
       
Real estate development and sales
    98.5 %     97.9 %     97.2 %
Construction services rendered
    1.5       2.1       2.8  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %

Real estate development and sales
 
Real estate development revenues, including inflation adjustments and interest from credit sales, make up revenues from the sales of units in the residential buildings we develop, and to a lesser extent, the sales of lots and commercial buildings.
 
Construction services rendered
 
Our revenues generated by real estate services consist substantially of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and real estate management.
 
Operating Costs
 
Our operating costs consist of real estate development costs and, to a lesser extent, costs of services rendered.
 
Real estate development costs
 
Real estate development costs consist of costs of land, construction (which includes costs for a broad variety of raw materials and labor), capitalized interest (financial costs) from project specific financing, projects, foundations, structuring and furnishing, as well as costs for outsourced labor. The items making up our costs, as a total percentage of our total cost, were the following for the periods presented:
 
   
For the year ended December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
Land
    11.4 %     12.1 %     12.5 %
Construction costs
    81.8       80.9       82.6  
Financial costs
    4.4       4.4       2.8  
Development costs
    2.4       2.6       2.1  
Total
    100.0 %     100.0 %     100.0 %

One of our principal real estate development costs is the cost of land. Over the last three years, land represented 11.9% of our total cost of development. However, this is a highly volatile component, varying according to characteristics of the land, the region where the land is located, the type of development to be launched and market conditions. Land can be acquired for cash, through the exchange of units once the building is constructed, through a financial exchange (whereby a portion of sales is given to the owner of land as a form of financing for the land), or through a combination of the three options.
 
No single raw material alone represents a significant portion of our total costs of development, but in total over the last three fiscal years, raw materials represented, on average, 21.9% of our total cost of development. The index that measures construction cost variation, the INCC, increased by 3.14%, 11.9% and 6.2% in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Although some of the principal raw materials, such as steel, have experienced significant price increases well above the level of inflation over the last three years, we have reduced our raw materials costs by developing and using new construction techniques and materials.
 
Over the last three years, labor represented, on average 42.4% of the total cost of the real estate development.
 
Over the last three fiscal years, we have incurred most of our construction costs from the 1st to the 18th month of construction of a development, as shown in the table below:
 
 
Period of construction
 
Percentage of costs
incurred(1)
1st to 6th month
 
29%
7th to 12th month
 
27%
13th to 18th month
 
30%
19th to 24th month
 
14%

(1)
Including cost of land.
 
Real estate services
 
Our costs of real estate services consist of direct and indirect labor fees and outsourced services.
 
Operating Expenses
 
Our operating expenses include selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses and revenues.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses include advertising, promotion, brokerage fees and similar expenses.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses principally include the following:
 
 
·  
employee compensation and related expenses;
 
 
·  
fees for outsourced services, such as legal, auditing, consulting and others;
 
 
·  
management fees and social expenses;
 
 
·  
stock option plan expenses;
 
 
·  
overhead corporate expenses; and
 
 
·  
legal expenses related to public notaries and commercial registers, among others.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation expenses consist of depreciation of our property and equipment. Amortization expenses are related to the amortization of goodwill, net of negative goodwill amortization. As of January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP.
 
Amortization of deferred gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the gain that arose from the partial sale of FIT to the shareholders of Tenda as part of the Tenda merger is being amortized over the average construction period of 12 months for the real estate ventures of FIT as of October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda.
 
Financial Income and Expenses
 
Financial income includes income from financial investments. Interest revenues are recognized at the time the effective profit accrues from revenue is recognized on the asset, based on the accrual method. Financial expenses generally consist of interest payable on loans, financings and debentures.
 
Taxes on Income
 
In general, taxes on income in Brazil consist of federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%); the composite statutory tax rate being 34%. We calculate our income and social contribution taxes according to the “taxable profit” regime. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, however, with annual billings lower than a specified amount, may calculate their respective income and social contribution taxes through either this “taxable profit” regime or through the “presumed profit” regime, depending on our tax planning. For the companies that opt for the “presumed profit” regime, the income tax basis is calculated as 8% of gross revenues and the social contribution basis is calculated as 12% of gross revenues, to which income tax and social contribution rates of 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied.
 
In assessing the ability to realize on deferred tax assets, management considers the probability of the extent to which deferred tax asset will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable profits during the periods in which the temporary differences and tax loss carryforwards become deductible. Management considers the expected reversal of deferred tax liabilities and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. Based on projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is probable the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.
 
Results of Operations
 
The Company has identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein. A discussion of the nature and amount of these matters is as follows.
 
In January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate.   In the Company’s consolidated statements of income the dividend amounts were previously included as a component of net income attributable to non-controlling interest.   Such amounts are best reflected as a component of financial expense in the Company’s Brazilian GAAP consolidated statements of income for both 2009 and 2008.   In addition, due to its nature, the Company performed the reclassification of brokerage expenses/sales commissions, of deductions on revenues and services, to the account “Selling expenses” in 2009.
 
The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:
 
   
Year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
as previously
reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Brazilian GAAP
as restated
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
                   
Net operating revenue
    3,022,346       14,011       3,036,357  
                         
Operating costs
                       
Real estate development and sales
    (2,143,762 )           (2,143,762 )
Gross profit
    878,584       14,011       892,595  
Selling expenses
    (226,621 )     (14,011 )     (240,632 )
General and administrative expenses
    (233,129 )           (233,129 )
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )           (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394             169,394  
Other, net
    (92,884 )           (92,884 )
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
    461,174             461,174  
Financial expenses
    (210,394 )     (30,178 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    129,566             129,566  
Income before taxes on income and non-controlling interest
    380,346       (30,178 )     350,168  
Total income tax income (expenses)
    (95,406 )           (95,406 )
Net income before non-controlling interest
    284,940       (30,178 )     254,762  
Net income for the year attributable to non-controlling interest
    (71,400 )     30,178       (41,222 )
Net income for the year
    213,540             213,540  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year
(in thousands)
    166,777             166,777  
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year (in reais)
    1.2804             1.2804  

 
   
Year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Brazilian GAAP as previously reported
   
Adjustments to amounts previously reported
   
Brazilian GAAP as restated
 
   
(in thousands of R$, unless otherwise stated)
 
Net operating revenue
    1,740,404             1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (1,214,401 )           (1,214,401 )
Gross profit
    526,003             526,003  
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
    168,205             168,205  
Financial income (expenses)
                       
Financial expenses
    (61,008 )     (34,031 )     (95,039 )
Financial income
    102,854             102,854  
Income before taxes on income and non controlling  interest
    210,051       (34,031 )     176,020  
Total tax expenses
    (43,397 )           (43,397 )
Income before non controlling interest
    166,654       (34,031 )     132,623  
Non controlling interest
    (56,733 )     34,031       (22,702 )
Net income for the year
    109,921             109,921  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963             129,963  
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – (in reais)
    0.8458             0.8458  


The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the Brazilian GAAP. References to increases or decreases in any given period relate to the immediate preceding period, except unless otherwise indicated.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 74.5%, from R$1,740.4 million in 2008 to R$3,036.4 million in 2009. Gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties and barter transactions totaled R$3,096.9 million in 2009, an increase of R$1,328.7 million or 75.1% as compared to the same period in 2008, when revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,768.2 million. This increase is mainly due to the recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods and the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year ended December 31, 2009. Net revenues generated from services increased by 28.8%, from R$37.3 million in 2008 to R$48.0 million in 2009, reflecting the overall growth of the real estate market in Brazil.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2009 totaled R$2,143.8 million, an increase of 76.5% as compared to R$1,214.4 million in 2008. This increase is due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results from October 22, 2008 and the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008. The cost of land decreased in 2009, totaling 11.3% of the operating costs in 2009, as compared to 12.1% in 2008. Construction costs payable to third parties increased in 2009, totaling 81.8% of total operating costs, as compared to 80.9% in 2008. These variations were mainly due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results, because Tenda’s products have a different cost structure than ours. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenue, increased to 70.9% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to a greater mix in the types of development under construction in 2009, as a result of our market segment diversification strategy and the consolidation of Tenda’s results.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2009 totaled R$892.6 million, representing an increase of 69.7%, as compared to R$526.0 million in 2008. This increase was mainly attributable to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and greater revenues in 2009. In 2009, the gross margin generated from our activities decreased to 29.1% as compared to 30.2% in 2008. This decrease was due to greater amortization expenses as a result of capitalized interests and, to a lesser extent, to a less profitable mix of products sold in 2009.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2009 totaled R$240.6 million, representing an increase of 55.8%, as compared to R$154.4 million in 2008. This increase reflects our aggressive marketing and growth strategy through geographic and segment diversification and increased marketing efforts on unsold finished units. Selling expenses in 2009 represented 7.9% of our net operating revenue compared to 8.9% in 2008.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$233.1 million in 2009, representing an increase of 28.9%, as compared to R$180.8 million in 2008. This increase is mainly due to (1) our growth strategy in general and administrative expenses of Gafisa, Tenda and Alphaville totaling R$77.9 million, R$88.3 million and R$24.2 million, respectively; and (2) provision for profit sharing in the amount of R$28.2 million. In addition, stock option plan expenses, a non-cash expense, totaled R$14.4 million in 2009 and R$R$26.1 million in 2008.
 
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the deferred gain which arose on the partial sale of FIT totaled R$169.4 million in 2009. The amortization of the gain was amortized over the average construction period of 12 months of FIT’s real estate ventures beginning from October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2009 totaled R$34.2 million, representing a decrease of 35.0%, as compared to R$52.6 million in 2008. The decrease is mainly due to changes in Brazilian GAAP which no longer permits the amortization of goodwill as of January 1, 2009. Goodwill amortization expenses totaled R$12.3 million in 2008.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results were an expense of R$111.0 million in 2009 compared to income of R$7.8 million in 2008. Financial income during 2009 totaled R$129.6 million, as compared to R$102.9 million in 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results and interest accrued on our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Financial expenses during 2009 totaled R$240.6 million, as compared to R$95.0 million in 2008 due to an increase in our total debt primarily as a result of our issuance of debentures totaling R$1,450.0 million and a working capital loan in the amount of R$300.0 million. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2009 increased 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our outstanding debt includes (i) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4 million, (ii) working capital loans of R$736.7 million and (iii) other loans, primarily related to SFH loans, in the amount of R$467.0 million.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2009 totaled R$95.4 million, which was 119.8% higher than in 2008, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$43.4 million. In 2009 and 2008, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes, were 25.1% and 20.7%, respectively. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime and due to the effects of the amortization of the deferred gain on the partial sale of FIT.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Noncontrolling interest increased from R$22.7 million in 2008 to R$41.2 million in 2009 primarily because of our subsidiary Tenda.
 
Net income
 
Net income in 2009 totaled R$213.5 million, an increase of 94.3% over the previous year, when net income was R$109.9 million.
 
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue increased by 44.5%, from R$1,204.3 million in 2007 to R$1,740.4 million in 2008. Gross revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,768.2 million in 2008, an increase of R$551.4 million or 45.3% as compared to the same period in 2007, when revenues generated from the sales of real estate properties totaled R$1,216.8 million. This increase is mainly due to the recognition of revenues from sales contracted in prior periods and also related to Tenda’s acquisition. In 2008 our financial figures include Tenda’s consolidation from October 22, 2008. Net revenues generated from services increased by 6.3%, from R$35.1 million in 2007 to R$37.3 million in 2008, reflecting the overall growth of the real estate market in Brazil that resulted in a higher number of projects being built to other Real Estate developers.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs in 2008 totaled R$1,214.4 million, an increase of 39.9% as compared to R$868.0 million in 2007. This increase is due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2008 as compared to 2007, also reflecting the consolidation of Tendas financial figures from October 22, 2008. Construction costs payable to third parties decreased in 2008, totaling 80.9% of total operating costs, as compared to 83.3% in 2007.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit in 2008 totaled R$526.0 million, representing an increase of 56.4%, as compared to R$336.3 million in 2007. This increase was mainly attributable to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments. In 2008, the gross margin generated from our activities increased to 30.2% as compared to 27.9% in 2007. This increase was due to the strong demand for Gafisa properties in mid-high income segment that allowed the company to increase the average price and recognize higher margins based on percentage of completion as we started to build more recent projects.
 
Selling expenses
 
Selling expenses in 2008 totaled R$154.4 million, representing an increase of 121.2%, as compared to R$69.8 million in 2007. This increase reflects our aggressive growth strategy, through geographic and segment diversification. In 2008, we had 64 launches compared to 53 in 2007 which caused higher sales commissions, and marketing and advertising expenses. Selling expenses in 2008 represented 8.9% of our net operating revenue compared to 5.8% in 2007.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses totaled R$180.8 million in 2008, representing an increase of 38.1%, as compared to R$130.9 million in 2007. This increase is mainly due to (1) our growth strategy reflected in general and administrative expenses of Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo totaling R$28.7 million, R$20.7 million and R$8.1 million, respectively and (2) stock option plan expenses, a non cash expense, totaling R$26.1 million in 2008 and R$17.8 million in 2007. The current general and administrative expenses in proportion to sales revenue has been diluted as we increased our revenues. General and administrative expenses in 2008 represented 10.4% of our net operating revenue as compared to 10.9% in 2007.
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization in 2008 totaled R$52.6 million, representing an increase of 35.9%, as compared to R$38.7 million in 2007. The increase is mainly due to the increase in expenditures on sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings, new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 2008 and depreciation of capital expenditures recorded in 2007.
 
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT
 
The amortization of the deferred gain on the partial sale of FIT totaled R$41.0 million in 2008. The amortization of the gain is over the average construction period of the FIT real estate ventures at October 21, 2008, the date of FIT’s merger into Tenda. The deferred gain is amortized over a 12-month period.
 
Financial income and expenses, net
 
Net financial results totaled an income of R$7.8 million in 2008 compared to R$28.6 million in 2007. Financial expenses during 2008 totaled R$95.0 million, an increase of 169.1% over R$35.3 million in 2007 due to higher debt. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2008, increased 123.2% as compared to December 31, 2007, mainly due to (1) the first issuance of the third debenture program of R$250 million, (2) working capital loans of R$662.6 million obtained in 2008; (3) other loans, mainly SFH and working capital loans, obtained in 2008 of R$372.3 million; and (4) accrued interest of R$116.8 million, which was partially offset by the repayment of debt of R$145.7 million, primarily related to SFH and working capital loans. Financial income increased from R$63.9 million in 2007 to R$102.9 million in 2008 mainly due to interest received on cash balances.
 
Taxes on income
 
Income and social contribution taxes in 2008 totaled R$43.4 million, or 42.8% higher than in 2007, when income and social contribution taxes totaled R$30.4 million. In 2008 and 2007, the combined effective income and social contribution tax rates, calculated as a percentage of income before taxes on income, were 20.7% and 23.7%, respectively. The combined effective rates during these years were lower than the composite statutory rate of 34% as some of our wholly owned and jointly-controlled subsidiaries calculated their taxes on the presumed profit regime and the amortization of negative goodwill on the Tenda business combination. The increase in 2008 reflects the growth of our pre-tax income.
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Non-controlling interest increased from R$6.0 million in 2007 to R$22.7 million in 2008 primarily due to our participation in Tenda and Alphaville representing R$14.1 million and R$10.5 million, respectively, resulting from the increase of operations during the fiscal year.
 
Net income
 
Net income in 2008 totaled R$109.9 million, an increase of 20.0% over the previous year, when net income was R$91.6 million. The increase in net income was primarily due to our continuing growth strategy through segment and geographic diversification and the increase of launches during 2008.
 
Business Segments
 
Following the acquisition, formation and incorporation of the entities Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo in 2007 and following the merger of FIT into Tenda in 2008, our financial results for 2007 and 2008 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville, Tenda, FIT (merged with Tenda in October 2008) and Bairro Novo. Further, following Gafisa’s withdrawal from Bairro Novo and the exchange of all the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares), our financial results for 2009 included the results of the following segments: Gafisa S.A., Alphaville and Tenda. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Historical Background and Recent Developments.” Our chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among these businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical operating results and forecasted operating results to assess segment information primarily on the basis of different business segments.
 
We provide below a measure of historical results, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment. The information below is derived from our statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our net operating revenue.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2009
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,770,158     R$ 988,444     R$ 277,755     R$ 3,036,357  
Operating costs
    (1,297,036 )     (671,629 )     (175,097 )     (2,143,762 )
Gross profit
    473,122       316,815       102,658       892,595  
Gross margin
    26.7 %     32.1 %     37.0 %     29.4 %
Net income
    151,104       38,670       23,766       213,540  

(1) 
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville and Tenda.
 
(2)
On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
   
For Year Ended December 31, 2008
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Tenda (2)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT (3)
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,214,562     R$ 163,897     R$ 249,586     R$ 78,467     R$ 33,892     R$ 1,740,404  
Operating costs
    (847,617 )     (111,920 )     (167,043 )     (60,082 )     (27,739 )     (1,214,401 )
Gross profit
    366,945       51,977       82,543       18,385       6,153       526,003  
Gross margin
    30.2 %     31.7 %     33.1 %     23.4 %     18.2 %     30.2 %
Net income (loss)
    103,650       15,685       21,081       (22,263 )     (8,232 )     109,921  

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville, Tenda, FIT and Bairro Novo.
 
(2)
Tenda’s results for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.
 
(3)
FIT’s results for the period from January 1, 2008 through October 21, 2008. FIT was merged with Tenda on October 21, 2008.
 

   
For Year Ended December 31, 2007(2)
 
   
Gafisa (1)
   
Alphaville
   
FIT
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
   
(thousands of reais except for percentages)
 
Net operating revenue
  R$ 1,004,418     R$ 192,700     R$ 7,169           R$ 1,204,287  
Operating costs
    (726,265 )     (136,854 )     (4,877 )           (867,996 )
Gross profit
    278,153       55,846       2,292             336,291  
Gross margin
    27.7 %     29.0 %     32.0 %           27.9 %
Income (loss) from operations
    91,941       14,994       (11,282 )     (4,013 )     91,640  

(1)
Includes all subsidiaries, except for Alphaville, FIT and Bairro Novo.
 
(2)
The relevant results of Tenda are available only from October 22, 2008, the date after the merger of FIT into Tenda. Accordingly, there was no comparative information for Tenda in 2007.
 

Gafisa Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,770.2 million in 2009, compared to R$1,214.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 45.7% between the years. The increase in net operating revenues was attributable to the fact that Gafisa recognizes revenue under the percentage of completion basis, and the related increase in volume between years primarily is a result of an increase in sold units from inventory that was reduced in 2009. During 2009, as a reaction  to the economic recovery of the financial crisis and to protect the Company´s  financial liquidity, Gafisa adopted a conservative policy which reduced the launch volume for the year and the number of units under construction with lower sales performance, consequently reducing the total volume of inventory. At December 31, 2009, Gafisa had R$1,114.3 million in inventory and 14,775 units under construction compared to R$1,340.6 million and 18,864 units at December 31, 2008. This was demonstrated by an increase in
 
“contracted sales” during the year. The Gafisa segment had contracted sales of R$1,510.1 million in 2009 compared to R$1,345.1 million in 2008.
 
The increase in contracted sales between the two years reflects the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy during 2009 and Gafisa’s ability to contract many of the developments that it had launched in before and during 2008. Despite this increase in contracted sales, there was a decrease in the number of units launched from 4,949 in 2008 to 3,413 units in 2009 which does not directly affect the net operating revenue, since Gafisa’s revenues are accounted for on the percentage of completion for units sold and under development. This decrease reflects Gafisa’s ability to adjust its launches and inventories to meet unit demand. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2009 was R$370.5 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$386.6 thousand in 2008. The lower average price per unit in 2009 was attributable to a change in the project mix.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$1,297.0 million in 2009 compared to R$847.6 million in 2008, which represented an increase of 53.0% between the two years. This increase was primarily attributable to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2009 as compared to 2008 as discussed above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, increased to 73.8% in 2009 as compared to 69.8% in 2008, mainly due to an increase in labor costs. The increase in labor costs was attributable to the continued strengthening of the Brazilian economy and the higher labor cost for completing a unit. This increase in labor costs resulted in an increase in construction costs payable to third parties.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$473.1 million or 53.0% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$367.0 million  or 69.8% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher net operating revenue, as explained above. In 2009, gross margin generated from the sale of our Gafisa developments decreased to 26.7% as compared to 30.2% in 2008. This decrease in gross margin percentages from 69.8% of our gross profit in 2008 to 53.0% of our gross profit in 2009 was primarily attributable to higher than expected construction expenses. As a result of lower productivity faced in some projects, mainly due to the difficulties in hiring trained personnel, elevated labor expenses  and higher than expected  inflationary pressure over labor of 7.74% and also an increase in some construction materials cost based on National Construction Cost Index, or INCC, of 3.25% in 2009. During 2009, the Company changed its approach to new launch activity and to focus on inventory reduction, decreasing its launched volume from R$4.2 billion in 2008 to R$2.3 billion in 2009 (a decline of 45.5%). On the other hand, the sales volume increased from R$2.6 billion in 2008 to R$3.2 billion in 2009 (an increase of 26%).
 
As a consequence of the reduction of the Company inventory volume, some of these units sold were linked to projects with lower margins, impacting 2009 results of operations. As previously noted, this lower margin is mainly related to cost overruns associated with geographical expansion and certain projects in Rio de Janeiro where we faced lower than expected productivity and higher than average inflationary pressure over our costs.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Gafisa segment was R$151.1 million or 70.8% of our total net income in 2009, compared to R$103.7 million or 94.3% of our total net income for 2008. The fall from 94.3% of our income from operations in 2008 to 70.8% of our net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.6% in 2009 as compared to 8.5% in 2008. The slight increase between years was attributable to higher average price per square meter that contributed to improvement in margins.
 
 
Tenda Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31,2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Tenda segment was R$988.4 million in 2009 compared to R$163.9 million in the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. This increase was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year in 2009 and also due to higher sales contracted and number of developments launched. The Tenda segment had contracted sales of R$1,361.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.8 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008. At December 31, 2009, Tenda had 26,500 units under construction compared to 11,148 units at December 31, 2008. The average price for a Tenda unit launched during 2009 was R$116.8 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$84.7 thousand during the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to the merger of FIT Residencial into Tenda, after Gafisa’s acquisition of Tenda, bringing higher unit price projects to Tenda’s portfolio.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Tenda segment were R$671.6 million in 2009 compared to R$111.9 million for the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008 due to the consolidation of Tenda’s results for the full year 2009.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Tenda segment was R$316.8 million or 35.5% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$52.0 million in the period from October 22, 2008 to December 31, 2008 or 9.9% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the consolidation of Tenda results for the full year 2009. Gross margins increased slightly in 2009 from 31.7% in 2008 compared to 32.1% in 2009. Tenda was able to maintain comparable gross margin percentages despite similar trends in per unit labor costs and per unit interest costs as experienced by our Gafisa segment, primarily through the margins coming from FIT projects that better leverage the operational scale of building execution.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Tenda segment was R$38.7 million or 18.1% of our total income from operations in 2009, compared to a net income of R$15.7 million or 14.3% of our total income from operations for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. The shift from 14.3% of our net income in 2008 to 18.7% of our net income in 2009 is a result of consolidating our Tenda operations for a full year in 2009 as discussed below. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 3.9% in 2009 as compared to 9.6% in 2008. The shift  between years was attributable to Gafisa’s effort in reorganizing Tenda’s operational structure and its effects on synergies between the two companies.
 
Alphaville Segment
 
Years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$277.8 million in 2009 compared to R$249.6 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 11.3%. This increase was primarily due to the continued strong demand from Alphaville properties reflected by the increase of contracted sales of R$376.9 million in 2009 compared to R$299.9 million in 2008.  At December 31, 2009, Alphaville had 8,423 units under construction compared to 3,705 units in process at December 31, 2008. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2009 was R$200.2 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$171.9 thousand in 2008. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to an increase in the average price per square meter, supported by market demand.
 
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment were R$175.1 million in 2009 compared to R$167.0 million in 2008, which represents an increase of 4.9%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2009 as compared to 2008.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$102.7 million or 11.6% of our total gross profit in 2009, compared to R$82.6 million  or 15.7% of our total gross profit for 2008. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from a greater number of developments in progress. In 2009, the gross margin generated from the sale of our developments increased to 37.0% as compared to 33.1% in 2008. This increase in gross margin percentage was due to higher average price per square meter that contributed to higher gross margin, primarily as a result of increased market demand for Alphaville products.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$23.8 million or 11.1% of our total net income in 2009, compared to R$21.1 million or 19.2% of our total income from operations in 2008. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.6% in 2009 as compared to 8.5% in 2008. The slight increase  between years was mainly attributable to higher operational margins as discussed above.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Results of Operations – Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
The following discussion compares certain items for the Gafisa segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Gafisa segment was R$1,214.6 million in 2008 compared to R$1,004.4 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 20.9% between years. The increase in net operating revenues was attributable to the fact that Gafisa recognizes revenue under the percentage of completion basis, and the related increase in volume between years was primarily a result of an increase in units under construction as explained below. The Gafisa segment had contracted sales of R$1,345.1 million in 2008 compared to R$1,328.1 million in 2007. Gafisa launches totalled R$1,913 million in 2008 compared to R$1,698 million in 2007. During 2008, Gafisa was able to contract a consistent number of units and started to build many of the units that it contracted (pre-sold) in previous years. At December 31, 2008, Gafisa had 18,864 units under construction compared to 11,497 units under construction at December 31, 2007. The average price for a Gafisa unit launched during 2008 was R$386.6 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$289.6 thousand in 2007. The change in the average price per unit in 2008 was attributable to a change in the type of development constructed in 2008, specifically due to higher price per square meter that increased on average 29% in the period, which contributed to higher net operating revenue.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Gafisa segment were R$847.6 million in 2008 compared to R$726.3 million in 2007, which represented an increase of 16.7%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2008 as compared to 2007 as explained above. Operating costs, as a percentage of net operating revenues, decreased to 69.8% in 2008 compared to 72.3% in 2007, mainly due to the recognition of better margin projects when compared to the previous year. The recorded gross margin from each project depends not only on the price but also on the construction costs, which is subject to region variations, project productivity and other execution risks. This is the primary for margin fluctuations.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Gafisa segment was R$367.0 million or 69.8% of our total gross profit in 2008, compared to R$278.1 million or 82.7% of our total gross profit for 2007. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher
 
 
gross revenue, as explained above. In 2008, the gross margin generated from the sale of our developments increased to 30.2% as compared to 27.7% in 2007. This increase was due to a change in the type of developments under construction in 2008 as discussed above.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Gafisa segment was R$103.7 million or 94.3% of our total income from operations in 2008, compared to R$91.9 million or 98.3% of our total income from operations in 2007. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.5% in 2008 as compared to 9.1% in 2007. The decrease between years was attributable to the increased operating costs, as described above.
 
Alphaville Segment
 
Results of Operations – Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
The following discussion compares certain items for the Alphaville segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Alphaville segment was R$249.6 million in 2008 compared to R$192.7 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 29.5% between years. This increase was primarily due to (1) higher volume of contracted sales during 2008, from R$238.3 million in 2007 to R$299.9 million in 2008, and also related to the increase of development launched from six in 2007 (with a development value of R$237.4 million) to 11 in 2008 (with a development value of R$312.5 million); and (2) recognition of results from sales contracted in prior periods and geographic expansion. At December 31, 2008, Alphaville had 3,705 units under construction compared to 4,602 units at December 31, 2007. The average price for an Alphaville unit launched during 2008 was R$171.9 thousand as compared to an average price per unit of R$159.4 thousand in 2007. The change in the average price per unit in the current year was attributable to lower average size and higher average price of the units being built.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Alphaville segment were R$167.0 million in 2008 compared to R$136.9 million in 2007, which represents an increase of 22.0%. This increase was mainly due to the greater volume of construction in progress in 2008 as compared to 2007.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Alphaville segment was R$82.6 million or 15.7% of our total gross profit in 2008, compared to R$55.8 million or 16.6% of our total gross profit for 2007. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher gross revenue from the greater number of development launches in 2008, which also had a higher gross margin of 33.1% in 2008 compared to 29.0% in 2007. The increase between years in gross margin percentages was primarily attributable to better margins per project, reflecting the sequential improvement of Alphaville’s performance after its acquisition by Gafisa.
 
Net income
 
Net income for the Alphaville segment was R$21.1 million or 19.2% of our total income from operations in 2008, compared to R$15.0 million or 16.1% of our total income from operations in 2007. Net income as a percentage of net operating revenues was 8.4% in 2008 as compared to 7.8% in 2007. The increase between years was mainly attributable to better operating margins, as described above.
 
 
FIT Segment
 
Results of Operations - Period from January 1, 2008 to October 22, 2008 and year ended December 31, 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the FIT segment was R$78.5 million in the period from January 1, 2008 to October 21, 2008 compared to R$7.2 million in 2007, which represents an increase of R$71.3 million. This increase was primarily due to the start-up of FIT operations in March 2007. The FIT segment’s contracted sales increased from R$47.1 million in 2007 to R$394.1 million in 2008, and the launch volume increased from 10 developments, with a potential sale value of R$263.4 million in 2007, to 16 developments with a potential sales value of R$496.1 million in 2008.
 
Since FIT’s revenues are based on the percentage of completion for units sold and under development, the increase in net operating revenue reflects the increased contracted sales and the volume of units under construction between years.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the FIT segment were R$60.1 million in the period from January 1, 2008 to October 21, 2008 compared to R$4.9 million in 2007, which represented an approximate 12-fold increase. This increase was primarily due to the greater volume of construction in progress during 2008 as compared to 2007, since the company started its operations in March 2007. Operating cost, as a percentage of the net operating revenues, increased to 76.6% in 2008 as compared to 68.0% in 2007, mainly due the company’s operational leverage, since the projects launched in 2007 (FIT’s start-up year) were starting the construction process.
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the FIT segment was R$18.4 million or 3.5% of the total company gross profit during 2008, compared to R$2.3 million or 0.7% of the total gross profit in 2007. This increase was due to the company’s growth since it stared operations in March 2007, reflected through the increase of revenues recognized from contracted sale of developments launched at the end of 2007 and during 2008. Gross margin reached 23.4% in the 2008, as compared to 32.0% in 2007. Since FIT recognizes revenue based on percentage of completion, the 2007 gross margin is not a good point of reference, as we only recognized R$7.2 million of net revenue.
 
Net loss
 
Net loss  for the FIT segment was R$22.3 million in 2008, compared to a net loss of R$11.3 million in 2007. Net loss as a percentage of net operating revenues was (28.3)% in 2008, as compared to (157.4)% in 2007. The increased loss from operations between years was attributable to the start up of FIT in 2007, when the company recognized lower level of operating revenue, as described above.
 
Bairro Novo Segment
 
The comparative analysis below for the Bairro Novo segment is limited since Bairro Novo Cotia was launched in November 2007.
 
Years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007
 
Net operating revenue
 
Net operating revenue for the Bairro Novo segment was R$33.9 million in 2008. There was no revenue recognized for 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia represents a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
Operating costs
 
Operating costs for the Bairro Novo segment were R$27.7 million in 2008. There was no operating cost in 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia was a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
 
Gross profit
 
Gross profit for the Bairro Novo segment was R$6.1 million or 1.2% of the total company gross profit in 2008. There was no gross profit in 2007, since Bairro Novo Cotia was a development that was launched in November 2007.
 
Tenda Segment
 
We have not provided a comparative analysis for Tenda for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 because our business combination occurred on October 21, 2008.
 
B. 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
As we are not compliant with the financial statement requirements of the SEC Rules and Regulations as discussed below under Item 16F. Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant, we are precluded from offering securities registered with the SEC until such time we become compliant.
 
Our transactions are financed mainly through the contracting of real estate financing and securitization of receivables. When necessary and in accordance with market demands, we carry out long-term financing for the sale of our developments. In order to turn over our capital and accelerate its return, we strive to transfer to banks and sell to the market the receivables portfolio of our completed units. In 2009, we sold receivables from completed units for net proceeds of R$139.3 million.
 
We consistently review opportunities for acquisition and investments. We consider different types of investments, either direct or through our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities. We finance such investments using capital market financings, capital increase or through a combination thereof.
 
The recent global financial crisis in 2008 continues to impact the credit markets. Construction financing lines of credit are available and we have fulfilled substantially all of our construction financing needs for 2009 at rates that have increased an average of up to 100 basis points per year since 2008. In order to mitigate the effects of the recent global credit crisis, the Brazilian government has announced additional lines of credit to assist the construction industry and its customers, including R$6 billion from the FGTS (a Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees). Under this announcement, we have been approved to issue two series of debentures for Gafisa and Tenda in the total amount of R$1.2 billion. In addition, the Brazilian government will finance up to 20% of construction costs, to be financed by the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo – SBPE).
 
During 2009, our customers’ ability to obtain bank mortgage loans improved, with interest rates declining about 500 basis points from 13.75% to 8.75%. Delinquency rates among our customers have not increased materially in 2009 compared to 2008.
 
The following table shows the balance of our receivables from clients’ portfolio for the development and sale of properties for the periods presented:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Real estate development receivables:
                 
Current
  R$ 2,252,474     R$ 1,254,594     R$  473,734  
Long-term
    1,524,172       863,950       497,910  
Total
  R$ 3,776,646     R$ 2,118,544     R$  971,644  
                         
Receivables to be recognized on our balance sheet according to percentage of completion method:
                       
Current
  R$ 1,556,510     R$  812,406     R$  486,794  
Long-term
    1,583,076       2,754,513       881,352  
Total
    3,139,586       3,566,919       1,368,146  
Total clients’ portfolio
  R$ 6,916,232     R$ 5,685,463     R$ 2,339,790  

The total clients’ portfolio balances have the following maturity profile:
 
 
   
As of December 31, 2009
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Maturity
     
2010
  R$ 3,563,209  
2011
    2,171,163  
2012
    593,870  
Thereafter
    587,990  
Total
  R$ 6,916,232  

Loans made to our clients are generally adjusted on a monthly basis: (1) during construction, by the INCC in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities; and (2) stated date in the contract, by the IGP-M plus 12% per annum in all markets.
 
We limit our exposure to credit risk by selling to a broad customer base and by continuously analyzing the credit of our clients. As of January 2010, our clients’ default level was 4.51% of our accounts receivable. We did not record a provision for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 because we considered the allowance for doubtful accounts not to be necessary, except for Tenda, taking into account that our financing with clients is mainly related to developments under construction and that deeds are not granted to the clients until after payment and/or negotiation of the clients’ debt. In addition, our risk of loss is limited to the stage when we negotiate our agreements with our clients, after which it is substantially transferred to financial institutions. The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda totaled R$17.8 million as of December 31, 2009 and is considered sufficient by our management to cover future expected losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.
 
Cash Flows
 
Operating activities
 
Net cash used in operating activities totaled R$676.7 million in 2009 as compared to R$812.5 million in 2008. The R$676.7 was primarily composed of  (1) a continued increase in cash allocated to finance receivables from clients, totaling R$1,657.1 million in 2009, which was primarily attributable to the continued year-on-year growth in our operations, related projects under development and thus the increase of the percentage of completion receivable; (2) additional proceeds from properties for sale of R$280.5 million attributable to an increased selling effort to clear unsold units from inventory arising in the prior year; and (3) partially offset by increases and decreases in other operating assets and liabilities.
 
In 2008, there was a significant increase in the operating expenditures as compared to 2007 mainly due to the increased number of projects under construction, the acquisition of land to support future launches and increased accounts receivables. As a result, net cash used in operating activities amounted to R$812.5 million in 2008 as compared to R$451.9 million in 2007.
 
Investment activities
 
Net cash used in investment activities, including for the acquisition of property, equipment and new investments, was R$65.6 million and R$78.3 million in 2009 and 2008 respectively. Our expenditure in 2009 was mainly related to the investment of R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were for the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and in the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. Restricted cash balances increased due to guaranteed financing in the amount of R$20.5 million.
 
Our expenditure in 2007 was mainly related to investments in property and equipment of R$63.1 million, in subsidiaries of R$15.0 million and restricted cash for loan guarantees of R$67.1 million. Cash acquired along with the Tenda business combination totaled R$66.9 million.
 
 
Our expenditure in 2007 was related to the acquisition of investments in subsidiaries and property and equipment. The increase of our cash used in investing activities in 2007 was primarily due to the acquisition of (1) shares of Catalufa Participações Ltda., whose principal asset consisted of an investment in Alphaville; and (2) all shares held by Redevco do Brasil in the following jointly-controlled entities:  Blue I SPE Planejamento, Promoção, Incorporação e Venda Ltda.; Blue II SPE Planejamento, Promoção, Incorporação e Venda Ltda.; Jardim I Planejamento, Promoção e Venda Ltda. and Sunplace SPE Ltda.
 
Financing activities
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2009 totaled R$1,540.4 million, an increase of 68.9%, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 of R$911.8 million. The cash provided in 2009 was mainly attributable to: (1) issuance of debentures and other debt totaling R$2,259.7 million; (2) amortization of loans in the amount of R$861.0 million; and (3) securitization transactions in the amount of R$110.6 million. We also paid R$26.1 million in dividends and R$35.5 million in obligations to venture partners. We sold shares held in treasury for R$82.0 million.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2008 totaled R$911.8 million, an increase of R$69.2 million, compared to the net cash provided by financing activities in 2007 of R$842.6 million. The cash provided in 2008 was mainly attributable to: (1) debt issuances in the amount of R$775.9 million, of which R$250.0 million was raised in June related to the first issuance of the third debenture program, and R$285.0 million was raised in September for working capital purposes; (2) contributions from venture partners in the amount of R$300 million, and (3) a capital increase of R$7.7 million. In addition, we paid R$145.7 million in loans and financing, mainly SFH and working capital loans and dividends of R$27.0 million during 2008.
 
 
Pledged mortgage receivables and marketable securities
 
As of December 31, 2009, substantially all of our mortgage receivables totaling R$3.5 billion are pledged. In addition, R$97.4 million of our marketable securities as they have been pledged.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
In 2007, we invested R$61.3 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were construction of sales stands of R$37.0 million and the implementation of SAP that totaled R$7.5 million. In addition, investments in information technology equipment and software totaled R$1.5 million, and office facilities totaled R$2.3 million.
 
In 2008, we invested R$63.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$35.5 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$3.7 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$4.2 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$2.0 million.
 
In 2009, we invested R$45.1 million in property and equipment, primarily information technology equipment, software, expenses for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings and new office facilities in São Paulo. Our main investments during the period were the construction of sales stands, which totaled R$23.2 million, investments in information technology equipment and software, which totaled R$4.9 million, in office facilities, which totaled R$7.6 million and the SAP implementation, which totaled R$5.0 million. We also had a reduction in restricted cash due to guaranteed financing of R$20.4 million.
 
Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by internal sources. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.
 
 
Indebtedness
 
When appropriate, we have incurred indebtedness within SFH, which offers lower interest rates than the private market. When our customers obtain a mortgage, we use the proceeds to amortize our SFH indebtedness. We intend to continue our strategy of maintaining low levels of debt comprised mainly of transactions within SFH or long-term transactions.
 
As of December 31, 2009 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$3,122.1 million, an increase of 101.2% as compared to December 31, 2008. Our indebtedness principally consists of (1) outstanding debentures totaling R$1,918.4 million, (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$736.7 million and (3) other loans (mainly SFH) in the total amount of R$467.0 million.
 
As of December 31, 2008 we had outstanding debt in the total amount of R$1,552.1 million, an increase of 123.2% as compared to December 31, 2007. Our indebtedness principally consists of: (1) the first issuance of the third debenture program of R$250.0 million; (2) working capital loans in the total amount of R$285.0 million; (3) other loans (mainly SFH) obtained throughout 2008 in the total amount of R$240.9 million; and (4) accrued interest in the amount of R$116.8 million, which was partially offset by a repayment of debts in the total amount of R$145.7 million, primarily related to SFH and working capital loans.
 
The table below sets forth information on our loans, financing and debentures as of December 31, 2009:
 
   
Maturity
   
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013 and thereafter
   
(in thousands of reais)
   
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       346,000       275,000       1,175,000  
Working capital
    736,736       408,326       244,846       48,318       35,246  
Housing Finance System (SFH)
    467,019       269,986       168,737       23,536       4,760  
Total
    3,122,132       800,689       759,583       346,854       1,215,006  

In addition to the loans listed above, we received contributions from venture partners of R$300.0 million in 2008 which will be fully redeemed by us in 2014, as described below
 
In January 2008, we formed an unincorporated venture represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid by us and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from our venture partner, of which R$300.0 million was subscribed by our venture partner. The venture, which will use these funds to acquire equity investments in real estate developments, has a term that ends on January 31, 2017 at which time we are required to fully redeem our venture partner’s interest. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Certificate of Deposit (CDI) rate. The venture’s charter provides that we must comply with certain covenants in our capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum net debt and receivables. We and the venture are currently in compliance with these covenants. The redemption of Class B quotas will start on January 31, 2012.
 
Debenture program
 
Our first debenture program was approved by and registered with the CVM on April 29, 2005. This enabled us to make public offerings of non-convertible debentures, secured on property and/or with guarantees subordinated to our general creditors. The offer of debentures through the program was limited to a maximum value of R$200 million.
 
On September 29, 2006, our second public offering of debentures was approved by the CVM. Under the second debenture program we can issue up to R$500.0 million in debentures that are not convertible into shares. The debentures are subordinated, and may be secured or unsecured.
 
We issued one series of debentures under the second debenture program for R$240.0 million aggregate principal amount due September 1, 2011. This is our fourth issuance which consists of 24,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000 each with subordinated guarantees. The debentures provide for
 
 
the payment of annual interest corresponding to 100% of CDI rate, calculated from the date of issuance, plus a 1.3% annual spread (based on a 252 business-day year).
 
The first issuance under the second debenture program provides that the following indices and limits be calculated on a semi-annual basis by the trustee based on our consolidated financial statements, drawn-up according to Brazilian GAAP, that we file with the CVM: (1) total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests; (2) total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt; and (3) total debt minus available funds is less than R$1.0 billion, as adjusted for inflation, where:
 
 
·  
available funds is the sum of our cash, bank deposits and financial investments;
 
 
·  
SFH debt is the sum of all our loan agreements that arise from resources of the SFH;
 
 
·  
total receivables is the sum of our short and long-term “development and sale of properties” accounts, as provided in our financial statements;
 
 
·  
post-completion inventory is the total value of units already completed for sale, as provided on our balance sheet; and
 
 
·  
total debt is the sum of our outstanding debt, including loans and financing with third parties and fixed income securities, convertible or not, issued in local or international capital markets.
 
Our indenture under the debenture program contains various covenants including, among other things:
 
 
·  
limitations on our ability to incur debt; and
 
 
·  
limitations on the distribution of dividends if we are under default.
 
In July 2009, we renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants in the second debenture program, and obtained approval to delete the covenant that limited our net debt to R$1.0 billion and increased our financial flexibility by changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and shareholders’ equity. As a result of these amendments, interest repaid by us increased to CDI plus 3.3% per year.
 
In May 2008, the CVM approved our third debenture program under which we can issue up to R$1.0 billion in non-convertible debentures. The first issuance under the third debenture program consisted of 25,000 nominal, non-convertible debentures with a face value of R$10,000, which were issued in two series totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to 107.2% of the CDI rate, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of 10 years.
 
Certain covenants contained in the agreements governing our debenture programs restrict our ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require us to repay or refinance our indebtedness if we are unable to meet certain ratios. Our second and third debenture programs have cross default provisions whereby an event of default or prepayment of any other debt above R$5.0 million and R$10.0 million, respectively, could require us to prepay the indebtedness under the second or third debenture program. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts generally required by those covenants and our performance against those minimum or maximum levels are summarized below:
 
In April 2009, Tenda’s first debenture program was approved, under which we issued R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a spread of 8% + TR, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures focused exclusively on the affordable entry-level segment that meet certain eligibility criteria. Guarantees are comprised of assignments of receivables and bank accounts. Additionally, certain covenants contained in the agreement governing Tenda’s debenture program restrict its ability to take certain actions, including incurring additional debt, and may require Tenda to repay or refinance the debenture if it is unable to meet certain financial ratios. The ratios and minimum or maximum amounts required by such financial covenants and Tenda’s performance against those minimum or maximum levels include: (1) coverage debt service defined as
 
 
EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3 ratio, (2) debt index defined as (receivables plus inventory) divided by (net debt minus collateralized debt) cannot exceed 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero, and (3) (net debt minus collateralized debt) divided by shareholders equity cannot exceed 50%. As of December 31, 2009, Tenda was in compliance with all the above mentioned ratios.
 
In August 2009, the CVM approved our sixth issuance, which consisted of non-convertible simple debentures in two series, secured by a general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$10,000, totaling R$250 million. The debentures provide for the payment of annual interest corresponding to the CDI rate plus 2 to 3.25%, calculated from the subscription date. Under the sixth issuance, we are obligated to acquire all outstanding debentures upon the request of debenture holders whenever we raise money through the issuance of non-debt securities in excess of R$500.0 million. We also have the right to repurchase the debentures in the occurrence of a liquidity event.
 
In December 2009, the CVM approved our seventh issuance under which we received R$600 million in non-convertible debentures. The debentures provide for payment of annual interest at a spread of 8.25% to 10.25% plus TR, calculated from the subscription date, with a maturity of five years. Proceeds from the issuance of the debentures will be used solely to finance real estate ventures.
 
   
As of December 31, 2009
 
Second program - first issuance
     
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
    1 %
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt
    2.3  
         
Third program - first issuance
       
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity
    53 %
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.2 times total debt
    4.1  
         
Seventh issuance
       
Coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3
    (5.9 )
Total receivables plus post-completion inventory is equal to or greater than 2.0 times total debt
    292.3  
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
    1 %
         
Tenda’s first issuance
       
Coverage debt service defined as EBIT divided by net financial expenses cannot exceed 1.3
    (24.8 )
debt index defined as (receivables + inventory) divided by (net debt – collateralized debt) cannot exceed 2.0 ratio or be lower than zero
    1.6  
Total debt minus SFH debt minus cash does not exceed 50% of shareholders’ equity
    31 %

We expect to comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness which may limit our long-term growth prospects by hindering our ability to incur future indebtedness or grow through acquisitions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Our level of indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial health, diminish our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or the real estate industry.”
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non restrictive clauses.
 
Financing through the Housing Finance System (SFH)
 
Most of our financing is incurred directly or through our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities from the principal banks that operate within SFH. As of December 31, 2009, the interest rates on these loans generally varied between 6.2% and 11.4% per annum, plus TR, and the loans generally mature through December 2012. This financing is secured by mortgages on property and by security interests on the receivables from clients. As of December 31, 2009 we had 85 loan agreements in effect, with a balance of R$467 million. At the same date we also had R$1,204.1 million in aggregate principal amount of financing agreements with SFH, the funds of which will be released through the date of completion as construction of the corresponding developments progress.
 
 
Securitization Fund – FIDC
 
On March 31, 2009, we entered into a securitized receivables transaction, whereby we assigned a portfolio of select residential and commercial real estate receivables to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued senior and subordinated quotas. This first issuance of senior quotas was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors. Subordinated quotas, equivalent to 21% of the amount issued, were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa S.A. Gafisa FIDC acquired the present value of the portfolio based on an agreed discount rate. We provide Gafisa FIDC with administrative and accounting services including the reconciliation and analysis of receivables and collections and can be replaced by another collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment with contractual parameters. The senior and subordinated quotas are remunerated based on the IGP-M index plus interest of 12% per year. Because the subordinated quotas have a disproportional percentage of the expected losses, Gafisa FIDC was considered a variable interest entity and was fully consolidated in our financial statements as of December 31, 2009.
 
The receivables portfolio assigned totaled R$119.6 million of which we received the equivalent of the present value of R$88.7 million in cash. We consolidated receivables of R$55.3 million assigned to Gafisa FIDC in our financial statements as of December 31, 2009 and recorded the mandatorily redeemable equity interest in the securitization fund of R$41.3 million as other accounts payable. The balance of our subordinated quotas was eliminated on consolidation.
 
In June 2009, we issued debt securities backed by real estate sales receivables (Cédula de Crédito Imobiliário), or CCI. The transaction consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprised of select residential real estate receivables from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. We assigned a receivables portfolio in the amount of R$89.1 million in exchange for cash at the transfer date, discounted to present value, totaling R$69.3 million, recorded as “Other accounts payable—Credit Assignments.”
 
Eight book CCIs were issued, amounting to R$69.3 million at the issuance date. These eight CCIs are backed by receivables which installments fall due on and up to June 2014, or CCI-Investor.
 
Pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, the CCI-Investor carries general guarantees represented by statutory liens on real estate units, effective as soon as the conditional restrictions included in the registration are lifted, as reflected in the real estate deed on (i) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (ii) the issue of CCI-Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.
 
We will be compensated for, among other things, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of us as collection agent in the event of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.
 
Working Capital
 
We believe that our current working capital is sufficient for our present requirements and that our sources of funds from financing activities are sufficient to meet the financing of our activities and cover our need for funds for at least the next twelve months.
 
U.S. GAAP Reconciliation and U.S. GAAP Operating Trends
 
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, which differs in significant respects from U.S. GAAP. Our net income, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$213.5 million, R$109.9 million and R$91.6 million, in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Under U.S. GAAP, we have reported a net income (loss) of R$(134.4) million, R$252.1 million and R$30.4 million, in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We note that the US GAAP financial information included in the financial statements have been restated since the prior filing of the 2009 Form 20-F on May 30, 2012. We refer to note 26 of the financial statements for additional information regarding the nature and amounts of these restatements.
 
Our shareholders’ equity, in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, was R$2,325.6 million, R$1,612.4 million and R$1,498.7 million as of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Under U.S. GAAP, we would have reported shareholders’ equity of R$1,679.4 million, R$1,465.9 million and R$1,264.9 million as of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
 
 
The following items generated the most significant differences between Brazilian GAAP and U.S. GAAP in determining net income and shareholders’ equity:
 
 
·  
revenue recognition;
 
 
·  
stock option plans;
 
 
·  
business combinations;
 
 
·  
effects of deferred taxes on the differences above; and
 
 
·  
noncontrolling interest.
 
For a discussion of the principal differences between Brazilian GAAP and U.S. GAAP as they relate to our financial statements and a reconciliation of net income and shareholders’ equity see Note 25 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and “Item 3.A. Key Information—Selected Financial Data.”
 
As per Note 26 of our consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed some accounting policies and also has  identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein. The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as originally reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Reclassificiation of Non-controlling interest
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Deferred tax reversal negative goodwill
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                                                                   
Net operating revenue
    2,338,311       (126,636 )     (287,556 )     (145,321 )     1,778,798       (7,010 )     (30,165 )     (40,683 )                 1,700,940  
                                                                                         
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,652,850 )     73,987       200,148       78,393       (1,300,322 )     (4,508 )     20,777       27,736                   (1,256,317 )
                                                                                         
Gross profit
    685,461       (52,649 )     (87,408 )     (66,928 )     478,476       (11,518 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                 444,623  
                                                                                         
Operating expenses
                                                                                       
Selling; general and administrative
    (439,459 )           74             (439,385 )                                   (439,385 )
Other
    (161,077 )           25,530             (135,547 )     (92 )                             (135,639 )
                                                                                         
Operating income (loss) before financial results and income tax
    84,925       (52,649 )     (61,804 )     (66,928 )     (96,456 )     (11,610 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                 (130,401 )
                                                                                         
Financial income
                            125,913                                     125,913  
Financial expenses
    (83,622 )     85       (22,226 )     2,838       (228,838 )                                   (228,838 )
                                                                                         
Income (loss) before income tax
    1,303       (52,564 )     (84,030 )     (64,090 )     (199,381 )     (11,610 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                   (233,326 )
                                                                                         
Taxes on income
                                                                                       
Current
                            (16,398 )                                   (16,398 )
Deferred
                            3,835       (7,641 )     3,192       4,211       60,693       (7,525 )     56,765  
                                                                                         
Income tax expense
    (59,567 )     14,801       23,974       8,229       (12,563 )     (7,641 )     3,192       4,211       60,693       (7,525 )     40,367  
                                                                                         
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                    (211,944 )     (19,251 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (192,959 )
 and noncontrolling interests
    (58,264 )     (37,763 )     (60,056 )     (55,861 )
Equity in results
    63,862       8,365       9,870             82,097       6,816                               88,913  
                                                                                         
Net income (loss)
    5,598       (29,398 )     (50,186 )     (55,861 )     (129,847 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (104,046 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (42,276 )     (8,365 )     20,308             (30,333 )                                   (30,333 )
                                                                                         
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
                                                                                       
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )                                                        
to Common shareholders
                               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
 
 

Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
December 31, 2008 originally reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2008 as previously reported
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
Business Combination
   
December 31, 2008 as reported
 
                                                       
Net operating revenue
    1,692,706       (126,315 )     (178,766 )     (62,184 )     1,325,441       (18,815 )     -       -       1,306,626  
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,198,256 )     92,796       80,898       32,440       (992,122 )     12,518       -       -       (979,604 )
Gross profit
    494,450       (33,519 )     (97,868 )     (29,744 )     333,319       (6,296 )     -       -       327,023  
Operating expenses
                                                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (306,134 )     (5,417 )     -       -       (311,551 )     -       -       -       (311,551 )
Other
    163,363       573       39,579       -       203,515       -       -       (6,622 )     196,893  
Operating income (loss) before financial results and income tax
    351,679       (38,363 )     (58,289 )     (29,744 )     225,283       (6,296 )     -       (6,622 )     212,365  
Financial income
    40,198       (7,625 )     23,291       20,789       99,335       -       -       -       99,335  
Financial expenses
    -       -       -       -       (22,682 )     -       -       -       (22,682 )
Income (loss) before income tax
    391,877       (45,988 )     (34,998 )     (8,955 )     301,936       (6,296 )     -       (6,622 )     289,018  
Taxes on income
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -          
Current
    -       -       -       -       (21,575 )     -       -       -       (21,575 )
Deferred
    -       -       -       -       (20,720 )     2,055       (9,039 )     -       (27,704 )
Income tax expense
    (70,576 )     15,690       12,045       546       (42,295 )     2,055       (9,039 )     -       (49,279 )
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                                                       
 and noncontrolling interests
    321,301       (30,298 )     (22,953 )     (8,409 )     259,641       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     239,739  
Equity in results
    26,257       -       -       3,616       29,873       -       -       -       29,873  
Net income (loss)
    347,558       (30,298 )     (22,953 )     (4,793 )     289,514       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     269,612  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (47,900 )     -       34,031       (3,616 )     (17,485 )     -       -       -       (17,485 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net income (loss)
                                                                       
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2007
 
   
December 31, 2007 as previously reported
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2007 as previously reported
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
December 31, 2007 as restated
 
                                     
Net operating revenue
    1,090,632       (22,730 )     (69,927 )     997,975       -       997,975  
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (865,756 )     7,841       40,145       (817,770 )     -       (817,770 )
Gross profit
    224,876       (14,889 )     (29,782 )     180,205       -       180,205  
Operating expenses
                                            -  
Selling, general and administrative
    (192,025 )     -       -       (192,025 )     -       (192,025 )
Other
    1,595       -       -       1,595       -       1,595  
Operating income
    34,446       (14,889 )     (29,782 )     (10,225 )     -       (10,225 )
Financial income (expenses)
    27,243       1,623       2,763       31,629       -       31,629  
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    61,689       (13,266 )     (27,019 )     21,404       -       21,404  
Income tax expense
    (1,988 )     4,473       2,920       5,405       (182 )     5,223  
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                            -  
 and noncontrolling interests
    59,701       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     26,809       (182 )     26,627  
Equity in results
    8,499       858       9,640       18,997       -       18,997  
Net income (Loss)
    68,200       (7,935 )     (14,459 )     45,806       (182 )     45,624  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests     (4,738 )     (858 )     (9,640 )     (15,236 )      -       (15,236 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570       (182 )     30,388  
US GAAP net income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570       (182 )     30,388  
                                                 
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     (32,892 )     (182 )     30,388  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
                                               
to Common shareholders
                                               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     (32,892 )     (182 )     30,388  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)     63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     (32,892 )     (182 )     30,388  
 
 
(i)
Revenue recognition – correction of error to fully take account of the revenue recognition provisions established by ASC 350.20.40.10. Amounts as originally reported had not taken full account of the rights of reimbursement of customers (which had the effect of deferring revenue recognition under the percentage-of-completion method until such time as the initial and continuing investments thresholds were met) and the reprocessing of the agreements on a unit-by-unit basis using the current interpretation and reversal of Tenda’s contract termination provision which had historically been recorded as a means of deferring revenue and which was found to be insufficient and replaced by the current revenue recognition deferral adjustment above.
 
(ii)
Retrospective adjustment to the Tenda’s purchase price allocation adjustment arising from the restatement of Tenda´s assets acquired and liabilities assumed following the correction of the error in (1) above.
 
(iii)
Revision of non-controlling interest to financial expenses. The Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP) in 2008 to hold interests in other real estate development companies. Upon further examination, this transaction was determined to be characteristic of a debt instrument rather than an equity investment. The results of the venture were originally presented as part of non-controlling interest amounts and were revised to financial expenses to reflect the Company´s current accounting practices.
 
(iv)
Deferred income tax on above adjustments.
 
(v)
Changes in equity due to correction of error in (1) above affecting equity method of accounting.
 
(vi)
Non-controlling interest on above adjustments.
 
At December 31, 2009 and 2008 we presented R$1.424 billion and R$0.503 billion, respectively, classified as cash and cash equivalents under BR GAAP. Such amount includes investments in government bonds, certificates of deposits, derivative contracts, debentures and bank receipts of deposit. For U.S. GAAP purposes (as restated), R$1.304 billion and R$0.330 billion at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, of this amount is presented as marketable securities as U S GAAP generally does not allow securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days to be classified as cash equivalents.
 
Presented below are our consolidated net operating revenues for each of the past three years:
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
   
U.S. GAAP
(as restated)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
2009
    3,036,357       1,700,940  
2008
    1,740,404       1,306,626  
2007
    1,204,287       997,975  

Our revenues under U.S. GAAP have traditionally been lower than our revenues under Brazilian GAAP given the application of different revenue recognition accounting policies. Brazilian GAAP provides for the percentage of completion method to be applied to construction activities from the time that a development is started and a customer is obtained. However, under U.S. GAAP such revenue recognition under percentage of completion is limited depending upon the stage of project completion, the amount of a customer’s initial and continuing investment, and is also limited given potential penalty and refund provisions that exist in our contracts.
 
Our net income (loss) was as follows for each of the past three years:
 
   
Brazilian GAAP
   
U.S. GAAP
(as restated)
 
   
(in thousands of Reais)
 
2009
  R$ 213,540     R$ (134,379 )
2008
  R$ 109,921     R$ 252,127  
2007
  R$ 91,640     R$ 30,388  

Our shareholders’ equity under U.S. GAAP is lower than our shareholders’ equity under Brazilian GAAP for all periods primarily due to the differences mentioned above.
 
 
New Accounting Pronouncements, Interpretations and Guidance
 
Law No. 11,638/07, effective as of January 1, 2008 and as amended by Law No. 11,941/09, introduced changes to the Brazilian corporate law to be applied in 2010 to financial statements of financial institutions and publicly-held companies. These changes primarily seek to facilitate the process of converging Brazilian GAAP to IFRS, and permit the CVM to issue new accounting standards and procedures consistent with international accounting standards. In addition, to ensure consistent presentation of financial statements in prior periods, these changes will require 2009 financial statements to be disclosed together with 2010 financial statements in order to provide comparative information within the financial statements.
 
In connection with these changes, several pronouncements, interpretations and guidance were issued in 2009 by the CPC and the CVM. We are currently evaluating the potential effects of the following pronouncements, interpretations and guidance, which may have a material impact on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2009 and on the comparability of such financial statements with our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010.
 
 
·  
CPC 15 sets forth the accounting treatment for business combinations, including the recognition and measurement of acquired assets, assumed liabilities and goodwill based on future economic benefits, and the information to be disclosed.
 
 
·  
CPC 17 sets forth the accounting treatment for revenue and costs associated with construction contracts.
 
 
·  
CPC 18 sets forth the recording of investments in associates in the individual and consolidated financial statements of the investor and the recording of investments in subsidiaries in the financial statements of the parent company.
 
 
·  
CPC 19 sets forth the recording of joint ventures and the disclosure of assets, liabilities, income and expenses of such ventures in the financial statements of investors.
 
 
·  
CPC 20 sets forth the accounting treatment for borrowing costs and its potential inclusion in assets when attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset.
 
 
·  
CPC 22 establishes principles for reporting information on operating segments in annual reports that would permit readers to evaluate the nature and financial effects of business activities in which a company is involved and the economic environments in which a company operates.
 
 
·  
CPC 23 sets forth the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment, and discloses the change to accounting policies, accounting estimates and the correction of errors.
 
 
·  
CPC 24 establishes when an entity shall adjust its financial statements in connection with a subsequent event and the information to be disclosed.
 
 
·  
CPC 25 sets forth the criteria for the recognition and measurement of provisions, contingent liabilities and assets and establishes principles for disclosing such information in the notes to financial statements to permit readers to evaluate their value.
 
 
·  
CPC 26 establishes principles for the presentation of financial statements to ensure comparability with the entity’s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities, and introduces the statement of comprehensive income as a mandatory financial statement.
 
 
·  
CPC 27 sets forth the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment with respect to recognition, measurement, depreciation and impairment losses.
 
 
·  
CPC 28 sets forth the accounting treatment for investment property and reporting requirements.
 
 
·  
CPC 30 sets forth the accounting treatment for revenue from certain types of transactions and events.
 
 
 
·  
CPC 31 sets forth the accounting treatment for non-current assets on sale and the presentation and reporting of discontinued operations.
 
 
·  
CPC 32 sets forth the accounting treatment for income taxes.
 
 
·  
CPC 33 sets forth the accounting treatment for and reporting of benefits given to employees.
 
With respect to the real estate sector, CVM Resolution No. 612 dated December 22, 2009, which approved Technical Interpretation ICPC02, addresses the recognition of costs and revenues by real estate companies prior to the completion of a property and will apply in 2010 to financial statements. Beginning on January 1, 2010, costs and revenues will be recognized as follows:
 
Description
 
CFC Resolution No. 963/03 (applicable until the year ended December 31, 2009)
 
ICPC-02 (applicable from the year ended December 31, 2010)
Revenue from real estate sold
 
Recorded in income according to percentage of completion method.
 
Recorded in income upon the transfer of deed, risks and benefits to the real estate purchaser (usually after completion of the work and upon delivery of keys).
Cost of real estate sold
 
Recorded in income when incurred, in proportion to units sold.
 
Recorded in income in proportion to units sold.

This new regulation will impact our financial statements, in particular our accounts receivable, real estate development, selling expenses (commission), deferred and current taxes on revenue and income, inventory and real estate development costs and warranty provisions and we are currently evaluating the potential effects on our financial statements.
 
U.S. GAAP Accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative U.S. GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by non-government entities. We have adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a portion of a financial asset as a sale. The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009, and may not be early adopted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-16 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual
 
 
returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. ASU 2009-17 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009 and may not be early adopted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-17 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic 310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of
 
 
the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
 
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4) the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. We will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. We expect that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
C. 
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
 
We have a research and development department for new products, processes and methodologies focused on reducing the construction cycle. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we had 13, 15 and 12 employees engaged in research and development activities, respectively. Our research and development expenditures in 2009, 2008 and 2007 were immaterial.
 
D. 
Trend Information
 
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report including under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Brazilian Real Estate Sector,” we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events which are reasonably likely to have a material effect upon our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
 
E. 
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We currently do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or significant transactions with unconsolidated entities not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. All of our interests in and/or relationships with our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities are recorded in our consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F. 
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
 
The table below presents the maturity of our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2009. The table does not include deferred income tax liability.
 
   
Maturity Schedule
 
   
Total
   
Less than 1 year
   
1-3 years
   
3-5 years
   
More than 5 years
 
   
(in thousands of R$)
 
Loans and financing
    1,203,755       678,312       489,187       36,256        
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       621,000       1,175,000        
Interest (1)
    863,034       342,890       436,920       83,224        
Real estate development obligations (2)
    3,162,601       2,228,115       931,238       3,248        
Obligations for land purchase
    350,706       204,305       91,450       44,109       10,842  
Obligation to venture partners (3)
    300,000             100,000       200,000        
Credit assignments
    122,360       122,360                    
Obligations from operating leases
    32,043       6,086       10,427       8,114       7,417  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       21,090                    
Securitization Fund – FIDC
    41,308             41,308              
Other accounts payables
    128,222       62,207       66,015              
Total
    8,143,496       3,787,742       2,787,545       1,549,951       18,259  

(1)
Estimated interest payments are determined using the interest rate as of December 31, 2009. However, our long-term debt is subject to variable interest rates and inflation indices, and these estimated payments may differ significantly from payments actually made.
 
(2)
Including obligations not reflected in the balance—CFC Resolution No. 963. Pursuant to Brazilian GAAP, and since the adoption of CFC Resolution No. 963, the total costs to be incurred on the units launched but not sold are not recorded on our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2009, the amount of “real estate development obligations” related to units launched but not sold was R$1,219.2 million.
 
(3)
Obligation to venture partners accrues a minimum annual dividend equivalent to the variation in CDI, which is not included in the table above.
 
We have a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville’s capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, which will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville by 2012 (20% within three years from the acquisition date and the remaining 20% within five years from the acquisition date) in cash or shares, at our sole discretion.
 
We also made provisions for contingencies in relation to labor, tax and civil lawsuits in the amounts of R$11.3 million and R$61.7 million in current and non-current liabilities, respectively, as of December 31, 2009.
 
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
 
A. 
Directors and Senior Management
 
Board of Directors
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of the members of our board of directors:
 
 
Name
 
 
Age
 
 
Position
 
 
Election Date
 
 
Term of Office(1)
Gary R. Garrabrant(3)  
 
52
 
Chairman
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Caio Racy Mattar(2)(3)  
 
52
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Richard L. Huber(2)(3)   
 
73
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Thomas J. McDonald(3) 
 
45
 
Director
 
April 4, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Gerald Dinu Reiss (2)(3)   
 
65
 
Director
 
April 14, 2008
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior (2)(3)
 
58
 
Director
 
April 30, 2009
 
Annual Shareholders’ General Meeting in 2010
 

(1)
Under Brazilian corporate law, an annual shareholders’ general meeting must take place within the first four months of the calendar year.
 
(2)
Independent member pursuant to NYSE rules.
 
(3)
Independent member pursuant to Brazilian Law. According to Brazilian Law, a director is considered independent when: (1) he/she has no relationship with the company, except for holding shares; (2) he/she is not a controlling shareholder, spouse or relative of the controlling shareholder, has not been in the past three years linked to any company or entity related to the controlling shareholder; (3) he/she has not been in the past three years an employee nor an executive of the company, of the controlling shareholder or of any subsidiary of the company; (4) he/she is not a supplier or buyer, direct or indirect, of the company where the arrangement exceeds a certain amount; (5) he/she is not an employee or manager of any company which renders services to the company or which uses services or products from the company; (6) he/she is not a spouse or relative of any member of the company’s management; and (7) he/she does not receive any compensation from the company, except for the compensation related to its position as a board member.
 
None of our directors is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except for unpaid portions related to prior years. Our directors are not subject to mandatory retirement due to age.
 
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of directors.
 
Gary R. Garrabrant. Mr. Garrabrant is the chief executive officer and co-founder of Equity International. From 1996 to 1999, he was executive vice-president of Equity Group Investments, LLC (EGI), the privately held investment company founded and led by Sam Zell. Mr. Garrabrant joined EGI in 1996 and founded Equity International with Mr. Zell in 1999. Mr. Garrabrant is a director of Equity International and a director of Brazilian Finance & Real Estate. He is the former vice chairman and director of Homex and a former director of NH Hoteles (MSE:NHH). Previously, Mr. Garrabrant was involved in the creation of Capital Trust (NYSE:CT) where he served as vice chairman and director, and in the formation of Equity Office Properties Trust. Prior to joining EGI, he co-founded Genesis Realty Capital Management and was a managing director in the real estate investment banking division of Chemical Bank and in a similar role with The Bankers Trust Company. Mr. Garrabrant is a member of the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business Advisory Council and the Real Estate Advisory Board at Cambridge University. Mr. Garrabrant holds a bachelor’s degree in finance from the University of Notre Dame and completed the Dartmouth Institute at Dartmouth College. He is currently the chairman of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also a member of the Investment Committee and Compensation Committee. His business address is Two North Riverside Plaza, Suite 1500, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, United States.
 
Caio Racy Mattar. Mr. Mattar is currently executive officer of Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição (CBD- Pão de Açúcar Group). He is also a member of the board of directors of Sendas Distribuidora S.A. and Paramount Têxteis Indústrias e Comércio S.A. Mr. Mattar holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and a master’s degree in business administration from the London Business School. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also a member of the Compensation Committee and Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil.
 
Richard L. Huber. Mr. Huber is an investor in different companies from various segments, especially in South America. He is currently the chairman of Antarctic Shipping, a Chilean company that operates maritime cruises in the Antarctic, and a director of, and an investor in, AquaBountry Technology, Covanta Energy Corporation, American Commercial Barge Line, and other companies in the United States. Mr. Huber holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Harvard University. He started his career as a trainee at First National Bank in 1959. He has worked for more than 40 years in the financial services industry with institutions such as First National Bank of Boston, Citibank, Chase and Continental Bank, most recently at Aetna Inc. in its financial area and as its chief executive officer and chairman, and left Aetna Inc. in 2000. He was also a member of the board of directors of many United States and Latin American companies. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also member of the Audit Committee and the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is 139 W. 78th Street, 10024, New York, New York, United States.
 
Thomas J. McDonald. Mr. McDonald is chief strategic officer of Equity International. Mr. McDonald has been associated with the Company since its inception in 1999. He is a director of several of Equity International’s
 
 
portfolio companies, including Gafisa (NYSE:GFA, BZ:GFSA3), BR Malls (BZ:BRML3) and AGV Logística. Prior to Equity International, Mr. McDonald was with Anixter International, a global provider of network infrastructure solutions and services. Prior to joining Anixter in 1992, Mr. McDonald was based in Mexico City with Quadrum S.A. de C.V., a Latin American finance company. Mr. McDonald holds a bachelor’s degree in international relations and Spanish from the University of Notre Dame and a master’s degree in business administration from the University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 4, 2008. He is also member of the Investment Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee. His business address is Two North Riverside Plaza, Suite 1500, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, United States.
 
Gerald Dinu Reiss. Mr. Reiss is the founder and the officer of the business consulting firm Reiss & Castanheira Consultoria e Empreendimentos Ltda. since 1987. He was the Planning and Controlling Officer of Grupo Ultra from 1980 to 1986 and member of its Executive Committee as of 1984. Professor of Business Planning of Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo at Fundação Getulio Vargas from 1974 to 1986. Mr. Reiss was also a member of the Board of Directors of various Brazilian companies, as CAEMI, Petrobrás S.A., Petrobrás Distribuidora S.A, COMERC and Grupo Pão de Açúcar. Mr. Reiss holds a bachelor’s degree in electric engineering from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo and a PHD in Business Administration from California University, Berkeley, USA. He is currently a member of our board of directors, and his current term commenced on April 14, 2008. He is also member of the Audit Committee. His business address is Rua Viradouro, 63, 04538-010 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
José Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior. Mr. Pereira is currently head of the Administrative Council of IBEF – PR Instituto Brasileiro dos Executivos de Finanças do Paraná. He started his auditing career in 1974 and became in 1986 partner of Arthur Andersen & Co. In June 2002 he was admitted as an audit partner at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in Brazil. Mr. Pereira is also the founder of the business consulting firm JEPereira Consultoria em Gestão de Negócios. Mr. Pereira holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a bachelor’s degree in accounting from Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. He is currently a member of our board of directors and the chairman of our Audit Committee, and his current term commenced on April 30, 2009. His business address is Av. República Argentina, 665, No. 906/907, 80240-210 – Curitiba, PR – Brazil.
 
The table below shows the names, positions, and terms of office of our executive officers:
 
Name
 
 
Age
 
 
Position
 
 
Election Date
 
 
Term of Office
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira
 
57
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
47
 
Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Antônio Carlos Ferreira Rosa
 
37
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Mário Rocha Neto
 
52
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011
Odair Garcia Senra
 
63
 
Officer
 
December 14, 2009
 
December 31, 2011

None of our executive officers is entitled to any severance compensation in the event of dismissal from office, except the unpaid portions related to prior years. The business address of each of our executive officers is Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor , 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP – Brazil.
 
The following is a summary of the business experience and principal outside business interests of the current members of our board of executive officers.
 
Wilson Amaral de Oliveira. Mr. Amaral is currently our chief executive officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009, and he is the president of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas and a marketing certificate from ESPM. Previously, he was a member of the board of directors and officer of Playcenter S.A., a member of the board of officers of Hopi Hari S.A. and of the fiscal council of Lojas Americanas S.A., an officer of Artex Ltda., as well as sales and marketing officer of Fundição Tupy S.A., Tupy Tubos e Conexões Ltda. and CLC Alimentos Ltda. He was also a member of the executive board of directors of Americanas.com S.A., Kuala Ltda. (successor of Artex Ltda.), Toalia S.A. and ABC Supermercados S.A. Mr. Amaral was also the managing partner of Finexia, country manager of DHL Worldwide Express do Brasil Ltda. and managing director of Tupi Perfis S.A.
 
 
Alceu Duilio Calciolari. Mr. Calciolari is currently our chief financial officer and investor relations officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009 and he is the vice president of the board of directors of Construtora Tenda S.A. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas and a master’s degree in controllership from Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Calciolari started his career as a trainee at ABN AMRO Real S.A. in 1978 and worked as an auditor, from 1983 to 1996, at Arthur Andersen LLP. He was also chief finance officer at Tupy S.A., from 1996 to 1998, and ALL—America Latina Logística S.A., from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Calciolari has been our chief financial officer since 2000.
 
Antônio Carlos Ferreira Rosa. Mr. Rosa is currently our executive officer responsible for new developments, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Universidade de São Paulo. He joined Gafisa in 1995 as an intern, holding several positions, including construction manager and development manager.
 
Mário Rocha Neto. Mr. Rocha Neto is currently our operations executive officer, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the Polytechnical School of the Universidade de São Paulo. Mr. Rocha Neto joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1978 as an intern. He was also a member of the management of Y. Takaoka Empreendimentos S.A. and, from 2003 to 2004, a member of the São Paulo Construction Union.
 
Odair Garcia Senra. Mr. Garcia Senra is currently our executive officer responsible for institutional relations, and his current term commenced in December 2009. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the civil engineering school of Mauá. Mr. Garcia Senra joined the former Gomes de Almeida in 1970 as an intern, and he has worked as a construction engineer, a construction manager and a construction officer. He was also a professor at the Civil Engineering School of Mauá in 1972, and officer of Secovi—Sindicato de Compra e Venda de Imóveis in São Paulo.
 
Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors
 
As of December 31, 2009, there were no contracts of any type or any other material agreements entered into by us with the members of our board of directors and our board of officers. As of December 31, 2009, our board of officers in the aggregate held 0.83% of our share capital and our board of directors in the aggregate held less than a 0.06% direct or indirect interest in our share capital. Also, as of December 31, 2009, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the referenced date, were the interests held material. In addition, there is no family relationship among our executive officers, directors or controlling shareholders, if any.
 
B. 
Compensation
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the company’s shareholders are responsible for establishing the aggregate amount paid to members of the board of directors, the board of officers and the members of the fiscal council. Once the shareholders establish an aggregate amount of compensation, the members of the board of directors are then responsible for setting individual compensation levels.
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the aggregate compensation we paid to the members of our board of directors totaled R$867 thousand, R$916 thousand and R$975 thousand, respectively.
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the aggregate compensation we paid to our executive officers totaled R$4.6 million, R$3.2 million and R$6.0 million, respectively, which includes fixed compensation and annual bonus amounts.
 
Approximately 70% of the total compensation we pay to our executive officers is variable and includes stock options granted pursuant to an executive stock compensation plan, which was approved in 2009, in substitution of the 2007 and 2008 plans. The amounts presented for 2009 include the entire 5-year program. Please see “E. Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans.” In addition, bonus amounts are provisions that have not yet been approved by our board of directors.
 
 
For each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, the individual compensation we paid to members of our board of directors (fixed compensation) and our executive officers (both fixed and variable compensation) is set forth in the tables below. These tables do not include the individual compensation of members of our fiscal council, which was formed on December 30, 2009.
 
 
2007
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
7
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
225,000
1,353,180
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
150,000
734,370
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
160,714
853,817

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
 
2008
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
6
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
225,000
990,245
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
150,000
410,763
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
162,500
609,997

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
 
2009
 
Board of Directors (1)
 
Executive Officers
Number of members
6
5
Annual highest individual compensation (in R$)
225,000
5,483,533
Annual lowest individual compensation (in R$)
150,000
1,600,915
Annual average individual compensation (in R$)
162,500
3,172,335

(1)
Based on the average number of members during the period.
 
*
Approximately 60% of the total compensation is comprised of the 2009 stock option plan, taking into consideration the entire 5-year program.
 
C. 
Board Practices
 
General Information
 
We are managed by a board of directors consisting of at least five and a maximum of nine directors and a board of officers consisting of at least two and a maximum of eight officers. Our directors are elected for a two-year term and our executive officers are elected for a three-year term. Reelection of officers and directors is permitted. We also have a fiscal council, an investment committee, an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee, a finance committee, and ethics committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management.”
 
Board of Directors
 
Our board of directors is our decision-making body responsible for formulating general guidelines and policies for our business, including our long term strategies. Among other things, our board of directors is responsible for appointing and supervising our executive officers.
 
Our board of directors meets at least once every quarter and at any other times when a meeting is called by its chairman or by at least two other members. The decisions of our board of directors are taken by the majority vote of its members. In the event of a tie vote, the chairman of our board of directors has, in addition to his personal vote, the right to cast a tie-breaking vote. In addition, pursuant to Brazilian corporate law, a member of our board of directors is prevented from voting in any shareholders’ or board of directors’ meeting, or from acting in any business or transaction, in which he may have a conflict of interest with our company.
 
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of directors must have at least three members, and each of the members of the board of directors must be a shareholder of the company, although there is no requirement as to the minimum number of shares that an individual must hold in order to serve as a director. Our bylaws provide for a board of directors of at least five and a maximum seven members, from which at least 20% shall be independent members, as determined by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. Our directors are elected at our annual general shareholders’ meeting for a two-year term of office, with reelection permitted, and are subject to removal at any time by our shareholders at a shareholders’ general meeting. Although the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado require, in a board of directors that has six members, only one member needs to be an independent director, our current board of directors has four independent members.
 
Paragraph 4 of Article 141 of Brazilian corporate law provides that shareholders with at least 10% of a company’s total voting capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure for the election of the board of directors, even where there is no provision for this in the company’s bylaws. The multiple voting procedure grants each share as many votes as the number of board members, and allows shareholders to allocate either all of their votes to a single candidate or to distribute their votes among several candidates.
 
All the voting proceedings discussed in the previous paragraphs currently apply to our company.
 
As prescribed by CVM Instruction No. 282, of June 26, 1998, the minimum voting capital percentage required for the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in publicly-held companies may be reduced as a result of the amount of its capital stock. This minimum percentage may vary from 5% to 10% depending on the amount of our capital stock, as prescribed in the aforementioned CVM instruction. Based on the current amount of our capital stock, shareholders representing 5% of our total capital stock may request the adoption of the multiple voting procedure in order to elect the members to our board of directors. If the adoption of the multiple voting procedure is not requested, directors are elected by a majority vote of our shareholders, and such shareholders who, individually or collectively, represent at least 10% of our shares, are entitled to appoint, in a separate vote, a director and its alternate.
 
The Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado also provide that all members of our board of directors and our board of officers must comply, by means of the execution of a management compliance statement, with obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, including, but not limited, to: (1) any shareholder that becomes our controlling shareholder, or becomes part of our controlling group, must comply, by means of executing of the controlling shareholder compliance statement, with the obligations set forth under the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado; (2) any indirect controlling shareholder of our company must fully comply with the obligations established in the Novo Mercado Listing Agreement, the Market Arbitration Chamber Rules, the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, Brazilian corporate law, Brazilian Securities Regulations and our bylaws; (3) use best efforts to ensure that our shares are widely held through public share offerings; (4) re-establish the minimum percentage of outstanding floating stock; (5) inform BM&FBOVESPA with respect to the trading of the securities held by our controlling shareholders; (6) comply with the rules imposed on our directors in the event our public company registration with the CVM is cancelled; and (7) comply with rules and regulations applicable in the event of the delisting of our company from the Novo Mercado.
 
Board of Officers
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a company’s board of officers must have at least two members, and each of such members must be a resident in Brazil but is not required to be a shareholder of the company. Furthermore, no more than one-third of our directors may serve as members of our board of officers at any given time.
 
The members of our board of officers are our legal representatives and are primarily responsible for managing our day-to-day operations and implementing the general policies and guidelines set forth in our shareholders’ general meetings and by our board of directors. Our bylaws require that our board of officers be composed of at least two members and a maximum of eight members. The members of our board of officers are appointed by our board of directors for three-year terms, and may be reelected or removed by our board of directors at any time. Our bylaws and our board of directors determine the role of our executive officers. Currently our executive officers are made up of a chief executive officer, a chief financial and investor relations officer and three other executive officers without a specific designation.
 
 
The chief executive officer submits to the board of directors for their approval the business plan, annual budget, investment plans and new expansion plans for Gafisa and our subsidiaries. The chief executive officer enacts these plans and develops our strategy and operational plan, including the manner in which we will execute the resolutions approved at the shareholders’ meeting and by the board of directors. Together with the other officers, he also supervises and coordinates our activities. The officer in charge of investor relations supplies our financial information to investors, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA and is also responsible for keeping an updated register based on the applicable regulations.
 
Audit Committee
 
Our directors have established an Audit Committee that convenes as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities, but at least quarterly. The Audit Committee is currently comprised of Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald Dinu Reiss, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald Dinu Reiss are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act and our Audit Committee fulfills the other requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC and NYSE Rule 303A. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors in that process, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
Fiscal Council
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, the fiscal council is a corporate body independent from the management of the company and its external auditors. The fiscal council may act either as a permanent or non-permanent body and whenever installed, must consist of no less than three and no more than five members. The primary responsibility of the fiscal council is to review management’s activities and the company’s financial statements and to report its findings to the shareholders of the company. The fiscal council is not equivalent to an audit committee as contemplated by the Securities Exchange Act, as amended. According to CVM Resolution No. 324/00 and taking into consideration our corporate capital, our fiscal council, a non-permanent body, must be established at a shareholders’ general meeting upon the request of shareholders representing at least 2% of the shares with voting rights, and its members shall remain in office until the annual general shareholders’ meeting of the year following their election. Each member of the fiscal council is entitled to receive compensation in an amount equal to at least 10% of the average amount paid to each executive officer (excluding benefits and profit sharing).
 
Individuals who are also employees or members of the administrative bodies of our company, of companies controlled by us, or of companies forming a group of companies with us (pursuant to Chapter XXI of Law No. 6,404/76), as well as spouses or relatives of our management, cannot serve on the fiscal council.
 
Our by-laws provide for a non-permanent fiscal council composed of three members, which can be formed and have its members elected at the shareholders’ general meeting, as requested by the shareholders, in the events set forth by Brazilian corporate law. After the fiscal council is formed, its members would remain in office until the annual general shareholders’ meeting of the year following their election. When in operation, our fiscal council consists of three members, and its compensation is set at the shareholders’ general meeting that elects them.
 
On December 30, 2009, at our special shareholders’ general meeting, a fiscal council was formed at the request of our shareholders. Our fiscal council currently consists of three members and three deputies, who shall each remain in office until our Annual Shareholder’s General Meeting in 2010.
 
 
Investment Committee
 
The investment committee is composed of the chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer and another member of our board of directors. Our investment committee is a non-permanent body and its duties are to: (1) analyze, discuss and recommend land acquisitions and new real estate developments; (2) advise our executive officers during the negotiation of new deals and the structuring of new developments; (3) supervise the beginning of new projects and their related cash flows; and (4) in special cases, assist in the negotiation and structuring of new types of business. Each decision by our investment committee to acquire land is made by ensuring that the investment meets the minimum return threshold set by us and comparing it with other potential investments. Such decision is made independent of the geographical location of the investment in order to maximize return on our capital allocation as a whole.
 
Currently, our investment committee is in operation and is comprised of Messrs. Gary R. Garrabrant, Wilson Amaral de Oliveira and Thomas J. McDonald.
 
Compensation Committee
 
Our directors have established a Compensation Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Gary R. Garrabrant, Caio Racy Mattar and Thomas J. McDonald. This committee reviews and makes recommendations to our directors regarding its compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
Our directors have established a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Thomas J. McDonald, Richard L. Huber and Caio Racy Mattar. This committee considers and periodically reports on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors, executive officers and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and develops and recommends governance principles applicable to us.
 
Finance Committee
 
Our directors have established a Finance Committee composed of three members; currently, they are Wilson Amaral de Oliveira, our Chief Executive Officer, Alceu Duilio Calciolari, our Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer and Fernando Cesar Calamita, our Planning and Controlling Officer. This committee evaluates and makes periodic recommendations to our board of directors regarding risk and financial investments policies.
 
Summary of Significant Differences of Corporate Governance Practices
 
NYSE Corporate Governance Rules provide that we are required to disclose any significant differences on our corporate governance practices from those required to be followed by U.S. companies under NYSE listing standard. We have summarized these significant differences below.
 
We are permitted to follow practice in Brazil in lieu of the provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, except that we will be required to have a qualifying audit committee under Section 303A.06 of the Rules, or avail ourselves of an appropriate exemption. In addition, Section 303A.12(b) provides that our chief executive officer is obligated to promptly notify the NYSE in writing after any of our executive officers becomes aware of any material non-compliance with any applicable provisions of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.
 
Majority of Independent Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.01 provides that each NYSE-listed company must have a majority of independent directors. According to the Novo Mercado listing rules and our by-laws, we are required to have at least 20% of our board of directors represented by independent directors. Notwithstanding this, the majority of our board members qualify as independent directors under NYSE rules.
 
 
Separate Meetings of Non-Management Directors
 
NYSE Rule 303A.03 provides that the non-management directors of each NYSE-listed company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. According to Brazilian corporate law, up to one-third of the members of the board of directors can also hold management positions. The remaining non-management board members are not expressly empowered to serve as a check on management and there is no requirement that those board members meet regularly without management. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our board of directors consists entirely of non-management directors and as such we believe we are in compliance with the NYSE Rule 303A.03.
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.04 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are not required to have such a committee under Brazilian law. However, our board of directors formed such a committee to consider and periodically report on matters relating to the size, identification, selection and qualification of the board of directors and candidates nominated for the board of directors and its committees; and develop and recommend governance principles applicable to us. With respect to compensation, under Brazilian corporate law, the shareholders determine the total or individual compensation of our board members and executive officers, including benefits and allowances, at a general shareholders’ meeting. If the shareholders only determine the total compensation, it is incumbent upon the board of directors to establish the individual amounts. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”
 
Compensation Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.05 provides that each U.S. listed company must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are not required to have such a committee under Brazilian law. However, our board of directors formed such a committee to review and make recommendations to our directors regarding its compensation policies and all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers and other employees.
 
Audit Committee
 
NYSE Rule 303A.06 and the requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC provide that each U.S. listed company is required to have an audit committee consisting entirely of independent members that comply with the requirements of Rule 10A-3. In addition, the audit committee must have a written charter compliant with the requirements of NYSE Rule 303.A.07(c), have an internal audit function and otherwise fulfill all other requirements of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3. The SEC recognized that due to the local legislation for foreign private issuers, some of the functions of the audit committee could be subordinated by local laws to our other bodies.
 
Although we are not required under Brazilian law to have an audit committee, we formed such a committee, which complies with NYSE Rule 303A.06 and the requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the SEC, with the following responsibilities:
 
 
·  
Pre-approve services to be provided by our independent auditor;
 
 
·  
Choose and oversee the work of any accounting firm engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing any other service;
 
 
·  
Review auditor independence issues and rotation policy;
 
 
·  
Supervise the appointment of our independent auditors;
 
 
·  
Discuss with management and auditors major audit issues;
 
 
·  
Review financial statements prior to their publication, including the related notes, management’s report and auditor’s opinion;
 
 
 
·  
Review our annual report and financial statements;
 
 
·  
Provide recommendations to the board on the audit committee’s policies and practices;
 
 
·  
Review recommendations given by our independent auditor and internal audits and management’s responses;
 
 
·  
Evaluate the performance, responsibilities, budget and staffing of our internal audit function and review the internal audit plan;
 
 
·  
Provide recommendations on the audit committee’s bylaws; and
 
 
·  
Review our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the procedures for monitoring compliance with it.
 
Equity Compensation Plans
 
NYSE Rule 303A.08 provides that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with certain limited exemptions as described in the rule. Under Brazilian corporate law, shareholder pre-approval is required for the adoption of equity compensation plans and any material revision thereto.
 
Corporate Governance Guidelines
 
NYSE Rule 303A.09 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose their corporate governance guidelines. We do not have a similar requirement under Brazilian law. However, we have listed our common shares on the Novo Mercado (New Market) of the São Paulo Stock Exchange, which requires adherence to the corporate governance standards of that Exchange specified under “Item 10.B. Additional— Memorandum and Bylaws.” In addition, we have adopted a written policy of trading of securities and disclosure matters.
 
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
 
NYSE Rule 303A.10 provides that each U.S. listed company must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. On July 10, 2007 we have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. See “Item 16B. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.”
 
D. 
Employees
 
As of December 31, 2009, we had 4,381 employees across the following states:
 
State
 
Employees
 
Alagoas
    6  
Amazonas
    78  
Bahia
    51  
Goiás
    23  
Maranhão
    15  
Pará
    460  
Paraná
    169  
Rio de Janeiro
    1,849  
Rondônia
    13  
São Paulo
    1,717  
Total
    4,381  

The table below shows the number of employees for the periods presented:
 
 
 
Period
 
Operations
 
Administration & Finance
 
Business Development
 
Sales
 
Other
 
Total
2009
    3,925       127       99       104       126       4,381  
2008
    3,665       115       72       17       47       3,916  
2007
    642       78       73       14       66       873  

Our administrative employees carry out management, accounting, IT, development, sale, legal and construction activities, in addition to negotiating with suppliers. Our construction site employees focus on management and oversight of our construction workers, a majority of whom is outsourced. The outsourced employees are hired by the contractors to carry out various tasks on the construction sites. Currently, we estimate that approximately 7,700 outsourced professionals are providing services to us across the following states:
 
 
State
 
Outsourced Professionals
 
Alagoas
    422  
Amazonas
    171  
Bahia
    320  
Goiás
    390  
Maranhão
    264  
Pará
    296  
Paraná
    150  
Rio de Janeiro
    1,957  
Rondônia
    115  
São Paulo
    3,653  
Total
    7,738  

We offer training programs to our employees, subcontractors and outsourced employees. All of our professionals involved in the construction of our developments are trained prior to the commencement of their work and are supervised directly by our engineers.
 
The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of São Paulo are enrolled with the Civil Construction Industries Workers’ Union (SINTRACON). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of São Paulo (SINDUSCON-SP) annually negotiates with SINTRACON collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of São Paulo was executed in May 2009, establishing a salary adjustment of 6.7% as of May 2009. This collective bargaining agreement became effective on May 2009 and will expire on April 30, 2010. The majority of our employees and outsourced professionals of the State of Rio de Janeiro are members of the Civil Construction, Tiles, Cement, Marble and Granite Products, Road Construction, Paving, and Land Moving and Industrial Maintenance and Assembly Industries’ Workers Union of the Rio de Janeiro Municipality (SINTRACONST-RIO). As a rule, the Civil Construction of Large Building Industry in the State of Rio de Janeiro (SINDUSCON-RIO) annually negotiates with SINTRACONST-RIO the collective bargaining agreements applicable to our employees. The most recent collective bargaining agreement for our employees and outsourced professionals in the State of Rio de Janeiro was executed in March 2009, establishing a salary adjustment of 7.5% as of March 2009. This collective bargaining agreement became effective in March 2009 and will expire in February 2011. We believe our relations with our employees and unions are good. In 2009, we have experienced three work stoppages in São Paulo, three in Salvador and two in Curitiba, due to a general strike of one day in the industry. We also have experienced one work stoppage in Goiás and one in Rio Grande do Sul involving only our employees.
 
The benefits we offer to our permanent employees include life insurance, dental plan, health insurance, medical assistance plan, meal reimbursements and profit sharing.
 
Health and Safety
 
We are committed to preventing work-related accidents and diseases. Accordingly, we maintain an environmental risk prevention program which seeks to maintain and enhance the health and physical conditions of our employees, by anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling any existing or potential environmental risks
 
 
in the workplace. In addition, we have an internal committee for the avoidance of accidents, which seeks to prevent diseases and accidents from occurring in the workplace. We make significant investments in this area, providing frequent training programs for both our construction employees and our subcontractors’ employees, and we require our subcontractors to follow strict guidelines.
 
E. 
Share Ownership
 
As of the date of this annual report, our directors and executive officers do not hold, on an aggregate basis, any direct or indirect interest of greater than 0.88% of our total share capital or of the share capital of any of our subsidiaries or jointly-controlled entities. Also, as of December 31, 2009, some of our executive officers held interests in our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities as partners, minority shareholders, and/or directors and executive officers. In none of these cases, as of the date of this annual report, were the interests held material.
 
The table below sets forth the number of our total shares beneficially owned by each of our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
 
Position
 
Number of Shares Owned
 
Thomas J. McDonald
Director
    40,002  
Gary R. Garrabrant
Director
    100,790  
Caio Racy Mattar
Director
    2  
Richard L. Huber
Director
    32,434  
Gerald Dinu Reiss
Director
    2  
Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior
Director
    2  
Wilson Amaral De Oliveira
Chief Executive Officer
    892,958  
Alceu Duilio Calciolari
Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer
    696,040  
Odair Garcia Senra
Officer
    625,420  
Antonio Carlos Ferreira Rosa
Officer
    177,476  
Mario Rocha Neto
Officer
    387,698  
Total
      2,952,824  

Stock Option Plans
 
Our stock option plans seek to: (1) encourage our expansion and success by allowing our directors, executive officers and senior employees to acquire shares of our capital stock in order to encourage their integration with the company; (2) allow us to obtain and retain the services of directors, executive officers and senior employees by offering them the additional benefit of becoming one of our shareholders; and (3) align the interests of our directors, executive officers and senior employees with the interests of our shareholders.
 
We entered into individual agreements with our employees, directors and executive officers, under which they are entitled to purchase shares of our capital stock pursuant to the terms and conditions of the stock option plans and the specific conditions set forth in their agreements.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2000 to 2002
 
In 2002, our shareholders ratified the terms and conditions of our stock option plan. A standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our preferred shares was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on April 3, 2000. As a result of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, our preferred shares were converted into common shares, and therefore all stock options relating to this stock option plan currently grant subscription rights related to our common shares.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,290,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of these shares, 4,268,400 shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
 
Stock Option Plan – 2006
 
In view of our entry in the Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, and in order to protect the rights of the beneficiaries of the existing stock option plan, we decided to maintain the existing stock option plan. In addition, on February 3, 2006, our shareholders approved a new stock option plan. Under the 2006 stock option plan, our board of directors may release further programs on a regular basis of options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2006 stock option plan. Such new programs would grant our managers and senior employees the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under terms and conditions laid down in stock option plan agreements entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 4,905,064 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of these shares, 2,089,310 shares have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2008
 
We approved a new stock option plan on June 18, 2008 during a special shareholders’ general meeting. Under the new stock option plan, our board of directors may create additional programs on a regular basis for options to purchase up to 5% of the total outstanding shares of our company, as set forth in the 2008 stock option plan.
 
Under this new stock option plan, the board of directors may grant different types of options to certain beneficiaries, or “B options,” for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional purchase of common shares under this 2008 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse two years from the common share purchase date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 66,494 common shares have been purchased by our employees, directors and executive officers pursuant to this stock option plan agreement, which corresponds to 166,756 B options that may be granted in the future.
 
Stock Option Plan – 2009
 
We approved two new stock option plans in 2009 for executives and key employees. The first plan is a standard stock option plan to grant subscription rights related to our common shares, which was approved by our board of directors at a meeting held on June 26, 2009. Under this plan, the board of directors may grant to certain beneficiaries the right to subscribe and/or acquire our shares for a set price, under the terms and conditions set forth in the stock option plan agreement entered into with each participant.
 
As of the date of this annual report, 6,400,000 options to purchase shares of our common shares have been issued to directors pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. Of the total options granted, none have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
Under the second plan, the board of directors may grant different types of B options for the exercise price of R$0.01. The exercise of B options, if granted, is subject to the proportional exercise of the regular options granted under this 2009 plan, according to the terms and conditions set forth in each program, and to lapse one year from the grant date.
 
As of the date of this annual report, options to purchase 1,085,034 shares of our common shares have been issued to employees and directors pursuant to this stock option plan agreement. The options granted included 778,356 B options. Of the total options granted, none have been acquired or expired pursuant to such agreements.
 
 
Issuance
 
Number of Stock
Options Issued
   
Number of Stock
Options Outstanding
(Not Expired or exercised)
   
Exercise Price per
Stock Option *
 
 
Expiration
April 2000
    2,100,000           R$ 2.75  
April 2009
April 2001
    1,590,000           R$ 2.75  
April 2010
April 2002
    600,000       21,600     R$ 4.62  
April 2010
February 2006
    1,905,064       1,467,094     R$ 9.25  
February 2014
February 2006
    3,000,000       1,348,660     R$ 2.51  
February 2014

 
 
Issuance
 
Number of Stock
Options Issued
   
Number of Stock
Options Outstanding
(Not Expired or exercised)
   
Exercise Price per
Stock Option *
 
 
Expiration
February 2007
    1,460,000       1,071,054     R$ 15.29  
February 2015
May 2008
    166,756       166,756     R$ 15.91  
May 2016
June 2009
    6,400,000       6,400,000     R$ 8.53  
June 2017
December 2009
    1,085,034       1,085,034     R$ 14.25  
December 2017

* Exercise prices are adjusted according to the dividends paid and the IGP M inflation index plus an annual interest rate of 3% to 6%.)
 
 
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 
A. 
Major Shareholders
 
The following table sets forth information relating to the ownership of our common shares as of the date of this report, by each holder of 5.0% or more of our common shares and all of our directors and officers as a group, as well as common shares held in treasury. Each holder of common shares has the same rights.
 
Shareholders
 
Shares
   
(%)
 
EIP Brazil Holdings, LLC (1) (2)
    48,092,228       14.4  
Marsico Capital Management LLC(3)
    36,085,780       10.8  
Morgan Stanley (4)
    24,152,652       7.2  
Itaú Unibanco S.A.
    20,507,856       6.1  
Directors and officers (5)
    2,952,824       0.9  
Other shareholders
    201,763,448       60.4  
Treasury shares
    599,486       0.2  
Total
    334,154,274       100.0  

(1)
Affiliate of Equity International.
 
(2)
Based on information filed jointly by EIP Brazil Holdings, LLC (“EIP Brazil”), EI Fund II, LP (“EI Fund II”), EI Fund II GP, LLC (“EI Fund II GP”), EI Fund IV Pronto, LLC (“EI Pronto”), EI Fund IV, LP (“EI Fund IV”), EI Fund IV GP, LLC (“EI Fund IV GP”) and Equity International, LLC (“EI”) with the SEC on December 3, 2009, 11,729,604 common shares are owned directly by EIP Brazil. EIP Brazil is wholly owned by EGB Holdings, LLC, which is owned 99.9% by EI Fund II. EI Fund II GP is the general partner of EI Fund II. EI Fund II and EI Fund II GP may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EIP Brazil. 3,300,000 ADSs representing 6,600,000 common shares are owned directly by EI Pronto. EI Pronto is wholly owned by EI Fund IV and EI Fund IV GP is the general partner of EI Fund IV. EI Fund IV and EI Fund IV GP may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EI Pronto. Each of EI Fund II GP and EI Fund IV GP is indirectly wholly owned by EI and EI may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the shares owned directly by EIP Brazil and EI Pronto.
 
(3)
Based on information filed by Marsico Capital Management, LLC with the SEC on February 11, 2010.
 
(4)
Based on information filed jointly by Morgan Stanley and Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. with the SEC on February 17, 2009. The securities being reported on by Morgan Stanley as a parent holding company are owned, or may be deemed to be beneficially owned, by Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc., an investment adviser in accordance with Rule 13d-1(b)(1)(ii)(E) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended. Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Morgan Stanley.
 
(5)
Does not include shares that may be purchased pursuant to outstanding stock option plans except for shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this annual report.
 
We had a total 278 record shareholders located in the United States, 158 of which hold shares traded at BM&FBOVESPA and 120 of which hold ADSs traded on the New York Stock Exchange. We are not aware of any shareholders’ agreement currently in force with our main shareholder.
 
B. 
Related Party Transactions
 
Other than arrangements which are described in “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management— Our Relationship with our Executive Officers and Directors” and the transaction described below, since January 1, 2007, there has not been, and there is not currently proposed, any
 
 
material transaction or series of similar transactions to which we were or will be a party in which any director, executive officer, holder of 5% of our capital stock or any member of their immediate family had or will have a direct or indirect interest.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, our directors and executive officers cannot vote on any matter in which they have a conflict of interest and such transactions can only be approved on reasonable and fair terms and under conditions that are no more favorable than the terms and conditions prevailing in the market or offered by third parties.
 
We participate in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitutive documents of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and uses of resources of the venture are reflected in the balance sheet of the ventures, reflecting the respective participation percentages of the partners, which are not subject to inflation adjustments or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we had current accounts receivable related to real estate ventures of R$7.2 million, R$60.5 million and R$17.9 million, respectively.
 
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, we have not entered into any loan or other type of financing agreement with our directors or executive officers.
 
C. 
Interests of Experts and Counsel
 
Not applicable.
 
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
A. 
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
 
For our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto see “Item 18. Financial Statements.”
 
Legal Proceedings
 
We are currently party to several legal and administrative proceedings arising from the normal course of our business, principally relating to civil, environmental, tax and labor claims. We establish provisions in our balance sheets relating to potential losses from litigation based on estimates of probable losses. Brazilian GAAP requires us to establish provisions in connection with probable losses and we record a provision when, in the opinion of our management, we feel that an adverse outcome in a litigation is probable and a loss can be estimated. The determination of the amounts provisioned is based on the amounts involved in the claims and the opinion of our management.
 
Civil Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were a party to 1,668 civil actions, totaling R$237.6 million. Of these actions, we were the plaintiff in 218 actions and the defendant in approximately 1,450 actions, with aggregate amounts of R$30.2 million and R$207.4 million, respectively. For three of the claims where we are the defendant, the plaintiffs are seeking an aggregate amount of R$48.0 million. As of December 31, 2009, we have filed defenses to these claims. While we believe these claims are unfounded, we are of the view that the likelihood of loss is possible. In two of the three claims, our liability is limited because there are three other defendants. The third claim involves an amount of R$28.0 million of the proceeds from our Brazilian initial public offering that was withheld in an escrow deposit attached by court order to guarantee a writ of execution.
 
As of December 31, 2009, the provisions for contingencies for civil lawsuits included R$71.3 million related to lawsuits in which we were cited as a successor in foreclosure actions where the original debtor, Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), was a former shareholder of Gafisa. The plaintiff claims that we should be held liable for the debts of Cimob. During 2009, we recorded an additional provision in the amount of R$65.8 million following
 
 
unfavorable judicial decisions, which led us to seek new legal opinions from our Brazilian counsels and reevaluate the estimate of probable loss. Our insurance provides coverage for R$17.7 million. Further we were required by the competent court hearing the case to set aside (1) in an escrow account R$64.9 million, and (2) a certain number of treasury shares, both measures aiming at guaranteeing any potential foreclosure. We have filed appeals against all decisions, as we believe that references to Gafisa in the lawsuits are not legally justifiable. In other similar cases, we have obtained favorable decisions in which we were awarded final decisions overturning claims against Cimob. The ultimate outcome of our appeal, however, cannot be predicted at this time.
 
Most of these civil claims involve ordinary course matters relating to the development of our properties, including annulment of contractual clauses, termination of agreements with the reimbursement of the amounts paid and indemnification for labor accidents.
 
As of December 31, 2009, the provision for our civil claims amounted to R$91.7 million.
 
Environmental Claims
 
On August 27, 2004, the Federal Public Prosecution Office filed a Public Civil Action against us and others, including the Superintendência Estadual de Rios e Lagoas, or SERLA, which is responsible for managing the water resources of the State of Rio de Janeiro, alleging intervention in a permanent preservation area. The Federal Public Prosecution Office sought indemnification payment of R$1.0 million to repair the damaged area, as well as penalties for the damages caused to the environment. We are currently not able to estimate the amounts to be paid in this claim. In December 2009, the lower court denied the Federal Public Prosecution Office’s request to cease the soil removal at Lake Jacarepaguá. The Federal Public Prosecution Office has filed an appeal and we are awaiting a decision on the appeal.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were the defendant in five environmental claims, including the action described above law suit. We are currently not able to estimate the aggregated amount of the environmental claims.
 
In addition, we are periodically party to other administrative environmental inquiries or claims by the Public Prosecution Offices of the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro or by other governmental agencies or third parties. These inquiries may result in public environmental claims against us and the findings in these inquires may give rise to other administrative and criminal claims. However, based on currently available information, we do not believe these matters are, or are likely to be in the future, material to our business or financial condition.
 
As of December 31, 2009, we have made no provisions for environmental claims.
 
Tax Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were party to several tax proceedings involving tax liabilities in the aggregate amount of R$53.9 million. As of December 31, 2009, the provision for tax liabilities amounted to R$20.7 million. In addition, we have deposited R$7.1 million with the court in connection with some of these proceedings. These amounts take into consideration the tax liabilities of our subsidiaries, in proportion to our interest in their share capital. The main tax proceedings to which we are a party are described below.
 
On November 30, 2009, we and our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas joined the cash and installment payment of debits with the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney-General Office of the National Treasury. The Company joined the tax amnesty and refinancing program and opted for the cash payment of tax debits amounting to R$17.3 million, of which R$10.4 million was in cash and R$6.9 million offset tax losses. Our subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas opted for the installment payment of tax debits amounting to R$6.6 million, R$980 thousand and R$192 thousand, respectively, recognizing gains of R$568 thousand, R$360 thousand and R$70 thousand, respectively, relating to the offset of tax losses. The consolidated gain of the Company and its subsidiaries amounted to R$4.0 million.
 
We are challenging the constitutionality of Law No. 9,715/98 and Law No. 9,718/98. We obtained a partially favorable first level decision. As of December 31, 2009, we have included part of the debt in the installment payment program, under Law No. 11,941, enacted on May 27, 2009 and registered an accounting provision of R$5.9 million with respect to this obligation. We believe the likelihood of loss is possible.
 
 
As a result of our business combination with Tenda, we became party to a proceeding challenging the inclusion of revenues from the sale of real estate in the tax basis for payment of the COFINS, as determined by Law No. 9,718/98. Tenda has deposited with the court the full amount of the tax liability involved in this proceeding. A final decision was rendered unfavorably against Tenda and the payment due in connection with this proceeding will be transferred to the federal government.
 
We were party to two tax claims arising from tax assessments filed by the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service—SRF, regarding expenses that were considered non-deductible in fiscal years 1998 and 1999. The aggregate amount involved in these two claims was R$16.5 million, including interest, penalties and legal fees, which do not include attorney’s fees. We have settled these claims under Law No. 11,941, enacted on May 27, 2009.
 
Several municipalities charge a municipal tax on construction services on an arbitrated basis, which varies depending on the characteristic of the construction. We have filed lawsuits against the municipality of São Paulo to challenge the calculation of the arbitrated basis on several of our developments under construction. In these proceedings, we deposited R$7.1 million with the courts and we are awaiting a first level decision. In addition, the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and Santo Andre have issued tax assessments against us. We have filed administrative defenses and are awaiting first level administrative decisions. The total amount involved in these proceedings is R$10.2 million.
 
As a result of our acquisition of Alphaville, we have become party to administrative and judicial tax claims relating to the Excise Tax (Imposto Sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI, and the State Value Added Tax (Imposto Sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or ICMS, regarding Alphaville’s alleged failure to pay taxes on its import of two aircrafts. The amount involved in these claims is R$50.3 million and the amount that was deposited with the court was R$1.3 million. Alphaville is waiting for the final decision by the courts on these proceedings. According to our acquisition agreement of Alphaville, the selling shareholders must reimburse any loss suffered by us or Alphaville arising from acts occurring before January 8, 2007, including the claims set forth above.
 
Labor Claims
 
As of December 31, 2009, we were a defendant in approximately 2,350 labor claims resulting from our ordinary course of business, of which approximately 85% were filed by outsourced workers and approximately 15% were filed by our former employees. The alleged legal bases for these claims mainly relate to termination benefits, overtime hours, employee’s relationship and dismissal rights. As of December 31, 2009, the total value involved in the labor claims filed against us was approximately R$71.0 million. As of December 31, 2009, the provision for labor claims amounted to R$8.9 million.
 
Other Developments
 
On June 14, 2012, we received a subpoena from the SEC Division of Enforcement related to the Matter of Certain 20-F Filer Home Builders (HO-11760)). The subpoena requests that we produce all documents from January 1, 2010 to the present related to the preparation of our financial statements, including, among other things, copies of our financial policies and procedures, board and audit committee and operations committee minutes, monthly closing reports and financial packages, any documents relating to possible financial or accounting irregularities or improprieties and internal audit reports. The SEC’s investigation is a non-public, fact-finding inquiry and is not clear what action, if any, the SEC intends to take with respect to the information it gathers. The SEC subpoena does not specify any charges.
 
Dividend Policy
 
The amount of any of our distributions of dividends and/or interest on shareholders’ equity will depend on a series of factors, such as our financial conditions, prospects, macroeconomic conditions, tariff adjustments, regulatory changes, growth strategies and other issues our board of directors and our shareholders may consider relevant, as discussed below.
 
Amounts Available for Distribution
 
At each annual general shareholders’ meeting, our board of directors is required to propose to our shareholders how our earnings of the preceding fiscal year are to be allocated. For purposes of Brazilian corporate law, a company’s income after federal income tax for such fiscal year, net of any accumulated losses from prior fiscal years and amounts allocated to debentures, employees’ and management’s participation in earnings and founders’ shares, represents its “net income” for such fiscal year. In accordance with Brazilian corporate law, an amount equal to the company’s “net income” may be affected by the following:
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the legal reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to any statutory reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the contingency reserve, if any;
 
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the tax incentives reserve;
 
 
·  
reduced by amounts allocated to the investment reserve;
 
 
·  
increased by reversals of contingency reserves recorded in prior years; and
 
 
·  
increased by amounts allocated to the investment reserve, when realized and if not absorbed by losses.
 
Our calculation of net income and allocation of funds to our reserves for any fiscal year are determined on the basis of our audited unconsolidated financial statements for the immediately preceding fiscal year.
 
Allocation of Net Income
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we have two types of reserve accounts: (1) profit reserves and (2) capital reserve.
 
Profit Reserves
 
Our profit reserves consist of the following:
 
 
·  
Legal Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law and our bylaws, we are required to maintain a legal reserve to which we must allocate 5% of our net income for each fiscal year until the aggregate amount of such reserve equals 20% of our share capital. However, we are not required to make any allocations to our legal reserve in a fiscal year in which the legal reserve, when added to our other established capital reserves, exceeds 30% of our total share capital. The portion of our net income allocated to our legal reserve must be approved by our annual general shareholders’ meeting and the balance of such reserve may only be used to increase our share capital or to absorb losses, but is unavailable for the payment of dividends. As of December 31, 2009, our legal reserve amounted to R$31.7 million.
 
 
·  
Statutory Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, we are permitted to provide for the allocation of part of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts that may be established in accordance with our bylaws. The allocation of our net income to discretionary reserve accounts may not be made if it serves to prevent distribution of the mandatory distributable amount. According to our by-laws, up to 71.25% of our net income may be allocated to an investment reserve to finance the expansion of our activities and the activities of our controlled companies by subscribing for capital increases, creating new projects or participating in consortia or any other type of association to achieve our corporate purpose. This investment reserve may not exceed 80% of our share capital. As of December 31, 2009, our statutory reserve amounted to R$311.4 million.
 
 
·  
Contingency Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a percentage of our net income may be allocated to a contingency reserve for anticipated losses that are deemed probable in future years. Management must indicate the cause of the anticipated loss and justify the establishment of the reserve for allocation of a percentage of our net income. Any amount so allocated in a prior year either must be reversed in the year in which the justification for the loss ceases to exist or charged off in the event that the anticipated loss occurs. The allocations to the contingency reserve are subject to the approval of our shareholders in a shareholders’ general meeting. As of December 31, 2009, there was no amount allocated to a contingency reserve.
 
 
·  
Investment Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, the amount by which the mandatory distributable amount exceeds the “realized” net income in a given fiscal year, as proposed by the board of directors, may be allocated to the investment reserve. Brazilian corporate law defines “realized” net profits as the amount by which net profits exceed the sum of (1) the net positive results, if any, from the equity method of accounting and (2) the net profits, net gains or net returns resulting from transactions or the accounting of assets and liabilities based on their market value, to be received after the end of the following fiscal year. All amounts allocated to the investment reserve must be paid as mandatory dividends when those “unrealized” profits are realized if they have not been designated to absorb losses in subsequent periods. As of December 31, 2009, our investment reserve amounted to R$38.5 million.
 
 
 
·  
Retained Earnings Reserve. Under Brazilian corporate law, a portion of our net income may be reserved for investment projects in an amount based on a capital expenditure budget approved by our shareholders. If such budget covers more than one fiscal year, it might be reviewed annually at the shareholders’ general meeting. The allocation of this reserve cannot jeopardize the payment of the mandatory dividends. As of December 31, 2009, there was no amount allocated to our retained earnings reserve.
 
Capital Reserves
 
The capital reserve is formed by (a) amounts received by shareholders in excess of the par value of shares issued (premium on capital stock), as well as the part of the issue price of the shares with no par value that exceeds the amount intended to form the capital stock; and (b) proceeds from the sale of founders’ shares and warrants. Under Brazilian corporate law, capital reserve may only be applied to: (1) absorb losses that exceed accumulated earnings and revenue reserves; (2) redeem, reimburse or buy our own shares; and (3) increase our share capital.
 
As of December 31, 2009, our capital reserve amounted to R$318.4 million.
 
Mandatory Distribution of Dividends
 
Brazilian corporate law generally requires that the bylaws of each Brazilian company specify a minimum percentage of the amounts available for distribution by such company for each fiscal year that must be distributed to shareholders as dividends or as interest on shareholders’ equity, also known as the mandatory dividend.
 
The mandatory dividend is based on a percentage of adjusted net income, rather than a fixed monetary amount per share. Under our bylaws, at least 25% of our net income, as calculated under Brazilian GAAP and adjusted under Brazilian corporate law (which differs significantly from net income as calculated under U.S. GAAP), for the preceding fiscal year must be distributed as a mandatory dividend. Adjusted net income means the distributable amount before any deductions for profit retention and statutory reserves.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, however, we are allowed to suspend the distribution of the mandatory dividends in any year in which our board of directors report to our shareholders’ general meeting that the distribution would be inadvisable in view of our financial condition. Such suspension is subject to the approval at the shareholders’ meeting and review by members of the fiscal council. In the case of publicly held companies, the board of directors must file a justification for such suspension with the CVM within five days of the relevant shareholders’ general meeting. If the mandatory dividend is not paid, the unpaid amount shall be attributed to a special reserve account. If not absorbed by subsequent losses, those funds shall be paid out as dividends as soon as the financial condition of the company permits.
 
The mandatory dividend may also be paid in the form of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, being considered as a deductible expense for purpose of calculating our income and social contribution tax obligations.
 
Payment of Dividends
 
We are required by Brazilian corporate law and our by-laws to hold an annual general shareholders’ meeting within the first four months following the end of each fiscal year, at which time, among other things, the shareholders have to decide on the allocation of the results from the preceding year and on the payment of dividends based on our financial results from the previous fiscal year.
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, dividends are generally required to be paid to the holder of record on the date of the dividend declaration date within 60 days following the date the dividend was declared, unless a shareholders’ resolution sets forth another date of payment, which, in either case, must occur within the fiscal year in which such dividend was declared. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the dividend payment to claim dividends, which do not bear interest and are not monetarily restated, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed dividends shall legally revert to us.
 
Our board of directors may declare interim dividends to be deducted from the retained earnings or profit reserves in our semi-annual or annual financial statements. In addition, our board of directors may pay dividends from our net income based on our net income registered on semi-annual or quarterly balance sheet. The dividends
 
 
paid in each semester may not exceed the amounts accounted for in our capital reserve accounts. Any payment of interim dividends may be set off against the amount of mandatory dividend relating to the net profit earned in the year in which the interim dividends were paid.
 
In general, shareholders who are not residents of Brazil must register their equity investment with the Central Bank to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to their shares eligible to be remitted outside of Brazil. The common shares underlying the ADSs are held in Brazil by Banco Itaú S.A., also known as the custodian, as agent for the depositary, who is the registered owner on the records of the registrar for our shares. The depositary registers the common shares underlying the ADSs with the Central Bank and, therefore, it is possible to have dividends, sales proceeds or other amounts with respect to the common shares remitted outside Brazil.
 
Payments of cash dividends and distributions, if any, are made in reais to the custodian on behalf of the depositary, which then converts such proceeds into U.S. dollars and causes such U.S. dollars to be delivered to the depositary for distribution to holders of ADSs. In the event that the custodian is unable to convert immediately the reais received as dividends into U.S. dollars, the amount of U.S. dollars payable to holders of ADSs may be adversely affected by depreciations of the reais that occur before the dividends are converted. Under the current Brazilian tax law, dividends paid to persons who are not Brazilian residents, including holders of ADSs, will not be subject to Brazilian withholding tax, except for dividends declared based on profits generated prior to December 31, 1995, which will be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying tax rates. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”
 
Holders of ADSs have the benefit of the electronic registration obtained from the Central Bank, which permits the depositary and the custodian to convert dividends and other distributions or sales proceeds with respect to the common shares represented by ADSs into foreign currency and remit the proceeds outside of Brazil. In the event the holder exchanges the ADSs for common shares, the holder will be entitled to continue to rely on the depositary’s certificate of registration for five business days after the exchange. Thereafter, in order to convert foreign currency and remit outside of Brazil the sales proceeds or distributions with respect to the common shares, the holder must obtain a new certificate of registration in its own name that will permit the conversion and remittance of such payments through the commercial rate exchange market.
 
Under current Brazilian legislation, the Brazilian government may impose temporary restrictions of foreign capital abroad in the event of a serious imbalance or an anticipated serious imbalance of Brazil’s balance of payments. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
Under the Brazilian tax legislation effective January 1, 1996, Brazilian companies are permitted to pay “interest” to holders of equity securities and treat such payments as a deductible expense for Brazilian income tax purposes and, from 1997, for social contribution purposes. The purpose of the tax law change is to encourage the use of equity investment, as opposed to debt, to finance corporate activities. Payment of such interest may be made at the discretion of our board of directors. The amount of any such notional “interest” payment to holders of equity securities is generally limited in respect of any particular year to the greater of:
 
 
·  
50% of net income (after the deduction of the provisions for social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest attributable to shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; or
 
 
·  
50% of the sum of retained earnings and profit reserves as of the beginning of the year in respect to which such payment is made.
 
For tax deduction purposes, the rate applied in calculating interest attributable to shareholders’ equity cannot exceed the pro rata die variation of the Long Term Interest Rate (Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo), or TJLP, as determined by the Central Bank from time to time.
 
For accounting purposes, although the interest should be reflected in the income statement for tax deduction, the charge is reversed before the calculation of the net income in the statutory financial statements and deducted from the shareholders’ equity in the same way as the dividend. Any payment of interest with respect to the common
 
 
shares is subject to withholding income tax at the rate of 15% or 25% if a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation is domiciled in a country or location defined as a “tax favorable jurisdiction.” The definition of tax favorable jurisdiction includes countries and locations (a) that do not impose income tax, (b) that impose income tax at a rate of 20% or less, or (c) that impose restrictions on the disclosure of shareholding composition, ownership of investments, or the identity of the ultimate beneficiary of earnings that are attributed to non-residents. Please refer to “Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that the definition of “tax favorable jurisdiction” may be broadened by Law No. 11,727.
 
If a payment of interest on shareholder’s equity is recorded at net value as part of a mandatory dividend, we will pay the income tax on behalf of our shareholders at the time the payment is distributed. Otherwise, the income tax will be paid by the shareholders, subject to our obligation to retain and collect taxes on the payment.
 
The amount distributed to shareholders as interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, net of any withholding tax, may be included as part of the minimum mandatory dividend. In accordance with applicable law, we are required to pay to shareholders an amount sufficient to ensure that the net amount they receive in respect of interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after payment of the applicable withholding tax, plus the amount of declared dividends, is at least equivalent to the amount of the minimum mandatory dividend. A shareholder has a three-year period from the date of the interest payment to claim interest attributable to shareholders’ equity, after which the aggregate amount of any unclaimed interest shall legally revert to us.
 
History of Payment of Dividends and Interest on Shareholders’ Equity
 
In 2008, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$27.0 million, or R$0.21 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2007. In 2009, we distributed dividends in the total amount of R$26.1 million, or R$0.20 per share (without giving effect to the stock split of one existing share into two newly issued shares approved at our shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010), for fiscal year 2008.
 
B. 
Significant Changes
 
None.
 
THE OFFER AND LISTING
 
A. 
Offer and Listing Details
 
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006 and the ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007. The table below sets forth, for the indicated periods, the high and low closing prices of the ADSs on the NYSE, in U.S. dollars, and the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA, in reais:
 
   
New York Stock Exchange (3)
   
São Paulo Stock Exchange (2)
 
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
 
   
(in US$ per ADS)
         
(in reais per common shares)
 
Year Ended
                                   
December 31, 2006 (2)
                      35.20       17.70       430,555  
December 31, 2007
    40.50       23.10       418,005       35.61       22.50       897,085  
December 31, 2008
    46.50       5.41       930,018       38.26       6.86       1,238,592  
December 31, 2009
    36.60       7.33       830,509       31.27       8.69       2,077,590  
                                                 
Quarter
                                               
First quarter 2008
    41.50       29.96       771,929       34.60       25.50       1,128,515  
Second quarter 2008
    46.50       33.36       969,276       38.26       27.50       995,435  
Third quarter 2008
    35.59       20.97       890,823       28.20       19.90       1,206,926  
Fourth quarter 2008
    24.60       5.41       1,080,111       23.79       6.86       1,621,471  
First quarter 2009
    12.11       7.33       674,687       13.23       8.69       1,885,703  
Second quarter 2009
    19.73       10.91       721,893       20.90       12.41       2,481,110  
Third quarter 2009
    32.91       16.49       744,936       29.68       16.30       1,966,653  
Fourth quarter 2009
    36.60       28.49       1,171,518       31.27       25.50       1,955,885  

 
   
New York Stock Exchange (3)
   
São Paulo Stock Exchange (2)
 
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
   
High
   
Low
   
Volume(1)
 
   
(in US$ per ADS)
         
(in reais per common shares)
 
Month
                                               
September 2009
    32.91       26.40       738,155       14.77       12.48       3,043,124  
October 2009
    36.60       28.49       1,350,094       15.64       12.75       4,250,000  
November 2009
    35.03       29.83       1,128,917       14.78       12.94       4,466,000  
December 2009
    35.21       30.48       1,031,669       29.59       26.55       1,515,055  
January 2010
    32.73       25.70       927,386       27.80       24.30       1,594,069  
February 2010 (from February 1, 2010 to February 22, 2010)
    30.84       25.45       1,273,669       27.57       23.21       3,794,043  
February 2010 (from February 26, 2010 to February 28, 2010) (4)
    30.71       30.71       889,124       13.70       13.40       1,774,300  

(1)
Average number of shares traded per day.
 
(2)
Our common shares started trading on the BM&FBOVESPA on February 17, 2006.
 
(3)
The ADSs started trading on the NYSE on March 16, 2007.
 
(4)
On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved a stock split of our common shares giving effect to the split of one existing share into new issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.
 
In September 2007, we joined the BM&FBOVESPA Index, or “IBM&FBOVESPA,” the main indicator of the Brazilian stock market’s average performance and the IBrX-50, an index measuring the total return on a theoretical portfolio composed of 50 stocks selected among BM&FBOVESPA’s most actively traded securities. Additionally, we are part of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, which is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index that is designed to measure equity market performance in the global emerging markets. Through the inclusion on these indices, our stock has expanded opportunity for increased liquidity. Prior to joining the indices, we traded at a daily average of R$38.1 million (or 1.3 million shares), and after joining the indices, it increased to an average of R$57.4 million (or 2.1 million shares).
 
B. 
Plan of Distribution
 
Not applicable.
 
C. 
Markets
 
Our common shares are listed on the BM&FBOVESPA under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GFA.”
 
Trading on the BM&FBOVESPA
 
The CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA have discretionary authority to suspend trading in shares of a particular issuer under certain circumstances. Trading in securities listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Levels 1 and 2 segments, may be effected off the exchanges in the unorganized over-the-counter market in certain circumstances.
 
The shares of all companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, including the Novo Mercado and Level 1 and Level 2 companies, are traded together.
 
Settlement of transactions occurs three business days after the trade date. Delivery of and payment for shares are made through the facilities of separate clearing houses for each exchange, which maintain accounts for brokerage firms. The seller is ordinarily required to deliver the shares to the BM&FBOVESPA clearing house on the second business day following the trade date.
 
In order to reduce volatility, the BM&FBOVESPA has adopted a “circuit breaker” system pursuant to which trading sessions may be suspended for a period of 30 minutes or one hour whenever specified indices of the BM&FBOVESPA fall below the limits of approximately 10% and 15%, respectively, in relation to the index levels for the previous trading session.
 
 
Although the Brazilian equity market is the largest in Latin America in terms of capitalization, it is smaller and less liquid than the major U.S. and European securities markets. The BM&FBOVESPA is significantly less liquid than the NYSE, or other major exchanges in the world. The BM&F BOVESPA, had a market capitalization of US$1.3 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of US$2.7 billion for 2009. In comparison, the NYSE had a market capitalization of US$18.9 trillion as of December 31, 2009 and an average daily trading volume of approximately US$4.9 billion for 2009. Although any of the outstanding shares of a listed company may trade on the BM&FBOVESPA, in most cases fewer than half of the listed shares are actually available for trading by the public, the remainder being held by small groups of controlling persons, by government entities or by one principal shareholder. The relative volatility and illiquidity of the Brazilian securities markets may substantially limit your ability to sell the common shares at the time and price you desire and, as a result, could negatively impact the market price of these securities.
 
Trading on Brazilian stock exchanges by non-residents of Brazil is subject to registration procedures. See “— Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
Regulation of Brazilian Securities Markets
 
The Brazilian securities markets are principally governed by Law No. 6,385, of December 7, 1976, and Brazilian corporate law, each as amended and supplemented, and by regulations issued by the CVM, which has authority over stock exchanges and the securities markets generally; the National Monetary Council; and the Central Bank, which has, among other powers, licensing authority over brokerage firms and regulates foreign investment and foreign exchange transactions.
 
These laws and regulations, among others, provide for licensing and oversight of brokerage firms, governance of the Brazilian stock exchanges, disclosure requirements applicable to issuers of traded securities, restrictions on price manipulation and protection of minority shareholders. They also provide for restrictions on insider trading. However, the Brazilian securities markets may not be considered to be as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets or securities markets in some other jurisdictions. Accordingly, any trades or transfers of our equity securities by our officers and directors, our controlling shareholders or any of the officers and directors of our controlling shareholders must comply with the regulations issued by the CVM. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Bylaws—Disclosure Requirements.”
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, a corporation is either public, as we are, or closely held. All public companies are registered with the CVM and are subject to reporting requirements. Our common shares are listed on Novo Mercado segment of the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
We have the option to ask that trading in our securities on the BM&FBOVESPA be suspended in anticipation of a material announcement. Trading may also be suspended on the initiative of the BM&FBOVESPA or the CVM, based on or due to, among other reasons, a belief that a company has provided inadequate information regarding a material event or has provided inadequate responses to inquiries by the CVM or the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
The Brazilian over-the-counter market consists of direct trades between individuals in which a financial institution registered with the CVM serves as intermediary. No special application, other than registration with the CVM, is necessary for securities of a public company to be traded in this market. The CVM requires that it be given notice of all trades carried out in the Brazilian over-the-counter market by the respective intermediaries.
 
Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil
 
Investors residing outside Brazil are authorized to purchase equity instruments, including our common shares, in the form of foreign portfolio investments on the BM&FBOVESPA, provided that they comply with the registration requirements set forth in Resolution No. 2,689 of the National Monetary Council (or Resolution No. 2,689), and CVM Instruction No. 325.
 
With certain limited exceptions, Resolution No. 2,689 investors are permitted to carry out any type of transaction in the Brazilian financial capital market involving a security traded on a stock, future or organized over-the-counter market. Investments and remittances outside Brazil of gains, dividends, profits or other payments under our common shares are made through the foreign exchange market.
 
 
In order to become a Resolution No. 2,689 investor, an investor residing outside Brazil must:
 
 
·  
appoint a representative in Brazil with powers to take actions relating to the investment;
 
 
·  
appoint an authorized custodian in Brazil for the investments, which must be a financial institution duly authorized by the Central Bank and CVM;
 
 
·  
appoint a tax representative in Brazil;
 
 
·  
through its representative, register itself as a foreign investor with the CVM and the investment with the Central Bank; and
 
 
·  
through its representative, register itself with the Brazilian Internal Revenue (Receita Federal) pursuant to the Regulatory Instructions No. 461 and 568.
 
Securities and other financial assets held by foreign investors pursuant to Resolution No. 2,689 must be registered or maintained in deposit accounts or under the custody of an entity duly licensed by the Central Bank or the CVM. In addition, securities trading by foreign investors is generally restricted to transactions involving securities listed on the Brazilian stock exchanges or traded in organized over-the-counter markets licensed by the CVM.
 
Foreign direct investors under Law No. 4,131/62 may sell their shares in both private or open market transactions, but these investors will generally be subject to less favorable tax treatment on gains as compared to foreign portfolio investors.
 
A foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 must:
 
 
·  
register as a foreign direct investor with the Central Bank;
 
 
·  
obtain a taxpayer identification number from the Brazilian tax authorities;
 
 
·  
appoint a tax representative in Brazil; and
 
 
·  
appoint a representative in Brazil for service of process in respect of suits based on Brazilian corporate law.
 
Resolution No. 1,927 of the National Monetary Council, which restated and amended Annex V to Resolution No. 1,289 of the National Monetary Council, provides for the issuance of depositary receipts in foreign markets in respect of shares of Brazilian issuers. We filed an application to have the ADSs approved under Resolution 1,927 by the CVM, and we received final approval on March 8, 2007.
 
If a holder of ADSs decides to exchange ADSs for the underlying common shares, the holder will be entitled to (1) sell the common shares on the BM&FBOVESPA and rely on the depositary’s electronic registration for five business days from the date of exchange to obtain and remit U.S. dollars abroad upon the holder’s sale of our common shares; (2) convert its investment into a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00; or (3) convert its investment into a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62.
 
If a holder of ADSs wishes to convert its investment into either a foreign portfolio investment under Resolution No. 2,689/00 or a foreign direct investment under Law No. 4,131/62, it should obtain the authorization with the Central Bank and begin the process of obtaining his own foreign investor registration with the Central Bank or with the CVM as the case may be, in advance of exchanging the ADSs for common shares.
 
The custodian is authorized to update the depositary’s electronic registration to reflect conversions of ADSs into foreign portfolio investments under Resolution No. 2,689/00. If a foreign direct investor under Law No. 4,131/62 wishes to deposit its shares into the ADR program in exchange for ADSs, such holder will be required to present to the custodian evidence of payment of capital gains taxes. The conversion will be effected after obtaining Central Bank’s authorization. Please refer to “Item 10.E. Additional Information—Taxation—Brazilian Tax Considerations”
 
 
for a description of the tax consequences to an investor residing outside Brazil of investing in our common shares in Brazil.
 
D. 
Selling Shareholders
 
Not applicable.
 
E. 
Dilution
 
Not applicable.
 
F. 
Expenses of the Issue
 
Not applicable.
 
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 
A. 
Share Capital
 
Not applicable.
 
B. 
Memorandum and Bylaws
 
Registration
 
We are currently a publicly-held company incorporated under the laws of Brazil, registered with the Board of Trade of the State of São Paulo (JUCESP) under NIRE 35300147952 and with the CVM under No. 01610-1, and enrolled with the Brazilian Taxpayer’s Authorities under CNPJ/MF No. 01,545,826/0001-07.
 
Corporate Purposes
 
Article 3 of our bylaws provides that our corporate purpose is to: (1) promote and develop any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party, in the latter case as a contractor and agent; (2) purchase and sell any type of real estate; (3) perform civil construction and provide civil engineering services; and (4) develop and implement marketing strategies for any type of real estate project, whether our own or that of a third party.
 
Issued Share Capital
 
As of the date of this annual report, our share capital was R$1,627.3 million, all of which was fully subscribed and paid-in. Our share capital is comprised of 334,154,274 registered, book-entry common shares, without par value, after the stock split described herein. On February 22, 2010, our shareholders approved (1) an increase to the Company’s authorized share capital of 300,000,000 common shares, (2) a stock split of our common shares giving effect to the split of one existing share into two newly issued shares, increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274 and (3) an amendment to our bylaws to accommodate such stock split by increasing our authorized share capital from 300,000,000 common shares to 600,000,000 common shares. Under our bylaws, our board of directors may increase our share capital to the limit of our authorized capital by issuing up to 600,000,000 common shares without the need of specific shareholder approval. Our shareholders must approve any capital increase above that amount at a shareholders’ general meeting. Pursuant to the agreement entered into with the BM&FBOVESPA for the listing of our shares on the Novo Mercado, we are not permitted to issue preferred shares.
 
Novo Mercado
 
Our shares were accepted for trading on the Novo Mercado on February 17, 2006. In order to delist our shares from the Novo Mercado, we must conduct a tender offer for the purchase of the shares of our capital stock outstanding in the market. See “—Delisting from the Novo Mercado.”  In the Novo Mercado, listed companies are required to, among others, (1) only issue common shares, (2) maintain a minimum free float equal to at least 25% of the company’s capital, (3) detail and include additional information in the quarterly information and (4) make available the annual financial statements in English and based on international accounting standards.
 
 
The rules imposed by the Novo Mercado aim at providing transparency in relation to the activities and economic situation of the companies to the market, as well as more power to the minority shareholders in the management of the companies, among other rights. The main rules relating to the Novo Mercado, and that the company is subject to, are summarized below.
 
According to CMN Resolution No. 3,792 of September 24, 2009, which governs the investment of funds by private pension funds, shares of companies that adopt differentiated corporate governance practices may represent a higher interest in the investment portfolio of such private pension funds, and may therefore be considered significant and attractive investments for the private pension funds, which are large investors in the Brazilian capital market. This fact might improve the development of the Novo Mercado, benefiting the companies whose securities are traded on the Novo Mercado.
 
Authorization for Trading on the Novo Mercado
 
Firstly, the company that is authorized to list its securities on the Novo Mercado shall keep updated its listed company register with the CVM, which allows the trading of the company’s common shares at the stock market. Furthermore, the company, among other conditions, shall have signed a Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado and adapted its bylaws to comply with the minimum requirements of the BM&FBOVESPA. As regards the capital structure, it shall be exclusively divided into common shares, and a minimum free float equal to 25% of the capital stock shall be maintained by the company. The existence of founders’ shares by the companies listed on the Novo Mercado is prohibited.
 
Board of Directors
 
The board of directors of companies authorized to have their shares traded on the Novo Mercado shall be comprised of at least five members, of which at least 20% shall be independent, as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. The members of the board of directors shall be elected by a shareholders’ general meeting for a maximum two-year term of office, and are eligible for reelection. All new members of the board of directors and of the board of officers shall sign a Management Compliance Statement. Through the Compliance Statement, the company’s directors and officers are personally responsible for complying with the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Other Novo Mercado Characteristics
 
Novo Mercado rules cover other areas designed to foster high levels of corporate governance and market transparency. Companies are required to keep the minimum stock percentage floating in the market, in order to foster dispersion of share ownership. In addition, companies are obliged to assign tag-along rights to their shareholders in order to ensure equal treatment if a controlling shareholder sells its controlling stake. The Novo Mercado rules require companies to provide quarterly information on the number of shares held by the controlling shareholder, if any, company directors and officers, members of the fiscal council and the number of outstanding shares, in addition to other information required by the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado. Gafisa provides such required information on a quarterly basis and voluntarily on a monthly basis. Companies are also required to give more disclosure regarding related party transactions in which a company may be involved. Finally, controlling shareholders, directors, officers and members of a company’s fiscal council are required to submit to arbitration any disputes or conflicts related to or arising from the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado and the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, specifically with regard to their application, validity, effectiveness and interpretation. The arbitrations take place before the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA and are conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber.
 
Company Management
 
We are managed by a board of directors (Conselho de Administração) and a board of officers (Diretoria). See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
The members of the board of directors must be shareholders irrespectively of the number of shares of the capital stock of the company he/she holds. The members of the board of officers must be Brazilian residents and may, or may not, be shareholders.
 
 
Conflict of Interests
 
According to Brazilian corporate law a director or an officer shall not take part in any corporate transaction in which he/she has an interest which conflicts with the interest of the company. In this case, he/she shall disclose his/her disqualification to the other directors or officers and shall cause the nature and extent of his/her interest to be recorded in the minutes of the board of directors or board of officers’ meeting, as the case may be.
 
With due compliance with the rules above relating to conflict of interests, a director or an officer may only contract with the company under reasonable and fair conditions, identical to those which prevail in the market or under which the corporation would contract with third parties. Any business contracted otherwise is voidable and the director or the officer concerned shall be obliged to transfer to the corporation all benefits which he/she may have obtained in such business.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, any director or officer may not:
 
 
·  
perform any act of generosity to the detriment of the company;
 
 
·  
without prior approval of the shareholders’ general meeting or the board of directors, borrow money or property from the company or use its property, services or taking advantage of its standing for his/her own benefit or for the benefit of a company in which he/she has an interest or of a third party; and
 
 
·  
by virtue of his position, receive any type of direct, or indirect, personal advantage from third parties, without authorization in the bylaws or from a shareholders’ general meeting.
 
According to our bylaws, any business or agreement between the company and any director or officer must be previously approved by the board of directors, except if specified in our annual budget or business plan.
 
Rules for Retirement
 
There is no retirement age relating to directors or officers pursuant to the Brazilian law and our bylaws.
 
Policy for the Trading of Our Securities
 
On July 15, 2009, our board of directors approved a new Conduct Manual on Information Disclosure and Use and Securities Trading Policy, which establishes the following procedures regarding the policy for the trading of our securities:
 
 
·  
all of our directors, executive officers, employees, members of the other bodies with technical or consultant duties, our possible controlling shareholders, and whoever by virtue of his/her position, job, or post at our company or our subsidiaries and affiliates, and who has signed the compliance statement and becomes aware of information of a material transaction or event involving our company, are restricted from trading our securities until such material transaction or event is disclosed to the market, except as regards treasury stock transactions, through private trading, the exercise of options to purchase shares of our capital stock, or a possible buyback, also through private trading, carried out by us. This restriction is extended to periods prior to the announcement of such information or annual or interim financial statements;
 
 
·  
trading of our securities or transactions related to our securities carried out by the aforementioned persons pursuant to an Individual Investment Program, consisting of long-term investments, as defined in the Trading Policy, is not subject to the aforementioned restrictions;
 
 
·  
the restrictions of the Trading Policy also apply to our former directors and executive officers who resigned prior to the public disclosure of a transaction or fact that began during their administration (a) for the six month period following the end of their duties with the company, or (b) until the disclosure of the material event or the related financial statements, whichever occurs first; and
 
 
 
·  
the abovementioned restrictions also apply to indirect trading carried out by such persons, except those conducted by investment funds, provided that the investment funds are not exclusive and the transaction decisions taken by the investment fund officers cannot be influenced by its unit holders.
 
Rights of Common Shares
 
Each of our common shares entitles its holder to one vote at an annual or special shareholders’ general meeting. A holder of ADS has the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the common shares represented by his/hers ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs.”  Pursuant to our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law and the Novo Mercado rules, owners of common shares are entitled to dividends, or other distributions made in respect of common shares, in proportion to their ownership of outstanding shares. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy” and “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—C. Markets— Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil” for a more complete description of payment of dividends and other distributions on our common shares. In addition, upon our liquidation, holders of our shares are entitled to share all our remaining assets, after payment of all our liabilities, ratably in accordance with their respective participation in the total amount of our issued and outstanding shares. Holders of our common shares are entitled to participate on a pro rata basis in future capital calls by our company except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law, as described in “—Preemptive Rights”. Our common shares have tag along rights, which enable their holders to, upon the sale of a controlling interest in us, receive 100% of the price paid per common share of the controlling block by a single or series of transaction.
 
Options
 
According to our bylaws, we may, within our authorized share capital and upon resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting, grant stock options to (1) our directors, executive officers and employees, or (2) individuals who provide services to us or to companies we control.
 
Withdrawal Rights
 
Shareholders who are absent, dissent or abstain from voting on certain actions taken during a shareholders’ general meeting have the right under Brazilian corporate law to withdraw from our company and to receive the value of their shares.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, shareholder withdrawal rights may be exercised in the following circumstances, among others:
 
 
·  
a reduction in the percentage of our mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
a change in our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
an acquisition, by our company, of a controlling stake in another company if the acquisition price is outside of the limits established by Brazilian corporate law;
 
 
·  
a merger of shares involving our company, a merger of our company into another company, if we are not the surviving entity, or our consolidation with another company; or
 
 
·  
an approval of our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
Brazilian corporate law further provides that any resolution regarding a spin-off will also entitle shareholders to withdraw if the spin-off:
 
 
·  
causes a change in our corporate purpose, except if the equity is spun-off to a company whose primary activities are consistent with our corporate purposes;
 
 
·  
reduces our mandatory dividends; or
 
 
 
·  
causes us to join a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law).
 
In cases where (1) our company is involved in a merger of shares or merges with another company where we are not the surviving company, or (2) we are consolidated with another company, or (3) we participate in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law), our shareholders will not be entitled to withdraw from our company if their respective shares are (a) liquid, i.e. part of the BM&FBOVESPA index or other stock exchange index in Brazil or abroad, (as defined by the CVM), and (b) widely held, such that less than 50% of our shares are held by a controlling shareholder or by companies a controlling shareholder controls. Gafisa is currently part of the IBM&FBOVESPA (the BM&FBOVESPA index) and has no controlling shareholder. Therefore, its shares are, at present, considered liquid and widely held for the purposes of this paragraph.
 
The right to withdraw expires 30 days after publication of the minutes of the relevant shareholders’ general meeting. We are entitled to reconsider any action giving rise to withdrawal rights for 10 days after the expiration of the 30-day period if the redemption of shares of absent, dissenting or non-voting shareholders would jeopardize our financial stability. If shareholders exercise withdrawal rights, they are entitled to receive net book value for the shares, based on the last balance sheet approved by the shareholders. If the resolution giving rise to the rights is made later than 60 days after the date of the last approved balance sheet, the shareholder may demand that his or her shares be valued according to a new balance sheet dated no less than 60 days before the resolution date. In this case, we must immediately pay 80% of the equity value of the shares according to the most recent balance sheet approved by our shareholders, and the balance must be paid within 120 days after the date of the resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting.
 
Redemption of Shares
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, we may redeem our shares by a decision taken in a special shareholders’ general meeting by shareholders representing at least 50% of our share capital. The share redemption may be paid with our profit, profit reserves or capital reserves. If the share redemption is not applicable to all shares, the redemption will be made by lottery. If custody shares are picked in the lottery and there are no rules established in the custody agreement, the financial institution will specify on a pro rata basis, the shares to be redeemed.
 
Registration of Shares
 
Our shares are held in book-entry form with Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., which will act as the custodian agent for our shares. Transfer of our shares will be carried out by means of book entry by Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A., debiting the share account of the seller and crediting the share account of the buyer, with the presentation of a written order of the transferor or a judicial authorization or order to effect such transfers.
 
Preemptive Rights
 
Except as provided below, our shareholders have a general preemptive right to participate in any issuance of new shares, convertible debentures and warrants, in proportion to their respective shareholding at such time, but the conversion of debentures and subscription warrants into shares, the granting of options to purchase shares and the issuance of shares as a result of its exercise, are not subject to preemptive rights. In addition, Brazilian corporate law allows for companies’ bylaws to give the board of directors the power to exclude preemptive rights or reduce the exercise period of such rights with respect to the issuance of new shares, debentures convertible into shares and subscription warrants up to the limit of the authorized share capital if the distribution of those shares, debentures or subscription warrants is effected through a sale on a stock exchange, through a public offering or through an exchange of shares in a tender offer the purpose of which is to acquire control of another company. Shareholders are allowed to exercise the preemptive rights for a period of at least 30 days following the publication of notice of the issuance of shares, convertible debentures and warrants, and the right may be transferred or disposed of for consideration.
 
Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise preemptive rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs.”
 
 
Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Under Brazilian corporate law, at our shareholders’ meetings, shareholders are empowered to take any action relating to our corporate purpose and to pass any such resolutions as they deem necessary. The approval of our financial statements and the determination of the allocation of our net profits with respect to each fiscal year take place at our annual general shareholders’ meeting immediately following such fiscal year. The election of our directors and, if requested by requisite shareholders, of members of our fiscal council typically takes place at the annual general shareholders’ meeting, although under Brazilian law it may also occur at a special shareholders’ general meeting.
 
A special shareholders’ general meeting may be held concurrently with the annual general shareholders’ meeting. Pursuant to our bylaws and Brazilian corporate law, the following actions, among others, may only be taken at a general shareholders’ meeting:
 
 
·  
amendment of our bylaws, including amendment of our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
election and dismissal, at any time, of our directors and members of our fiscal council;
 
 
·  
determination of the aggregate compensation of our board of directors and board of officers, as well as the fiscal council’s compensation;
 
 
·  
approval of stock splits and reverse stock splits;
 
 
·  
approval of a stock option plan;
 
 
·  
approval of the management’s accounts and the financial statements prepared by the management;
 
 
·  
resolution upon the destination of our net income and distribution of dividends;
 
 
·  
election of the fiscal council to function in the event of our dissolution;
 
 
·  
cancellation of our registration with the CVM as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·  
authorization for the issuance of convertible debentures or secured debentures;
 
 
·  
suspension of the rights of a shareholder who has violated Brazilian corporate law or our bylaws;
 
 
·  
acceptance or rejection of the valuation of in-kind contributions offered by a shareholder in consideration for shares of our capital stock;
 
 
·  
approval of our transformation into a limited liability company or any other corporate form;
 
 
·  
delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado;
 
 
·  
appointment of a financial institution responsible for our valuation, in the event of a mandatory tender offer, specifically in the event that a tender offer for our common shares is carried out in connection with the delisting of our common shares from the Novo Mercado or cancellation of our registration as a publicly-held company;
 
 
·  
reduction in the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·  
approval of any merger, consolidation with another company or spin-off;
 
 
·  
approval of our dissolution or liquidation, the appointment and dismissal of the respective liquidator and the official review of the reports prepared by him or her; and
 
 
 
·  
authorization to petition for bankruptcy or request for judicial or extrajudicial restructuring.
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, neither a company’s bylaws nor actions taken at a shareholders’ meeting may deprive a shareholder of specific rights, such as:
 
 
·  
the right to participate in the distribution of profits;
 
 
·  
the right to participate equally and ratably in any remaining residual assets in the event of liquidation of the company;
 
 
·  
the right to preemptive rights in the event of subscription of shares, convertible debentures or subscription warrants, except in some specific circumstances under Brazilian law described in “—Preemptive Rights”;
 
 
·  
the right to inspect and monitor the management of the company’s business in accordance with Brazilian corporate law; and
 
 
·  
the right to withdraw from the company in the cases specified in Brazilian corporate law, described in “—Withdrawal Rights.”
 
Quorum for our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
As a general rule, Brazilian corporate law provides that a quorum at a shareholders’ general meeting consists of shareholders representing at least 25% of a company’s issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and, if that quorum is not reached, any percentage on the second call. A quorum for the purposes of amending our bylaws consists of shareholders representing at least two-thirds of our issued and outstanding voting capital on the first call and any percentage on the second call.
 
As a general rule, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing at least the majority of our issued and outstanding common shares present in person or represented by proxy at a shareholders’ general meeting is required to ratify any proposed action, with abstentions not taken into account. However, the affirmative vote of shareholders representing one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital is required to:
 
 
·  
reduce the percentage of mandatory dividends;
 
 
·  
change our corporate purpose;
 
 
·  
merge or consolidate our company with another company;
 
 
·  
spin-off a portion of our assets or liabilities;
 
 
·  
approve our participation in a group of companies (as defined in Brazilian corporate law);
 
 
·  
apply for cancellation of any voluntary liquidation;
 
 
·  
approve our dissolution; and
 
 
·  
approve the merger of all our shares into another company.
 
A quorum smaller than one-half of our issued and outstanding voting capital may be authorized by the CVM for a publicly-held company with widely-traded and widespread shares that has had less than half of the holders of its voting shares in attendance at its last three shareholders’ meetings. In such case, resolutions may only be taken on a third call.
 
According to our bylaws and for so long as we are listed on the Novo Mercado, we may not issue preferred shares or founders’ shares and we will have to conduct a tender offer in order to delist ourselves from the Novo Mercado.
 
 
Notice of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, notice of our shareholders’ general meetings must be published at least three times in the Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, the official newspaper of the State of São Paulo, and in another widely circulated newspaper in the same State, previously chosen at an annual shareholders meeting, which, in our case is O Estado de São Paulo. The first notice must be published no later than 15 days before the date of the meeting on the first call, and no later than eight days before the date of the meeting on the second call. However, in certain circumstances, upon the request of any shareholder, the CVM may require that the first notice be published 30 days in advance of the meeting. In addition, the CVM may suspend for up to 15 days the required prior notice of the special shareholders’ general meeting so that it may further analyze the proposal to be voted upon at such meeting. Such call notice in all circumstances shall contain the agenda for the meeting and a list of the documents that will be required from our shareholders to be admitted at the meetings. CVM Regulation No. 481 of December 17, 2009 also requires that additional information be disclosed in the call notice for certain matters. For example, in the event of an election of directors, the call notice shall also disclose the minimum percentage of equity participation required from a shareholder to request the adoption of cumulative voting procedures. All documents pertaining to the matters to be discussed at the shareholders’ general meeting shall be made available to the shareholders upon publication of the first call notice, except if the law or CVM regulations provide otherwise.
 
Location of our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
Our shareholders’ meetings shall take place at our head offices at Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil. Brazilian corporate law allows our shareholders to hold meetings outside our head offices in the event of force majeure, provided that the relevant notice contains a clear indication of the place where the meeting will occur.
 
Who May Call our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
According to Brazilian corporate law, our board of directors may call a shareholders’ general meeting. Shareholders’ general meetings may also be called by:
 
 
·  
any shareholder, if our directors fail to call a shareholders’ general meeting within 60 days after the date they were required to do so under applicable laws and our bylaws;
 
 
·  
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting by those shareholders, and such request must indicate the proposed agenda;
 
 
·  
shareholders holding at least 5% of our share capital if our directors fail to call a meeting within eight days after receipt of a request to call the meeting to convene a fiscal council; and
 
 
·  
our fiscal council (if installed), in the event our board of directors delays calling an annual shareholders’ meeting for more than one month. The fiscal council may also call a special general shareholders’ meeting at any time if it believes that there are significant or urgent matters to be addressed.
 
The chairman of our board of directors shall call a shareholders’ general meeting if: (1) we are controlled by a shareholder holding less than 50% of our voting capital (i.e., control power exercised in a diffuse manner), and (2) BM&FBOVESPA determines that the price of our shares shall be quoted separately or that the trading of our shares on the Novo Mercado shall be suspended by reason of non-compliance with the listing rules of Novo Mercado. At such a meeting all members of our board of directors must be replaced. In the event the shareholders’ general meeting is not called by the chairman of the board of directors within the time period established in our bylaws, the meeting may be called by any shareholder of the company.
 
Conditions for Admission at our Shareholders’ General Meetings
 
A shareholder may be represented at a shareholders’ general meeting by a proxy, as long as the proxy is appointed less than a year before such shareholders’ general meeting. The proxy must be either a shareholder, an
 
 
executive officer or director of our company, a lawyer or a financial institution. An investment fund must be represented by its investment fund officer.
 
Shareholders attending a shareholders’ general meeting must deliver proof of their status as shareholders and proof that they hold the shares they intend to vote by delivery of proper identification and a receipt issued by the custodian agent of our shares.
 
Arbitration
 
Any disputes or controversies involving our company, our shareholders, members of our management or our fiscal council relating to or arising from the Listing Agreement in the Novo Mercado, Listing Rules, our bylaws, Brazilian corporate law, the rules published by the CMN, the Central Bank, the CVM, any shareholders’ agreement filed at our headquarters, and other rules applicable to the Brazilian capital markets in general, must be submitted to arbitration conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Market Arbitration Chamber established by the BM&FBOVESPA. According to Chapter Twelve of such Rules, the parties may consensually agree to use another arbitration chamber or center to resolve their disputes.
 
Going Private Process
 
We may become a private company by the decision of our shareholders only if we conduct a public tender offer to acquire all of our outstanding shares in accordance with the rules and regulations of Brazilian corporate law, the CVM and the Novo Mercado regulations which requires:
 
 
·  
a fair bid price at least equal to the value estimated of the company; and
 
 
·  
shareholders holding more than two thirds of the outstanding shares have specifically approved the process or accepted the offer.
 
The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of such shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm, and we may only purchase shares from shareholders that have voted in favor of us becoming a private company after purchasing all shares from the other shareholders that did not vote in favor of such deliberation and that have accepted the public tender offer.
 
The valuation report must be prepared by a specialized and independent firm of recognized experience chosen by the shareholders representing the majority of the outstanding shares (excluding, for such purposes, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates and by other companies that are a part of our economic group, as well as blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors. All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by us.
 
Shareholders holding at least 10% of our outstanding shares may require our management to call a special shareholders’ general meeting to determine whether to perform another valuation using the same or a different valuation method. This request must be made within 15 days following the disclosure of the price to be paid for the shares in the public offering. The shareholders who make such request as well as those who vote in its favor must reimburse us for any costs involved in preparing the new valuation, if the new valuation price is not higher than the original valuation price. If the new valuation price is higher than the original valuation price, the public offering must be made at the higher price.
 
Delisting from the Novo Mercado
 
We may, at any time, delist our common shares from the Novo Mercado, provided that shareholders approve the decision and that the BM&FBOVESPA is notified in writing at least 30 days in advance. Delisting of shares from the Novo Mercado does not require delisting from the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
If our common shares are delisted from the Novo Mercado, we or our controlling shareholders, if any, will be required to conduct a tender offer for the acquisition of our outstanding common shares. The minimum price offered for the shares in the public tender offer will correspond to the economic value of the shares, as determined by a valuation report issued by a specialized firm chosen by the shareholders representing a majority of the outstanding
 
 
shares (excluding, for such purposes, shares held by the controlling shareholders, if any, and their affiliates, treasury shares, shares held by our affiliates, and blank votes) from a list of three institutions presented by our board of directors. All the expenses and costs incurred in connection with the preparation of the valuation report must be paid for by the controlling shareholder, if any, or by us.
 
If our delisting from the Novo Mercado occurs due to the cancellation of our registration as a publicly held company, all the other requirements established by such delisting shall be followed. See “—Going Private Process.”
 
In the event that we delist due to a corporate reorganization where the surviving company is not admitted for listing on the Novo Mercado, the then-controlling shareholders will need to carry out a public tender offer for the acquisition of the shares held by other shareholders, and the minimum price offered per share shall be the economic value of the shares. The notice of public tender offer shall be given to the BM&FBOVESPA and released to the market immediately after the shareholders’ general meeting that has approved the corporate reorganization.
 
If our share control is sold within twelve months of our delisting from the Novo Mercado, the selling controlling shareholder and the acquirer shall offer to acquire the shares of all other shareholders under the same conditions offered to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
In addition, our by-laws provide that if the shareholders decide to delist from the Novo Mercado and no controlling shareholders exist at the time, the tender offer for the acquisition of our outstanding common shares shall be effected by the shareholders who voted in favor of the delisting from the Novo Mercado.
 
Sale of a Controlling Stake in our Company
 
Under the Listing Rule of the Novo Mercado, the sale of a controlling interest in our company, either through a single transaction or through successive transactions, takes place under a suspension or resolution condition, where the acquirer agrees to, within the time and pursuant to the conditions specified under Brazilian corporate law and the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado, make a tender offer of the remaining shares of the other shareholders under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling controlling shareholder.
 
A tender offer is also required under the following conditions:
 
 
·  
when rights are assigned for a subscription of shares and other securities or rights related to securities convertible into shares that results in the sale of the company’s controlling stake;
 
 
·  
when, if the controlling shareholder is an entity, the control of such controlling entity is transferred; and
 
 
·  
when a current shareholder acquires a controlling stake through an agreement for the purchase of shares. In this case, the acquiring shareholder is obligated to make a tender offer under the same terms and conditions granted to the selling shareholders and reimburse the shareholders from whom he/she had purchased the shares traded on stock exchanges within the six months before the sale date of the company’s share control. The reimbursement value is the difference between the price paid to the selling controlling shareholder and the amount traded on stock exchanges per share, during this period, adjusted by the inflation in the period.
 
The buyer, when necessary, must take the necessary measures to recompose the minimum 25% of outstanding shares in the market within the subsequent six months.
 
Purchases by us of our own Shares
 
Our bylaws entitle our board of directors to approve the acquisition of our own shares. The decision to acquire our shares, to maintain the acquired shares in treasury or to cancel them may not, among other things:
 
 
·  
result in the reduction of our share capital;
 
 
·  
require the use of resources greater than our profit reserves and other available reserves, as provided in our financial statements;
 
 
 
·  
create, as a result of any action or inaction, directly or indirectly, any artificial demand, supply or condition relating to share price;
 
 
·  
involve any unfair practice; or
 
 
·  
be used for the acquisition of shares held by our controlling shareholders.
 
We may not keep in treasury more than 10% of our outstanding common shares, including the shares held by our subsidiaries and affiliates.
 
Any acquisition by us of our own shares must be made on a stock exchange and cannot be made in a private transaction, except if previously approved by CVM. Moreover, we may acquire or issue put or call options related to our shares.
 
Disclosure Requirements
 
We are subject to the reporting requirements established by Brazilian corporate law and the CVM. Furthermore, because we are listed with the Novo Mercado, we must also follow the disclosure requirements provided for in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Disclosure of Information
 
The Brazilian securities regulations require that a publicly-held corporation provide the CVM and the relevant stock exchanges with periodic information that includes annual information statements, quarterly financial statements, quarterly management reports, independent auditor reports, notices and minutes of shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we also must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA.
 
We observe the Novo Mercado disclosure standards and are required to, among other things:
 
 
·  
present a consolidated balance sheet, a consolidated income statement and consolidated performance report;
 
 
·  
disclose any direct or indirect ownership interest, including beneficial ownership interest, known to us, exceeding 5% of our capital stock;
 
 
·  
disclose the amount and characteristics of our securities held directly or indirectly by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if installed);
 
 
·  
disclose changes in the amount of securities held by controlling shareholders (if this is the case), by members of our management and by members of our fiscal council (if in place) within the preceding 12 months;
 
 
·  
include, in the explanatory notes to our financial statements, a cash flow statement;
 
 
·  
disclose the amount of free float shares and their respective percentage in relation to total shares outstanding;
 
 
·  
prepare annual and quarterly financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP or IFRS; and
 
 
·  
disclose the existence of and compliance with the arbitration clauses, as defined in the Listing Rules of the Novo Mercado.
 
Disclosure of Trading by Insiders
 
Pursuant to the rules of the Novo Mercado, each of our possible controlling shareholders must disclose to the BM&FBOVESPA information in connection with the total amount and characteristics of securities owned, directly
 
 
or indirectly, by them and issued by us, or any derivatives referenced in such securities, as well as any subsequent trading of such securities and derivatives. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement of such controlling shareholder. This information must be communicated to the BM&FBOVESPA within 10 days following the end of each month.
 
CVM regulations require our directors, executive officers, members of the fiscal council, and members of any other technical or advisory body to disclose to us, to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA, the total amount, the characteristics and form of acquisition of securities issued by us, listed companies under our control or the control of our listed controlling shareholders, including derivatives referenced in such securities that are held by each of them, as well as any change in such investments within 10 days after the end of the month when the securities were traded. In the case of individuals, such information shall also include securities held by the spouse, companion or dependents of such persons, included in the annual income tax statement and companies controlled directly or indirectly by such person.
 
In addition, our controlling shareholders, our shareholders who have caused the election of members of our board of directors or fiscal council, as well as any individual, legal entity or group of persons acting jointly whose direct or indirect participation is equal to or in excess 5% or more of our shares, must provide to us, the CVM and the BM&FBOVESPA the following information:
 
 
·  
the name and qualification of the person providing the information;
 
 
·  
amount, price, type, and/or class, in the case of acquired shares, or characteristics, in the case of securities;
 
 
·  
form of acquisition (private placement or purchase through a stock exchange, among others);
 
 
·  
reason and purpose for the acquisition; and
 
 
·  
information on any agreement regarding the exercise of voting rights or the purchase and sale of our securities.
 
The disclosure requirement referred to above will also apply to any person or group acting jointly, holding participation equal to or in excess of 5%, each time such person increases or decreases its participation in our shares by an amount equal to 5% of our shares.
 
Disclosure of Material Developments
 
According to Law No. 6,385 of December 7, 1976, and subsequent amendments, and CVM Instruction No. 358 of January 3, 2002, and subsequent amendments, we must disclose any material development related to our business to the CVM and to the BM&FBOVESPA and must publish a notice of the material development. A development is deemed to be material if it has a material impact on the price of our securities, on the decision of investors to trade in our securities or on the decision of investors to exercise any rights as holders of any of our securities.
 
Under special circumstances, we may request confidential treatment of certain material developments from the CVM, when our management believes that public disclosure could result in adverse consequences to us.
 
C. 
Material Contracts
 
In October 2006, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Alphaville, the largest residential community development company in Brazil focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.5 million common shares of Gafisa. The acquisition agreement provides that we will purchase the remaining 40% by 2012 (20% within three years from the acquisition date and the remaining 20% within five years from the acquisition date) in cash or shares, at our sole discretion. Alphaville is operating as one of our subsidiaries based in the city of Barueri, within the metropolitan region of São Paulo.
 
 
In October 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which Gafisa’s wholly-owned subsidiary FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the low income sector in Brazil and to develop real estate units with an average value of less than R$200,000. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda and FIT was merged into Tenda.
 
On December  30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s noncontrolling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares (merger of shares). As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa.
 
We are currently negotiating the structure for the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares. This participation was valued at R$126.5 million and we intend to pay for it through the issuance of 9,797,792 shares. This transaction is subject to relevant corporate authorizations. In addition, we may acquire the remaining 20% of Alphaville’s shares that we currently do not own by 2012.
 
D. 
Exchange Controls
 
There are no restrictions on ownership of our common shares by individual or legal entities domiciled outside Brazil. However, the right to convert dividend payments and proceeds from the sale of our shares into foreign currency and to remit such amounts abroad is subject to requirements under foreign investment legislation which generally establish that the relevant investment be registered with the Central Bank and the CVM. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risk Relating to Brazil—Restrictions on the movement of capital out of Brazil may adversely affect your ability to receive dividends and distributions on the ADSs and on our common shares, or the proceeds of any sale of our common shares” and “Item 9.C. The Offer and Listing—Markets—Investment in Our Common Shares by Non-Residents of Brazil.”
 
E. 
Taxation
 
The following discussion contains a description of material Brazilian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs. The discussion is based upon the tax laws of Brazil and regulations thereunder and on the tax laws of the United States and regulations thereunder as of the date hereof, which are subject to change.
 
Although there is at present no income tax treaty between Brazil and the United States, the tax authorities of the two countries have had discussions that may culminate in such a treaty. No assurance can be given, however, as to whether or when a treaty will enter into force or how it will affect the U.S. Holders (as defined below) of common shares or ADSs. Prospective holders of common shares or ADSs should consult their own tax advisors as to the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares or ADSs in their particular circumstances.
 
Brazilian Tax Considerations
 
The following discussion summarizes the principal Brazilian tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs by a holder that is not domiciled in Brazil for purposes of Brazilian taxation (a “Non-Resident Holder”). This discussion is based on Brazilian law as currently in effect, which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and subject to different interpretations. Any change in that law may change the consequences described below.
 
The tax consequences described below do not take into account the effects of any tax treaties or reciprocity of tax treatment entered into by Brazil and other countries. Please note that Brazil has not entered into any tax treaty with the United States. The discussion also does not address any tax consequences under the tax laws of any state or municipality of Brazil. The description below is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, exchange, ownership and disposition of our common shares or ADSs. Each Non-Resident Holder should consult his or her own tax advisor concerning the Brazilian tax consequences of an investment in our common shares or ADSs.
 
 
Income tax
 
Dividends. Dividends paid by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, including stock dividends and other dividends paid to a Non-Resident Holder of common shares or ADSs, are currently not subject to withholding income tax in Brazil to the extent that such amounts are related to profits generated after January 1, 1996. Dividends paid from profits generated before January 1, 1996 may be subject to Brazilian withholding income tax at varying rates, according to the tax legislation applicable to each corresponding year. We generally expect to pay dividends from profits generated after January 1, 1996.
 
Interest on Shareholders’ Equity. Law No. 9,249, dated December 26, 1995, as amended, permits a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, to make distributions to shareholders of interest on shareholders’ equity as an alternative to making dividend distributions and treat such payments as a deductible expense for purposes of calculating Brazilian corporate income tax and social contribution on net profits, as far as the limits described below are observed. These distributions may be paid in cash. For tax purposes, this interest is limited to the daily pro rata variation of the Brazilian long-term interest rate (“TJLP”), as determined by the Central Bank from time to time, and the amount of the deduction may not exceed the greater of:
 
 
·  
50% of net income (after the deduction of social contribution on net profits but before taking into account the provision for corporate income tax and the interest on shareholders’ equity) for the period in respect of which the payment is made; and
 
 
·  
50% of the sum of retained profits and profit reserves as of the date of the beginning of the period in respect of which the payment is made.
 
Payment of interest to a Non-Resident Holder is subject to the withholding of income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% if the Non-Resident Holder is domiciled in a country that does not impose income tax or where the maximum income tax rate is lower than 20% (“Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction”). Please refer to “—Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions” below for a discussion that such concept may be broadened by Law No. 11,727/08. These payments of interest on shareholders’ equity may be included, at their net value, as part of any mandatory dividend. To the extent payment of interest on shareholders’ equity is so included, the corporation is required to distribute to shareholders an additional amount to ensure that the net amount received by them, after payment of the applicable withholding income tax, plus the amount of declared dividends is at least equal to the mandatory dividend.
 
Gains
 
According to Law No. 10,833/03, enacted on December 29, 2003, the disposition or sale of assets located in Brazil by a Non-Resident Holder, whether to another non-Brazilian resident or to a Brazilian resident, may be subject to capital gains taxes in Brazil.
 
With respect to the disposition of common shares, as they are assets located in Brazil, the Non-Resident Holder will be subject to income tax on the gains assessed, following the rules described below, regardless of whether the transactions are conducted in Brazil or with a Brazilian resident.
 
With respect to the ADSs, although the matter is not entirely clear, arguably the gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of ADSs to another Non-Resident Holder are not taxed in Brazil, based on the argument that ADSs do not constitute “assets located in Brazil” for the purposes of Article 26 of Law No. 10,833. We cannot assure you, however, that the Brazilian tax authorities or the Brazilian courts will agree with this interpretation. Accordingly, gains on a disposition of ADSs by a Non-Resident Holder to a Brazilian resident or a non-Brazilian resident may be subject to income tax in Brazil in the event that courts determine that ADSs constitute assets located in Brazil. For more information, please refer to “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risks Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and the ADSs—Changes in Brazilian tax laws may have an adverse impact on the taxes applicable to a disposition of the ADSs.”
 
As a general rule, gains realized as a result of a disposition or sale transaction of common shares or ADSs are the positive difference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange of the security and its acquisition cost measured.
 
 
Under Brazilian law, however, income tax rules on such gains can vary, depending on the domicile of the Non-Resident Holder, the type of registration of the investment by the Non-Resident Holder with the Central Bank and how the disposition is carried out, as described below.
 
Gains assessed on a disposition of common shares carried out on the Brazilian stock exchange (which includes the transactions carried out on the organized over-the-counter market) are:
 
 
·  
exempt from income tax when assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that (1) has registered its investment in Brazil with the Central Bank under the rules of Resolution No. 2,689, dated January 26, 2000 (“2,689 Holder”) and (2) is not a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction; or
 
 
·  
subject to income tax at a rate of up to 25% in any other case, including a case of gains assessed by a Non-Resident Holder that is not a 2,689 Holder, or is a resident in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction.  In these case, a withholding income tax of 0.005% of the sale value will be applicable and can be later offset with the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
Any other gains assessed on a disposition of the common shares that is not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange are subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25% in the case of a Non-Resident Holder residing in a Low or Nil Tax Jurisdiction or where the local legislation does not allow access to information related to the shareholding composition of legal entities, to their ownership or to the identity of the effective beneficiary of the income attributed to non-residents. In the event that these gains are related to transactions conducted on the Brazilian non-organized over-the-counter market with intermediation, the withholding income tax of 0.005% shall also be applicable and can be offset against the eventual income tax due on the capital gain.
 
In the case of a redemption of common shares or ADSs or a capital reduction by a Brazilian corporation, such as our company, the positive difference between the amount received by the Non-Resident Holder and the acquisition cost of the common shares or ADSs redeemed is treated as capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of shares not carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange market and is therefore subject to income tax at the rate of 15%, or 25%, as the case may be.
 
Any exercise of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or ADSs will not be subject to Brazilian income tax. Gains realized by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of preemptive rights relating to the common shares or the ADSs will be subject to Brazilian income tax according to the same rules applicable to the sale or disposition of common shares.
 
As a Non-Resident Holder of ADSs, you may cancel your ADSs and exchange them for common shares and no income tax may be levied on such exchange, as long as the appropriate rules are complied with in connection with the registration of the investment with the Central Bank.
 
The deposit of common shares by the Non-Resident Holders in exchange for ADSs may be subject to Brazilian income tax if the acquisition cost of the common shares is lower than (a) the average price per common share on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of such common shares were sold on the day of deposit; or (b) if no common shares were sold on that day, the average price on a Brazilian stock exchange on which the greatest number of common shares were sold in the 15 trading sessions immediately preceding such deposit. The difference between the acquisition cost and the average price of the common shares will be considered to be a capital gain subject to income tax at a rate of 15% or 25%, as the case may be. In some circumstances, there may be arguments to claim that this taxation is not applicable in the case of a Non-Resident Holder that is a 2,689 Holder and is not a resident in a tax favorable jurisdiction.
 
There can be no assurance that the current favorable treatment of 2,689 Holders will continue in the future.
 
Discussion on Low or Nil Tax Jurisdictions
 
On June 24, 2008, Law No. 11,727 introduced the concept of “privileged tax regimes,” which went into effect on January 1, 2009. In principle, the best interpretation of Law No. 11,727/08 leads us to conclude that the new concept of privileged tax regime should be solely applied for purposes of transfer pricing rules in export and import transactions. Moreover, Provisional Measure No. 472, of December 15, 2009, applied the privileged tax regime
 
 
concept to other income remitted abroad. Although we are of the opinion that the concept of privileged tax regime should not affect the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above, we cannot assure you whether subsequent legislation or interpretations by the Brazilian tax authorities regarding the definition of “privileged tax regime” will extend such concept to the tax treatment of a Non-Resident Holder described above.
 
Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions
 
Foreign Exchange Transactions. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions (“IOF/Exchange Tax”) on the conversion of reais into foreign currency and on the conversion of foreign currency into reais. As of October 20, 2009, any inflow of funds related to investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets by 2,689 Holders is subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of 2.0%. However, foreign exchange transactions related to outflows of funds in connection with investments carried out on the Brazilian financial and capital markets are subject to the IOF/Exchange Tax at a rate of zero percent, which also applies to payments of dividends and interest on shareholders’ equity to 2,689 Holders with respect to investments on the Brazilian financial and capital markets.
 
Nevertheless, the rate applicable to most foreign exchange transactions is 0.38%. In any case, the Brazilian government may increase the rate at any time by up to 25% on the foreign exchange transaction amount. However, any increase in rates will only apply to future transactions.
 
Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities. Brazilian law imposes a Tax on Transactions Involving Bonds and Securities (“IOF/Bonds Tax”) due on transactions involving bonds and securities, including those carried out on a Brazilian stock exchange. Although the rate of IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to transactions involving common shares is currently zero, the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax applicable to the transfer of shares with the sole purpose of enabling the issuance of ADSs is currently 1.5%. This rate is applied on the product of (a) the number of shares which are transferred, multiplied by (b) the closing price for those shares on the date prior to the transfer or, if such closing price is not available on that date, the last available closing price for those shares. The Brazilian government may increase the rate of the IOF/Bonds Tax at any time by up to 1.5% per day of the transaction amount, but only in respect of future transactions.
 
Other Brazilian Taxes
 
There are no Brazilian inheritance, gift or succession taxes applicable to the ownership, transfer or disposition of common shares or ADSs, except for gift and inheritance taxes that may be imposed by some Brazilian states. There are no Brazilian stamp, issue, registration, or similar taxes or duties payable by holders of common shares or ADSs.
 
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
 
The following are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders described herein of owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold such securities. The discussion applies only if you hold common shares or ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal tax purposes and it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules, such as:
 
 
·  
certain financial institutions;
 
 
·  
dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;
 
 
·  
persons holding common shares or ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the common shares or ADSs;
 
 
·  
persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
 
 
·  
entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 
 
 
·  
persons liable for the alternative minimum tax;
 
 
·  
tax-exempt entities, including an “individual retirement account” or “Roth IRA”;
 
 
·  
persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our voting stock;
 
 
·  
persons who acquired our ADSs or common shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or
 
 
·  
persons holding shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
 
If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding common shares or ADSs and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the common shares or ADSs.
 
This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. It is also based in part on representations by the Depositary and assumes that each obligation under the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.
 
You are a “U.S. Holder” if you are a beneficial owner of our common shares or ADSs and if you are, for U.S. federal tax purposes:
 
 
·  
a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
 
 
·  
a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; or
 
 
·  
an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
 
The summary of U.S. federal income tax consequences set out below is intended for general informational purposes only. U.S. Holders of common shares or ADSs are urged to consult with their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of owning or disposing of common shares or ADSs, including the applicability and effect of state, local, non-U.S. and other tax laws and the possibility of changes in tax laws.
 
In general, if you own ADSs, you will be treated as the owner of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.
 
The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom American depositary shares are released before shares are delivered to the depositary (“pre-release”) or intermediaries in the chain of ownership between U.S. holders and the issuer of the security underlying the American depositary shares may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for U.S. holders of American depositary shares. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax, described below, applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate holders. Accordingly, the creditability of Brazilian taxes, and the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate holders, each described below, could be affected by actions taken by such parties or intermediaries.
 
Please consult your tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
 
This discussion assumes that the Company is not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company, as described below.
 
 
Taxation of Distributions
 
Distributions paid on ADSs or common shares other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because the Company does not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will be reported to U.S. holders as dividends.
 
Subject to applicable limitations and the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, dividends paid by qualified foreign corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. holders in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, are taxable at favorable rates, up to a maximum rate of 15%. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on stock that is readily tradable on a securities market in the United States, such as the NYSE where our ADSs are traded. You should consult your tax advisers to determine whether the favorable rate will apply to dividends you receive and whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to be taxed at this favorable rate.
 
The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by us in respect of Brazilian taxes on the distribution. The amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to you and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code. Dividends will be included in your income on the date of your, or in the case of ADSs, the Depositary’s, receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in reais will be a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of such receipt regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. You may have foreign currency gain or loss if the amount of such dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of such receipt. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Tax on Foreign Exchange and Financial Transactions.”
 
Subject to applicable limitations that may vary depending upon your circumstances and subject to the discussion above regarding concerns expressed by the U.S. Treasury, Brazilian income taxes withheld from dividends on common shares or ADSs will be creditable against your U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, and you should consult your tax adviser regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in your particular circumstances. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, at your election, deduct such Brazilian taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year to foreign countries and possessions of the United States.
 
Sale and Other Disposition of Common Shares or ADSs
 
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss you realize on the sale or other disposition of common shares or ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if you held the common shares or ADSs for more than one year. The amount of your gain or loss will equal the difference between your tax basis in the common shares or ADSs disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. If a Brazilian tax is withheld on the sale or disposition of common shares or ADSs, a U.S. Holder’s amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of such sale or disposition before deduction of the Brazilian tax. See “—Brazilian Tax Considerations—Gains” for a description of when a disposition may be subject to taxation by Brazil. Such gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers as to whether the Brazilian tax on gains would be creditable against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.
 
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
 
The Company believes that it was not a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its 2009 taxable year. However, because PFIC status depends on the composition of a company’s income and assets and the market value of its assets from time to time, which may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of the Company’s stock, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. If the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held common shares or ADSs, gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges)
 
 
of the common shares or ADSs would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common shares or ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before the Company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount allocated to that taxable year. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its common shares or ADSs exceeds approximately 125% of the average of the annual distributions on common shares or ADSs received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain, described immediately above. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as a mark-to-market treatment) of the common shares or ADSs. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.
 
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
 
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless (1) you are a corporation or other exempt recipient or (2) in the case of backup withholding, you provide a correct taxpayer identification number and certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
 
The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to you will be allowed as a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle you to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
 
U.S. HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AS TO THE BRAZILIAN, U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON SHARES OR ADSs BASED UPON THEIR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
 
F. 
Dividends and Paying Agents
 
Not applicable.
 
G. 
Statement by Experts
 
Not applicable.
 
H. 
Documents on Display
 
Statements contained in this annual report as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and each of these statements is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit hereto. A copy of the complete annual report including the exhibits and schedules filed herewith may be inspected without charge at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the SEC’s regional offices located at 233 Broadway, New York, N.Y., 10279 and North Western Atrium Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60661 – 2511. Copies of such materials may be obtained by mail from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. Such reports and other information may also be inspected at the offices of the NYSE, 11 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, on which our ADSs are listed. In addition the SEC maintains a website that contains information filed electronically with the SEC, which can be accessed over the Internet at http://www.sec.gov.
 
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act and, in accordance therewith, file periodic reports and other information with the SEC. However, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act relating to the furnishing and content of proxy statements and relating to short-swing profits reporting and liability.
 
 
We furnish to Citibank, N.A., as depositary, copies of all reports we are required to file with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act, including our annual reports in English, containing a brief description of our operations and our audited annual consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with accounting practices adopted in Brazil and include a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. In addition, we are required under the deposit agreement to furnish the depositary with copies of English translations to the extent required under the rules of the SEC of all notices of meetings of shareholders and other reports and communications that are generally made available to shareholders. Under certain circumstances, the depositary will arrange for the mailing, at our expense, of these notices, other reports and communications to all ADS holders.
 
We also file financial statements and other periodic reports with the CVM located at Rua Sete de Setembro, 111, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20159-900, which are available to the public from CVM’s website at http://www.cvm.gov.br.
 
I. 
Subsidiary Information
 
Not applicable.
 
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to market risks arising from the normal course of our business. These market risks mainly involve the possibility that changes in interest rates may impact the value of our financial liabilities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Brazil.”
 
Interest rates
 
Our revenues and profitability are affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact that these changes have on our interest expenses relating to our variable interest rates debt instruments and on our purchase and sale contracts and on our interest income generated from our financial investments.
 
The table below provides information about our significant interest rate-sensitive instruments (fixed and variable) as of December 31, 2009.
 
   
As of December 31, 2009
 
   
Expected Maturity Date
 
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013 and later
   
 
Principal Index(1)
 
Fair
Value
 
   
(In accordance with Brazilian GAAP) (in thousands of R$)
 
Liabilities:
                                       
Loans, financing and debentures:
                                       
Debentures
    1,918,377       122,377       346,000       275,000       1,175,000    
CDI
    1,918,377  
Average interest rate
    9.19 %     9.76 %     9.42 %     9.12 %     9.12 %            
Loans and financing (working capital)
    736,736       408,326       244,846       48,318       35,246    
CDI
    736,736  
Average interest rate
    10.77 %     12.06 %     13.67 %     13.26 %     13.26 %            
Loans and financing - SFH
    467,019       269,986       168,737       23,536       4,760    
TR
    467,019  
Average interest rate
    10.65 %     11.14 %     11.08 %     11.13 %     11.13 %            
Total loans, financing and debentures
    3,122,132       800,689       759,583       346,854       1,215,006           3,122,132  
Obligation to venture partner
    300,000                   100,000       200,000    
CDI
    300,000  
Real estate development obligations(2)
    3,162,601       2,228,115       841,558       89,680       3,248    
INCC
    3,162,601  
Obligations for purchase of land
    350,706       204,305       51,238       40,212       54,951    
INCC
    350,706  
Total
    6,935,439       3,233,109       1,652,379       576,746       1,473,205           6,935,205  
Assets:
                                                   
Cash, bank and marketable securities:
                                                   
Cash and banks
    143,799       143,799                             143,799  
Cash equivalents (current and non-current)
    149,141       149,141                             149,141  
Marketable securities
    1,033,717                                           1,033,717  
Restricted cash
    97,396       97,396                             97,396  
Receivables from clients
    3,776,646       2,008,049       1,146,083       312,858       309,760    
INCC and IGPM
    3,776,646  
Receivables from clients (2)
    3,139,586       1,555,160       1,025,080       281,012       278,230    
INCC and IGPM
    3,139,586  

 
   
As of December 31, 2009
 
   
Expected Maturity Date
 
   
Total
   
2010
   
2011
   
2012
   
2013 and later
   
 
Principal Index(1)
 
Fair
Value
 
   
(In accordance with Brazilian GAAP) (in thousands of R$)
 
Total client receivables
    6,916,232       3,563,209       2,171,163       593,871       587,990           6,916,232  
Total
    8,340,285       4,987,262       2,171,163       593,871       587,990           8,340,285  

(1)
See notes 10 and 11 to our consolidated financial statements for information about the interest rates on our loans, financing and debentures. As of December 31, 2009, the annualized index was 8.62% for CDI, 0.71% for TR, 3.21% for INCC and -1.71% for IGPM.
 
(2)
Includes obligations and receivables arising from units sold after January 1, 2004 for which balances have not been recorded in our balance sheet—CFC Resolution No. 963.
 
We borrow funds at different rates and linked to different indices in order to try to match the financing that we provide to some of our clients. The mismatch between rates and terms on our funds borrowed and the financing we provide may adversely affect our cash flow. We constantly monitor and evaluate the impact of indexation on our assets and liabilities. If we anticipate the possibility of an interest rate mismatch between our assets and obligations, we may use derivative financial instruments in order to hedge against the risk that arises from interest rate variations.
 
Foreign Exchange Rate
 
During 2009, we had derivative financial instruments, settled in that same year, with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2009, we had no debt in foreign currency.
 
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
 
D. 
American Depositary Shares
 
As of December 31, 2009, we received from the depositary of our ADSs US$317.5 thousand, which was used for general corporate purposes such as the payment of costs and expenses associated with (1) the preparation and distribution of proxy materials, (2) the preparation and distribution of marketing materials and (3) consulting and other services related to investor relations.
 
 
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
 
None.
 
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
 
None.
 
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of December 31, 2009, the end of the period covered by this report. As a result of the material weaknesses identified below under item (b), Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, the Company has concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2009 were ineffective. However, to address the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, management performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures in an effort to reasonably assure that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 have been prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F. 
 
 
 
 
(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (restated)
 
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting, and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in conformity with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to US GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F, and includes those policies and procedures that:
 
 
·  
provide for maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
 
 
·  
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with Brazilian GAAP, including the reconciliation to US GAAP in accordance with Item 18 of Form 20-F, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
 
 
·  
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluations of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009. This assessment identified “material weaknesses” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under The Exchange Act and Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009, which is discussed in the following paragraphs.
 
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 
Material adjustments were identified with respect to the U.S. GAAP conversion process that resulted in a restatement of the 2009 consolidated financial statements included in the previous Form 20-F/A filed in May 30,2012. Material adjustments were identified related to (i) U.S. GAAP revenue recognition, (ii) U.S. GAAP cash and cash equivalent(s) presentation and U.S. GAAP consolidated statement of cash flows presentation.
 
Additionally, material adjustments were identified with respect to the U.S. GAAP conversion process that resulted in a restatement of the 2009 consolidated financial statements included in this Form 20-F/A #2. Material adjustments were identified related to (i) U.S. GAAP redeemable non-controlling interest presentation, (ii) U.S. GAAP business combination presentation and (iii) U.S. GAAP adjustments for deferred taxes.
 
Adjustments, which were quantitatively material in the aggregate, highlighted a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009. The material weakness in the Company’s U.S. GAAP conversion process was attributable, in part, to deficiencies in evaluating the timing of revenue recognition and insufficient resources with adequate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting matters. Brazilian GAAP and U.S. GAAP are similar in many areas; however, there still exist meaningful differences between the two accounting principles, especially in the area of accounting for construction revenues.
 
In addition, material adjustments were identified with respect to the primary consolidated financial statements (BR-GAAP) related to the segregation between current and non current of the receivables from clients and properties for sale. These adjustments, which were quantitatively material in the aggregate, highlighted as well, a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009. The material weakness in the Company’s primary consolidated financial statements was attributable, in part, in deficiencies related to the supervision in the preparation of those financial statements.    
 
In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, the Company’s management concluded that, as of December 31, 2009, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on those criteria.
 
In order to remediate identified gaps over U.S. GAAP conversion process, Company will retrain its personnel and hire additional personnel with proven expertise in U.S. GAAP or a third-party to ensure its conversion process attends all U.S. GAAP requirements.
 
 
(a) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, an independent registered public accounting firm, has not issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009.
 
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
[RESERVED]
 
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
 
For the purposes of the of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our directors established an Audit Committee that convenes as often as it determines is appropriate to carry out its responsibilities, but at least quarterly. This committee has responsibility for planning and reviewing our annual and quarterly reports and accounts with the involvement of our auditors in that process, focusing particularly on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards, and ensuring that an effective system of internal financial controls is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving our annual and quarterly reports and accounts remains with our directors.
 
The Audit Committee convened 14 times in 2009. The Audit Committee currently comprises Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss, each of whom is a director of our company. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior, Richard L. Huber and Gerald D. Reiss are each independent as set forth in the NYSE Listed Companies Manual as well as being independent for the purpose of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Jose Ecio Pereira da Costa Junior is an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS
 
On July 10, 2007, we adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. The objective of this code is (1) to reduce the subjectivity of personal interpretations of ethical principles; (2) to be a formal and institutional benchmark for the professional conduct of the employees, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interests, becoming a standard for the internal and external relationship of the Company with its shareholders, clients, employees, partners, suppliers, service providers, labor unions, competitors, society, government and the communities in which we operate; and (3) to ensure that the daily concerns with efficiency, competitiveness and profitability do not override ethical behavior. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is filed as an exhibit to this annual report and is available, free of charge by requesting a copy from our Investor Relations Department at the following address: Av. Nações Unidas No. 8,501, 19th floor, 05425-070 - São Paulo, SP - Brazil, telephone 55-11-3025-9242, fax 55-11-3025-9348 and e-mail ri@gafisa.com.br.
 
We have also created in July 2007, a “whistleblower channel” in order to receive “complaints,” by any person (provided such complaint is first reported to the Ethics Committee or Audit Committee), regarding any “dishonest or unethical conduct” and “accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters” and equally confidential and anonymous submissions of “concerns” of the same type by our employees and affiliates. The “whistleblower channel” can be accessed through our intranet or website or letter forwarded to our headquarters under the attention of our Ethics Committee and/or Audit Committee. Since its establishment, 80 issues were reported to our “whistleblower channel,” all of them related to personal conduct and, therefore, without any financial impact on our results of operations.
 
 
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 
The relationship with our independent auditors in respect to the contracting of services unrelated to the external audit is based on principles that preserve the independence of the auditor. Our board of directors approves our financial statements, the performance by our auditors of audit and permissible non-audit services, and associated fees, supported by our Audit Committee.
 
The following table describes the total amount billed to us by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for services performed in 2009 and 2008 and the respective remuneration for these services.
 
   
2009
   
2008
 
   
(in thousands of reais)
 
Audit fees (1)
    4,515       2,334  
Audit related fees (2)
    23       1,008  
Tax fees (3)
    25       99  
Total
    4,563       3,441  

(1)
“Audit fees” are the aggregate fees billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for the audit of our consolidated and annual financial statements including audit of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of interim financial statements and attestation services that are provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
 
(2)
“Audit-related fees” are fees billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements and in 2009 and 2008 were principally related to an assessment and recommendation for improvements in internal control over financial reporting and due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions.
 
(3)
“Tax fees” are fees billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for tax compliance services.
 
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
 
Our board of directors has established pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of registered public accounting firm for audit and non-audit services. Under such pre-approval policies and procedures, our board of directors reviews the scope of the services to be provided by each registered public accounting firm to be engaged in order to ensure that there are no independence issues and the services are not prohibited services as defined by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
 
None.
 
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
 
None.
 
 

Changes in Gafisa’s Certifying Accountant

Previous independent registered public accounting firm

On August 18, 2009, Gafisa dismissed PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as its independent registered public accounting firm. Gafisa’s board of directors participated in and approved the decision to change its independent registered public accounting firm.  As explained below, on July 7, 2011 Gafisa re-appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes as our independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of our filings with the SEC. Upon completion of such engagement on July 5, 2012, PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes was dismissed. The reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on the financial statements for the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and through July 5, 2012 there were no disagreements with PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes would have caused them to make reference thereto in their reports on the financial statements for such years.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, and through July 5, 2012, there have been no reportable events (as defined in Item 16(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F) except for:

 
•  
Restatement of the financial statements for correction of errors
 
•  
Material weaknesses in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting discussed in Item 15

The reportable events discussed above were discussed with the audit committee.

Gafisa requested that PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes furnish it with a letter addressed to the SEC, stating whether or not it agrees with the above statements. That letter is included as Exhibit 15.1 to the Company's 2009 Form 20-F/A #2 filed with the SEC on July 5, 2012.
 
 
New independent registered public accounting firm

Terco Grant Thornton Auditores Independentes S.S. (“Terco”) previously audited:

 
•  
The consolidated financial statements of our subsidiary Construtora Tenda S.A. (“Tenda”) as of December 31, 2008 and for the period from its acquisition on October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008. Terco issued an unqualified opinion on those Tenda consolidated financial statements while still a member firm of Grant Thornton International.  Our then principal independent registered public accounting firm (PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores independentes) referred to Terco’s consolidated financial statement audit report in their audit report on our 2008 consolidated financial statements, when it was initially issued.

 
•  
The consolidated financial statements of Gafisa S.A. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009, and issued an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements, when it was initially issued, while still a member firm of Grant Thornton International.
 
 
•  
Gafisa’s internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) as of December 31, 2009, and issued an unqualified opinion on ICFR when it was initially issued, alsowhile still a member of Grant Thornton International.

On October 1, 2010, a merger took place between Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S.S. (“Ernst & Young Brazil”) and Terco to form Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S. (“Ernst & Young Terco”). The combined firm Ernst & Young Terco assumed responsibility for Terco’s previous audit work and audit opinions.

As a result of our decision to restate our previously issued 2009 Form 20-F due to certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements, Ernst & Young Terco advised us that, as a consequence of the decision to restate such financial statements, Terco’s previously issued audit reports dated March 10, 2010 on the 2009 Gafisa consolidated financial statements and April 27, 2009 on the 2008 Tenda consolidated financial statements (both audits performed in accordance with PCAOB standards) should no longer be relied upon. Ernst & Young Terco also advised us that Terco’s attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting dated March 10, 2010 included in the 2009 Form 20-F should no longer be relied on. Ernst & Young Terco further advised us that previously issued consents relating to a past Form F-3ASR (File No. 333-159803, effective June 5, 2009) were being withdrawn.
 
 
Prior to its merger with Terco, Ernst & Young Brazil provided certain internal audit services to us in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for both 2008 and 2009. Because the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would have been responsible to audit the adjustments of our 2009 consolidated financial statements and ICFR, it must be independent both in fact and appearance during both the period in which the auditor performs its audit services and also during the period under audit. In light of both (i) the magnitude of the resulting U.S. GAAP restatement adjustments, and (ii) the extent of the aforementioned internal audit services which were provided, among other factors, it was ultimately determined that the merged firm of Ernst & Young Terco would be unable to report on the accompanying restated 2009 consolidated financial statements or on the accompanying restated 2009 ICFR.

Accordingly, on June 27, 2011, Ernst & Young Terco resigned as our independent registered accounting firm with respect to 2009 for purposes of our filings with the SEC. Ernst & Young Terco however remains our independent auditors with respect to 2009 for purposes of our Brazilian GAAP financial statements filed with the CVM. Ernst & Young Terco was appointed on August 25, 2010 and September 27, 2011 as our independent registered accounting firm for the 2010 and 2011 fiscal years, respectively. Furthermore, Ernst & Young Terco has audited the restatement adjustments relating to the 2008 financial statements of Tenda.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and the subsequent interim period until engaging PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for the 2009 SEC audit, there were no disagreements with either Terco or Ernst & Young Terco on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to their satisfaction, would have caused them to make reference to the subject matter of such disagreements in connection with its reports on the aforementioned consolidated financial statements for such periods.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and the subsequent interim periods until engaging PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes for the 2009 SEC audit, there were no reportable events (as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F), except for:

•  
The aforementioned restatements of our and Tenda’s consolidated financial statements.
•  
The aforementioned material weaknesses in our ICFR discussed in Item 15.
•  
The aforementioned withdrawl of auditor reports and consents
•  
Ernst & Young Terco's need to resign as our 2009 principal auditor for independence considerations trigger by the need to restate the 2009 Gafisa financial statements

The reportable events discussed above were discussed with the Audit Committee.
 
 
145

 
Gafisa’s Audit Committee, Management and legal counsel together with Ernst & Young Terco assessed the impact of Ernst & Young Brazil´s internal audit services on Ernst & Young Terco’s audit of the 2010 financial statements. This assessment included an evaluation of whether Ernst & Young Brazil acted in a management role in Performing the internal audit services or created documentation or tests of controls that would be subject to self-review in the course of Ernst & Young Terco’s audits.

The Audit Committee and Ernst & Young Terco have concluded that the internal audit services did not impair Ernst & Young Terco’s integrity, objectivity or Professional skepticism with respect to the audit of the 2010 financial statements and the restatement of the 2008 Tenda financial statements. In addition to ceasing the internal audit services prior to the merger of Ernst & Young Brazil and Terco, Ernst & Young Terco did not deliver any results of internal audit testing in 2010 that might be subject to self-review. With respect to the audit of the 2008 restatements, Ernst & Young Terco did not test or rely on any of the internal controls documented or tested by Ernst & Young Brazil in its 2008 internal audit services. The restatement related to matters and judgments that were not the subject of the controls documented or tested by Ernst & Young Brazil.

Gafisa has requested that Ernst & Young Terco furnish it with a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether or not it agrees with the statements above. This letter is included as Exhibit 15.2 to the Company's 2009 Form 20-F/A #2 filed with the SEC on July 5, 2012.
 
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
 
 
 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this Item.
 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
See our audited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1.
 
EXHIBITS
 
We are filing the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F/A:
 
1.1.
Bylaws of Gafisa S.A., as amended (English), which are incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2010.
 
2.1.
Deposit Agreement, date March 21, 2007, among Gafisa S.A., Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and the Holders and Beneficial Owners from time to time of American Depositary Shares issued thereunder, which is incorporated by reference to our registration statement filed on Form F-6 with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2007.
 
4.1.
Investment Agreement dated October 2, 2006 among Alphaville Participações S.A., Renato de Albuquerque and Nuno Luis de Carvalho Lopes Alves, as shareholders, and Gafisa S.A., as investor, and Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., Fate Administração e Investimentos Ltda. and NLA Administração e Participações Ltda., which is incorporated by reference to our registration statement filed on Form F-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2007.
 
4.2
Acquisition Agreement dated October 3, 2008 between Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. and Construtora Tenda S.A., which is incorporated by reference to our annual report filed on Form 20-F with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2009.
 
4.3.
Merger of shares agreement dated November 6, 2009 between Gafisa S.A. and Construtora Tenda S.A., which is incorporated by reference to our registration statement on Form F-4 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2009.
 
8.1.
List of Subsidiaries, which is incorporated by reference to amendment No. 1 to our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 30, 2012
 
11.1.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (English), which is incorporated by reference to our annual report filed on Form 20-F with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18, 2008.
 
12.1.
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of the Chief Executive Officer*
 
12.2.
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of the Chief Financial Officer*
 
13.1.
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer*
 
13.2.
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer*
 
15.1.
Letter from Pricewaterhouse Coopers Auditores Independentes commenting upon its reading of Item 16-F to our annual report on Form 20-F/A#2 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009*
 
15.2.
Letter from Ernst & Young Terco commenting upon its reading of Item 16-F to our annual report on Form 20-F/A#2 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009*
 
15.3.
Report of Ernst & Young Terco with respect to Construtora Tenda S.A.*
 
  * Filed herewith.
 
 
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant certifies that it meets all requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
GAFISA S.A.
 
     
     
 
By:
/s/ Alceu Duilio Calciolari
 
   
Name:
Alceu Duílio Calciolari
 
   
Title:
Chief Executive Officer
 

Date: July 5,  2012

 
 
148

 
 
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS



Page
 
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
and Reports of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Gafisa S.A.


 
In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other auditors, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, of shareholder’s equity, of cash flows and of value added present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries (the Company) at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, and the results of their operations their cash flows and the value added to their operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2009 in conformity with accounting practices adopted in Brazil. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We did not audit the consolidated financial statements of Construtora Tenda S.A. as of December 31, 2008, a subsidiary, which statements reflect total assets of R$ 1,544,030 thousand at that date and net operating revenues of R$ 163,897 thousand for the period from October 22 (date of acquisition) through December 31, 2008. The consolidated statements of Construtora Tenda S.A. were audited by other auditors whose report thereon has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Construtora Tenda S.A. is based solely on the report of the other auditors. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and approved Brazilian auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits and the report of other auditors provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
As discussed in Note 25 and 26 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has restated its 2009, 2008 and 2007 financial statements to reflect corrections of errors and changes in accounting policies.

 
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted new Brazil accounting guidance on January 1, 2009 related to the accounting for goodwill, in accordance with accounting practices adopted in Brazil, which is no longer amortized.

 
Accounting practices adopted in Brazil vary in certain significant respects from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Information relating to the nature and effect of such differences is presented in Note 25 to the consolidated financial statements.


São Paulo, Brazil July 5, 2012


/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Auditores Independentes
CRC 2SP000160/O-5
/s/ Wander Rodrigues Teles
Wander Rodrigues Teles
Contador CRC 1DF005919/O-3 “S” SP


 

 
 
F-2

 
Gafisa S.A.

In thousands of Brazilian reais


Report of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firm

Assets
 
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
Current assets
                       
Cash, cash equivalents and financial investments
    4       1,424,053       605,502       517,420  
Receivables from clients
    5       2,252,474       1,254,594       473,734  
Properties for sale
    6       1,371,672       1,695,130       872,876  
Other accounts receivable
    7       108,791       182,775       101,920  
Deferred selling expenses
    -       6,633       13,304       3,861  
Prepaid expenses
    -       12,133       25,396       6,224  
                                 
              5,175,756       3,776,701       1,976,035  
                                 
Non-current assets
                               
Receivables from clients
    5       1,524,172       863,950       497,910  
Properties for sale
    6       376,785       333,846       149,403  
Deferred taxes
    16       281,288       190,252       78,740  
Other
    7       69,160       110,606       42,797  
                                 
              2,251,405       1,498,654       768,850  
                                 
Investments
    8       -       -       12,192  
Intangible assets
    9       204,686       213,155       215,297  
Property and equipment, net
    -       56,476       50,348       32,411  
                                 
              261,162       263,503       259,900  
                                 
              2,512,567       1,762,157       1,028,750  
                                 
Total assets
            7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
 
F-3

 
Gafisa S.A.

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
 
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
Current liabilities
                       
Loans and financing
    10       678,312       447,503       68,357  
Debentures
    11       122,377       61,945       6,590  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    14       475,409       421,584       290,193  
Materials and service suppliers
    -       194,331       112,900       86,709  
Taxes and contributions
    -       138,177       113,167       71,250  
Salaries, payroll charges and profit sharing
    -       61,320       29,693       38,513  
Accrued dividends
    15.2       54,279       26,106       26,981  
Provision for contingencies
    13       11,266       17,567       3,668  
Other accounts payable
    12       205,657       97,931       68,368  
Deferred taxes
    16       79,474       -       -  
                                 
              2,020,602       1,328,396       660,629  
                                 
Non-current liabilities
                               
Loans and financing
    10       525,443       600,673       380,433  
Debentures
    11       1,796,000       442,000       240,000  
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    14       146,401       231,199       103,184  
Deferred taxes
    16       336,291       239,131       46,070  
Provision for contingencies
    13       61,687       35,963       17,594  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    8       -       169,394       -  
Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries
    8       9,408       18,522       32,223  
Other accounts payable
    12       408,310       389,759       12,943  
                                 
              3,283,540       2,126,641       832,447  
                                 
Non controlling interests
            58,547       471,402       12,981  
                                 
Shareholders' equity
    15                          
Capital stock
    -       1,627,275       1,229,517       1,221,846  
Treasury shares
    -       (1,731 )     (18,050 )     (18,050 )
Capital and stock options reserves
    -       318,439       182,125       159,922  
Income reserves
    -       381,651       218,827       135,010  
                                 
              2,325,634       1,612,419       1,498,728  
                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
            7,688,323       5,538,858       3,004,785  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-4

 
Gafisa S.A

Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais, except number of shares and per share amount

 
   
Note
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
         
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
         
Note 26
   
Note 26
       
Gross operating revenue
                       
Real estate development sales and barter transactions
    3.b       3,096,881       1,768,200       1,216,773  
Construction services rendered, net of costs
    3.b       47,999       37,268       35,121  
Taxes on services and revenues
    -       (108,523 )     (65,064 )     (47,607 )
                                 
Net operating revenue
            3,036,357       1,740,404       1,204,287  
                                 
Operating costs
                               
Real estate development and barter transactions costs
    -       (2,143,762 )     (1,214,401 )     (867,996 )
                                 
Gross profit
            892,595       526,003       336,291  
                                 
Operating (expenses) income
                               
Selling expenses
    -       (240,632 )     (154,401 )     (69,800 )
General and administrative expenses
    -       (233,129 )     (180,839 )     (130,873 )
Depreciation and amortization
    -       (34,170 )     (52,635 )     (38,696 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    8       169,394       41,008       -  
Non recurring expenses
    -       (13,457 )     -       -  
Other, net
    -       (79,427 )     (10,931 )     2,508  
                                 
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
            461,174       168,205       99,430  
                                 
Financial income (expenses)
                               
Financial expenses
    -       (240,572 )     (95,039 )     (35,291 )
Financial income
    -       129,566       102,854       63,919  
                                 
Income before taxes on income and non controlling interest
            350,168       176,020       128,058  
                                 
Current income tax and social contribution expense
    -       (20,147 )     (24,437 )     (12,217 )
Deferred tax
    -       (75,259 )     (18,960 )     (18,155 )
                                 
Total tax expenses
    16       (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )
                                 
Income before non controlling interest
            254,762       132,623       97,686  
                                 
Non controlling interest
    -       (41,222 )     (22,702 )     (6,046 )
                                 
Net income for the year
            213,540       109,921       91,640  
                                 
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    15.1       166,777       129,963       129,452  
                                 
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end
of the year - R$
            1.2804       0.8458       0.7079  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-5

 
Gafisa S.A.

Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
                     
Income reserves
             
                                     
   
Capital stock
   
Treasury shares
   
Capital and stock options reserves
   
Legal reserve
   
Statutory reserve
   
For investments
   
Retained earnings
   
Total
 
                                                 
At December 31, 2006
    591,742       (47,026 )     163,340       9,905       -       89,472       -       807,433  
Capital increase
                                                               
Public offering
    487,813       -       -       -       -       -       -       487,813  
Stock issuance expenses, net of taxes
    -       -       (19,915 )     -       -       -       -       (19,915 )
Capital increase - Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.
    134,029       -       -       -       -       -       -       134,029  
Exercise of stock options
    8,262       -       -       -       -       -       -       8,262  
Additional 2006 dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (50 )     (50 )
Cancellation of treasury shares
    -       28,976       -       -       -       (28,976 )     -       -  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       16,497       -       -       -               16,497  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       91,640       91,640  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       5,680       -       -       (5,680 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -               -       -       (26,981 )     (26,981 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       80,892       -       (80,892 )     -  
Transfer from investments reserve
    -       -       -       -       -       (21,963 )     21,963       -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2007
    1,221,846       (18,050 )     159,922       15,585       80,892       38,533       -       1,498,728  
Capital increase
                                                               
Exercise of stock options
    7,671       -       -       -       -       -       -       7,671  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       22,203       -       -       -       -       22,203  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       109,921       109,921  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       5,496       -       -       (5,496 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (26,104 )     (26,104 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       78,321       -       (78,321 )     -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2008
    1,229,517       (18,050 )     182,125       21,081       159,213       38,533       -       1,612,419  
Capital increase
                                                               
Exercise of stock options
    9,736       -       -       -       -       -       -       9,736  
Merger of Tenda shares
    388,022       -       60,822       -       -       -       -       448,844  
Stock option compensation
    -       -       9,765       -       -       -       -       9,765  
Sale of treasury shares
    -       16,319       65,727       -       -       -       -       82,046  
Net income for the year
    -       -       -       -       -       -       213,540       213,540  
Appropriation of net income
                                                               
Legal reserve
    -       -       -       10,677       -       -       (10,677 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividends
    -       -       -       -       -       -       (50,716 )     (50,716 )
Statutory reserve
    -       -       -       -       152,147       -       (152,147 )     -  
                                                                 
At December 31, 2009
    1,627,275       (1,731 )     318,439       31,758       311,360       38,533       -       2,325,634  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-6

 
Gafisa S.A.
 
Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
Gross revenues
                 
Real estate development sales and services and barter transactions
    3,131,423       1,814,109       1,251,894  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
    -       (8,641 )     -  
                         
      3,131,423       1,805,468       1,251,894  
                         
Purchases from third parties
                       
Real estate development
    (2,057,969 )     (1,160,906 )     (850,202 )
Materials, energy, service suppliers and other
    (294,884 )     (233,147 )     (111,671 )
                         
      (2,352,853 )     (1,394,053 )     (961,873 )
                         
Gross value added
    778,570       411,415       290,021  
                         
Deductions
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )     (52,635 )     (38,696 )
                         
Net value added produced
    744,400       358,780       251,325  
                         
Value added received through transfer
                       
Financial income
    129,566       102,854       63,919  
Amortization of negative goodwill from gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394       41,008       -  
                         
      298,960       143,862       63,919  
                         
Total value added to be distributed
    1,043,360       502,642       315,244  
                         
Value added distributed
                       
Personnel and social charges
    291,872       146,771       93,275  
Taxes and contributions
    241,762       131,448       77,244  
Interest and rents
    296,186       114,502       53,085  
Earnings retained
    162,824       83,817       64,609  
Dividends
    50,716       26,104       27,031  
                         
      1,043,360       502,642       315,244  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-7

 
Gafisa S.A.

Years Ended December 31
In thousands of Brazilian reais

 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
   
(Restated)
   
(Restated)
       
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
       
Cash flows from operating activities
                 
Net income  for the year
    213,540       109,921       91,640  
                         
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    33,184       52,635       38,696  
Disposal of fixed assets
    5,251       -       -  
Stock option expenses
    14,427       26,138       17,820  
Deferred gain on sale of investment
    (169,394 )     (41,008 )     -  
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    171,327       116,771       22,934  
Deferred taxes
    75,260       18,960       18,155  
Warranty provision
    7,908       5,112       2,751  
Provision for contingencies
    63,975       13,933       -  
Provision for profit sharing
    28,237       -       25,424  
Allowance (reversal) for doubtful accounts
    (974 )     10,359       -  
Noncontrolling interest
    41,222       22,702       6,046  
Changes in assets and liabilities
                       
Receivables from clients
    (1,657,128 )     (591,202 )     (436,691 )
Properties for sale
    280,519       (703,069 )     (579,496 )
Other accounts receivable
    85,886       (65,344 )     (6,011 )
Deferred selling expenses
    1,870       (5,211 )     13,171  
Prepaid expenses
    13,263       (19,172 )     (723 )
Obligations for real estate developments
    -       -       (6,733 )
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    (38,881 )     184,181       156,533  
Taxes and contributions
    25,010       38,977       28,718  
Materials and service suppliers
    81,431       (14,363 )     60,982  
Salaries, payroll charges
    3,390       (19,475 )     20,428  
Other accounts payable
    43,984       46,643       74,427  
                         
Cash used in operating activities
    (676,693 )     (812,512 )     (451,929 )
                         
Cash flows from investing activities
                       
Cash acquired at Tenda
    -       66,904       -  
Purchase of property and equipment
    (45,109 )     (63,127 )     (61,279 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (20,468 )     (67,077 )     (9,851 )
Acquisition of investments in subsidiaries
    -       (15,000 )     (78,160 )
                         
Cash used in investing activities
    (65,577 )     (78,300 )     (149,290 )
                         
Cash flows from financing activities
                       
Capital increase
    9,736       7,671       496,075  
Sale of treasury shares
    16,319       -       -  
Gain on sale of treasury shares
    65,727       -       -  
     Redeemable quotas of Investment Fund of Receivables (FIDC)
    41,308       -       -  
     Assignment of credits receivable – CCI
    69,316       -       -  
Stock issuance expenses
    -       -       (19,915 )
Loans and financing obtained
    2,259,663       775,906       426,969  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (860,979 )     (145,697 )     (51,737 )
Contributions from venture partners and dividends paid
    (35,539 )     300,000       -  
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    860       916       2,225  
Dividends paid – shareholders’
    (26,058 )     (26,979 )     (10,988 )
 
                       
Cash provided by financing activities
    1,540,353       911,817       842,629  
                         
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
    798,083       21,005       241,410  
                         
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    528,574       507,569       266,159  
At the end of the year
    1,326,657       528,574       507,569  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-8

 
Gafisa S.A.

December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
1
Operations

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) started its commercial operations in 1997 with the objectives of: (a) promoting and managing all forms of real estate ventures on its own behalf or for third parties; (b) purchasing, selling and negotiating real estate properties in general, including provision of financing to real estate clients; (c) carrying out civil construction and civil engineering services; (d) developing and implementing marketing strategies related to its own or third party real estate ventures; and (e) investing in other Brazilian or foreign companies which have similar objectives as the Company's.

The Company forms jointly-controlled ventures (Special Purpose Entities - SPEs) and participates in consortia and condominiums with third parties as a means of meeting its objectives. The controlled entities share the structure and corporate, managerial and operating costs with the Company.

In January 2007, the Company acquired 60% of the voting capital of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. ("Alphaville"), a company which develops and sells residential condominiums throughout Brazil. The purchase commitment for the remaining 40% of Alphaville's voting capital will be determined by means of an economic and financial evaluation of Alphaville to be carried out, according to the agreement, by 2012 (Note 8).

In March 2007, the Company completed a public offering of stock on the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 487,813 with the issue of 18,761,992 Common shares equivalent to 9,380,996 ADRs. The expenses related to this public offering of the Company's stock, net of respective tax effects, totaled R$ 19,915 and were charged to Capital reserve.

In October 2007, Gafisa completed the acquisition of 70% of the voting capital of Cipesa Engenharia S.A. ("Cipesa"), a real estate developer in the state of Alagoas (Note 8). In 2007, the Company launched its operations in the lower income real estate market through its subsidiary FIT Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("FIT Residencial").

On September 1, 2008, the Company and Construtora Tenda S.A. ("Tenda") merged Tenda and Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. (“Fit Residencial”), by means of a Merger Protocol and Justification. On October 3, 2008, this Merger Protocol and Justification was approved by Gafisa’s Board of Directors, as well as the first Amendment to the Protocol. Upon exchange of Fit Residencial quotas for Tenda shares, the Company received 240,391,470 common shares, representing 60% of total
 
 
F-9

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
and voting capital of Tenda after the merger of Fit Residencial, in exchange for 76,757,357 quotas of Fit Residencial. The shares issued by Tenda, received by the Company in exchange for Fit Residencial quotas, will have the same rights, attributed on the date of the merger of the shares by the Company, and will receive all benefits, including dividends and distributions of capital that may be declared by Tenda as from the merger approval date. On October 21, 2008, the merger of Fit Residencial into Tenda was approved at an Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting by the Company’s shareholders (Note 8).

On February 27, 2009, Gafisa and Odebrecht Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. announced an agreement for the dissolution of their partnership in Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., terminating the Shareholders’ Agreement then effective between the partners. Therefore Gafisa is no longer a partner in Bairro Novo Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. The real estate ventures that were being conducted together by the parties started to be carried out separately, Gafisa in charge of developing the Bairro Novo Cotia real estate venture, whereas Odebrecht Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. in charge of the other ventures of the dissolved partnership.

On June 29, 2009, Gafisa S.A. and Construtora Tenda S.A. entered into a Private Instrument for Assignment and Transfer of Quotas and Other Covenants, in which Gafisa assigns and transfers to Tenda 41,341,895 quotas of Cotia1 Empreendimento Imobiliário for the net book value of R$ 41,342.

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda, as negotiated between Gafisa and the Independent Committee of Tenda, both parties having been advised by independent expert companies. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844 (Note 8).


2
Presentation of Financial Statements

(a)
Basis of presentation

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors in their meeting held on July 5, 2012.

 
F-10

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
These financial statements were prepared and are being presented in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil (“Brazilian GAAP”), required for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, which take into consideration the provisions contained in Brazilian Corporate Law – Law No. 6,404/76, amended by Laws Nos. 11,638/07 and 11,941/09, the Pronouncement, Guidance and Interpretation issued by the Accounting Standards Committee (“CPC”), approved by Brazilian Regulators. Therefore, they do not consider the early adoption of the technical pronouncements issued by CPC in 2009, approved by the Federal Accounting Council (“CFC”), required beginning on January 1, 2010.

The financial statements have been prepared in Brazilian reais and differ from the Corporate Law financial statements previously issued due to the number of periods presented. The financial statements prepared by the Company for statutory purposes, which include the consolidated financial statements and the stand alone financial statements of the parent company, Gafisa S.A., were filed with the CVM in February 2010. The financial statements presented herein do not include the parent company's stand alone financial statements and are not intended to be used for statutory purposes. The Summary of Principal Differences between Brazilian GAAP and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) (Note 25) is not required by Corporate Law and is presented only for purposes of these financial statements.

The Company has identified certain errors and reclassifications in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein (Note 26).

(b)
Reclassification

In order to be consistent with the current financial statements presentation, the balance of goodwill as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was reclassified to Intangible assets.

3.
Significant accounting practices
 
a)
Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil requires the Company’s management to make judgments to determine and record accounting estimates. Assets and liabilities affected by estimates and assumptions include the residual value of property and equipment, provision for impairment, allowance for doubtful accounts, deferred tax assets, provision for contingencies and measurement of financial instruments. The settlement of
 
 
F-11

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
transactions involving these estimates may result in amounts different from those estimated in view of the inaccuracies inherent to the process for determining them. The Company review estimates and assumptions at least annually.

b)
Recognition of revenue
 
(i)
Real estate development and sales
 
Revenues, as well as costs and expenses directly related to real estate development units sold and not yet finished, are recognized over the course of the construction period and the following procedures are adopted:

 
(a)
For completed units, the revenue is recognized when the sale is made, with the transfer of significant risks and rights, regardless of the receipt of the contractual amount, provided that the following conditions are met: (a) the result is determinable, that is, the collectability of the sale price is reasonably assured or the amount that will not be collected can be estimated, and (b) the earnings process is virtually complete, that is, the Company is not obliged to perform significant activities after the sale to earn the profit. The collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the client's commitment to pay, which in turn is supported by initial and continuing investment.
 
 
(b)
In the sales of unfinished units, the following procedures and rules were observed:
 
§     The incurred cost (including the costs related to land, and other expenditures directly related to increase inventories) corresponding to the units sold is fully appropriated to the result.
§     The percentage of incurred cost (including costs related to land) is measured in relation to total estimated cost, and this percentage is applied on the revenues from units sold, determined in accordance with the terms established in the sales contracts, thus determining the amount of revenues and selling expenses to be recognized in direct proportion to cost.
§     Any amount of revenues recognized that exceeds the amount received from clients is recorded as current or non-current assets. Any amount received in connection with the sale of units that exceeds the amount of revenues recognized is recorded as "Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients".
§     Interest and inflation-indexation charges on accounts receivable as from the time the client takes possession of the property, as well as the adjustment to present value of accounts receivable, are appropriated to the result from the development and sale of real estate using the accrual basis of accounting – pro rata basis.
 
 
F-12

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
§     The financial charges on accounts payable for acquisition of land and those directly associated with the financing of construction are recorded in inventories of properties for sale, and appropriated to the incurred cost of finished units, following the same criteria for appropriation of real estate development cost of units under construction sold.

 
(c)
Contract termination:
 
The Company´s sales contracts contemplate penalties and customer refund formula in the case of contract termination. In the event the Company agrees to terminate the contract and when revenue recognition has commenced, then revenue and expenses are derecognized and the liability for the customer deposit is restored.
The penalty is calculated pursuant to the  sales contract to determine the net amount of refund to be paid to the customer.
When a refund is paid, the Company records a credit to “Real estate development sales” within “Gross operating revenue” in the statement of income for the penalty retained.
If such settlement calculation requires a return of some portion of the deposit, then the Company records an account payable for such amount due.
If revenue recognition has not commenced, the Company settles the deposit liability and records the accounting consequences in the same manner.
 
(ii) 
Construction services
 
Revenues from real estate services consist primarily of amounts received in connection with construction management activities for third parties, technical management and management of real estate; revenues are recognized as services are rendered.
 
(iii) 
Barter transactions
 
Barter transactions of land in exchange for units, the value of land acquired by the Company is calculated based on the fair value of real estate units to be delivered. The fair value is recorded in inventories of Properties for sale against liabilities for Advances from clients, at the time the barter agreement is signed, provided that the real estate development recording is obtained. Revenues and costs incurred from barter transactions are appropriated to income over the course of construction period of the projects, as described in item (i) (b).


 
F-13

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
c)
Financial instruments
 
Financial instruments are recognized only from the date the Company becomes a party to the contract provisions of financial instruments, which include financial investments, accounts receivable and other receivables,  cash and cash equivalents, loans and financing, as well as accounts payable and other debts. Financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value through income are added by any directly attributable transactions costs.
After the initial recognition, financial instruments are measured as described below:
 
 
(i) 
Financial instruments at fair value through income
 
A financial instrument is classified into fair value through income if held for trading, that is, designated as such when initially recognized. Financial instruments are designated at fair value through income if the Company manages these investments and makes decisions on purchase and sale based on their fair value according to the strategy of investment and risk management documented by the Company. After initial recognition, attributable transaction costs are recognized in income when incurred. Financial instruments at fair value through income are measured at fair value, and their fluctuations are recognized in income.
 
 
(ii) 
Loans and receivables
 
Loans and receivables are measured at cost amortized using the method of effective interest rate, reduced by impairment.
 
 
(iii) 
Derivative financial instruments
 
In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company held derivative instruments for the purpose of mitigating the risk of its exposure to the volatility of currencies, indices and interest rates, recognized at fair value directly in income for the year, which were settled before the end of the current year. In accordance with its treasury policies, the Company does not acquire or issue derivative financial instruments for purposes other than hedge. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value and the attributable transaction costs are recognized in income when incurred. After initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value and changes are recorded in income.
 
 
F-14

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
d)
Cash and cash equivalents
 
Consist primarily of bank certificates of deposit and investment funds, denominated in reais, having a ready market and original maturity of 90 days or less or in regard to which there are no penalties or other restrictions for early redemption. Most of financial investments are classified into the category “financial assets at fair value through income”.

Investment funds in which the Company is the sole owner are fully consolidated.
 
e)
Receivables from clients
 
These are stated at cost plus accrued interest and indexation adjustments, net of adjustment to present value. The allowance for doubtful accounts arising from the provision of services, when applicable, is set up by the Company’s management when there is no expectation of realization. In relation to receivables from development, the allowance for doubtful accounts is set up at an amount considered sufficient by Management to cover estimated losses on realization of credits that do not have general guarantee.

The installments due are indexed based on the National Civil Construction Index (INCC) during the construction phase, and based on the General Market Prices Index (IGP-M) and interest, after delivery of the units. For accounts receivable due of sale of units, the understanding of Management is that there is no need of setting up an allowance because it has general guarantee and the prices of units are above their book value, except for those related to the subsidiary Tenda.
 
f)
Certificates of real estate receivables (CRI)
 
The Company assigns receivables for the securitization and issuance of mortgage-backed securities ("CRI"). When this assignment does not involve right of recourse, it is recorded as a reduction of accounts receivable. When the transaction involves recourse against the Company, the accounts receivable sold is maintained on the balance sheet. The financial guarantees, when a participation is acquired (subordinated CRI) and maintained to secure the receivables that were assigned, are recorded in the balance sheet in non-current receivables at fair value.
 
g)
Investment Fund of Receivables ("FIDC”) and Real estate credit certificate (“CCI”)
 
The Company consolidates Investment Funds of Receivables (FIDC) in which it holds subordinated quotas, subscribed and paid in by the Company in receivables.

 
F-15

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Pursuant to CVM Instruction No. 408, the consolidation by the Company of FIDC arises from the evaluation of the underlying and economic reality of these investments, considering, among others: (a) whether the Company still have control over the assigned receivables, (b) whether it still retains any right in relation to assigned receivables, (c) whether it still bears the risks and responsibilities for the assigned receivables, and (d) whether the Company fundamentally or usually pledges guarantees to FIDC investors in relation to the expected receipts and interests, even informally.

When consolidating the FIDC in its financial statements, the Company discloses the receivables in the group of accounts of receivables from clients and the FIDC net worth is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated quotas held by the Company being eliminated in this consolidation process.

The financial chargers of these transactions are appropriated on pro rata basis in the adequate heading of financial expenses.

The Company carries out the assignment and/or securitization of receivables related to credits of statutory lien on completed real estate ventures. This securitization is carried out upon the issuance of the real estate credit certificate (CCI), which is assigned to financial institutions that grant credit. The funds from assignment are classified in the caption other accounts payable, until certificates are settled by clients.

h)
Properties for sale
 
Land is stated at cost of acquisition.  Land is recorded only after the deed of property is registered. The Company also acquires land through barter transactions where, in exchange for the land acquired, it undertakes to deliver (a) real estate units under development or (b) part of the sales revenues originating from the sale of the real estate units. Land acquired through barter transaction is stated at fair value.

Properties are stated at construction cost, which does not exceed the net realizable value. In the case of real estate developments in progress, the portion in inventories corresponds to the cost incurred for units that have not yet been sold.  The incurred cost comprises construction (materials, own or outsourced labor, and other related items), expenses for regularizing lands and ventures, lands and financial charges appropriated to the development as incurred during the construction phase.

When the cost of construction of properties for sale exceeds the expected cash flow from sales, once completed or still under construction, an impairment charge is
 
 
F-16

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
recognized in the period when the book value is considered no longer to be recoverable.
Properties for sale are reviewed to evaluate the recovery of the book value of each real estate development when events or changes in macroeconomic scenarios indicate that the book value may not be recoverable.  If the book value of a real estate development is not recoverable, compared to its realizable value through expected cash flows, a provision is recorded.

The Company capitalizes interest on developments during the construction phase, arising from the National Housing System and other credit lines that are used for financing the construction of developments (limited to the corresponding financial expense amount), which are recognized in income in the proportion to units sold, the same criterion for other costs.

i)
Deferred selling expenses
 
Brokerage expenditures are recorded in results following the same percentage-of-completion criteria adopted for the recognition of revenues. The charges related to sales commission of the buyer are not recognized as revenue or expense of the Company.

j)
Warranty provision
 
The Company and its subsidiaries record a provision to cover expenditures for repairing construction defects covered during the warranty period, except for the subsidiaries that operate with outsourced companies, which are the own guarantors of the constructions services provided.  The warranty period is five years from the delivery of the unit.
 
k)
Prepaid expenses
 
These are taken to income in the period to which they relate.

l)
Property and equipment
 
Recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated based on the straight-line method considering the estimated useful life of the assets, as follows:
(i)         Vehicles – 5 years;
(ii)        Office equipment and other installations - 10 years;
(iii)       Sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings - 1 year.
 
Expenditures incurred for the construction of sales stands, facilities, model apartments and related furnishings are capitalized as Property and equipment. Depreciation of
 
 
F-17

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
these assets commences upon launch of the development and is recorded over the average term of one year and subject to periodical analysis of asset impairment.

m)
Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets relate to the acquisition and development of computer systems and software licenses, recorded at acquisition cost, and are amortized over a period of up to five years.

n)
Goodwill and negative goodwill on the acquisition of investments
 
The Company’s investments in subsidiaries include goodwill, which is determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess purchase price over the proportion of the underlying book value, based on the interest in the shareholders’ equity acquired. Negative goodwill is also determined at the acquisition date and represents the excess of the book value of assets acquired over the purchase consideration.

Up to December 31, 2008, the goodwill is amortized in accordance with the underlying economic basis which considers factors such as the land bank, the ability to generate results from developments launched and/or to be launched and other inherent factors. From January 1, 2009 goodwill is no longer amortized.

The Company annually evaluates at the balance sheet date whether there are any indications of permanent loss and of potential adjustments to measure the residual portion not amortized of recorded goodwill, and records an impairment provision, if required, to adjust the carrying value of goodwill to recoverable amounts or to realizable values. If the book value exceeds the recoverable amount, the amount thereof is reduced.

Goodwill that cannot be justified economically is immediately charged to results for the year.
Negative goodwill that is justified economically is appropriated to results at the extent the assets which originated it are realized. Negative goodwill that is not justified economically is recognized in results only upon disposal of the investment.

o)
Investments in subsidiaries and joint-controlled investees
 
If the Company holds more than half of the voting capital of another company, the latter is considered a subsidiary and is consolidated. In situations where shareholder agreements grant the other party veto rights affecting the Company's business decisions with regards to its subsidiary, such affiliates are considered to be jointly-controlled companies and are proportionally consolidated.

 
F-18

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Cumulative changes after acquisitions are adjusted in cost of investment. Unrealized gains or transactions between Gafisa S.A. and its affiliates and subsidiary companies are eliminated in proportion to the Gafisa S.A.'s interest; unrealized losses are also eliminated, unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment of the asset transferred.

When the Company's interest in the losses of subsidiaries is equal to or higher than the amount invested, the Company recognizes the residual portion of the net capital deficiency since it assumes obligations to make payments on behalf of these companies or for advances for future capital increase.

The accounting practices of acquired subsidiaries are aligned with those of the parent company, in order to ensure consistency with the accounting practices adopted by the Company.

p)
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients due to barter transactions
 
These are contractual obligations established for purchases of land in inventory (Property for sale) which are stated at amortized cost plus interest and charges proportional to the period (pro rata basis), when applicable, net of adjustment to present value.

The obligations related to barter transactions of land in exchange for real estate units are stated at fair value, as advances from clients.

q)
Taxes on income
 
Taxes on income in Brazil comprise Federal income tax (25%) and social contribution (9%), as recorded in the statutory accounting records, for entities on the taxable profit regime, for which the composite statutory rate is 34%. Deferred taxes are provided on all temporary tax differences.

As permitted by tax legislation, certain subsidiaries and jointly-controlled companies, the annual billings of which were lower than a specified amount, opted for the presumed profit regime. For these companies, the income tax basis is calculated at the rate of 8% on gross revenues plus financial income and for the social contribution basis at 12% on gross revenues plus financial income, upon which the income tax and social contribution rates, 25% and 9%, respectively, are applied. The deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that future taxable income is expected to be available to be used to offset temporary differences based on the budgeted future results prepared
 
 
F-19

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
based on internal assumptions. New circumstances and economic scenarios may change the estimates, as approved by our Management board.

Deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses have no expiration dates, though offset is restricted to 30% of annual taxable income. Taxable entities on the presumed profit regime cannot offset prior year losses against tax payable.

In the event realization of deferred tax assets is not considered to be probable, no amount is recorded (Note 16).

r)
Other current and non-current liabilities
 
These liabilities are stated on the accrual basis at their known or estimated amounts, plus, when applicable, the corresponding charges and inflation-indexed variations through the balance sheet date, which contra-entry is included in income for the year. When applicable, current and non-current liabilities are recorded at present value based on interest rates that reflect the term, currency and risk of each transaction.

The liability for future compensation of employee vacations earned is fully accrued.
Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries do not offer private pension plans or retirement plan or other post-employment benefits to employees.

s)
Stock option compensation
 
As approved by its Board of Directors, the Company offers to its selected executives share-based compensation plans ("Stock Options”) in exchange for their services

The fair value of services received from the plan participants, in exchange for options, is determined in relation to the fair value of shares, on the grant date of each plan, and recognized as expense as contra-entry to shareholders’ equity at the extent service is rendered.

t)
Profit sharing program for employees and officers
 
The Company provides for the distribution of profit sharing benefits and bonuses to employees recognized in results in General and administrative expenses.
Additionally, the Company’s bylaws establish the distribution of profit sharing to executive officers (in an amount that does not exceed the lower of their annual compensation or 10% of the Company's net income).

The bonus systems operate on a three-tier performance-based structure in which the corporate efficiency targets as approved by the Board of Directors must first be
 
 
F-20

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
achieved, followed by targets for the business units and finally individual performance targets.

u)
Present value adjustment
 
The assets and liabilities arising from long or short-term transactions, if they had a significant effect, were adjusted to present value.

In installment sales of unfinished units, real estate development entities have receivables adjusted by inflation index, formed prior to delivery of the units which does not accrue interest, were discounted to present value. The reversal of the adjustment to present value, considering that an important part of the Company’s activities is to finance its customers, was made as a contra-entry to the real estate development revenue, consistent with the interest accrued on the portion of accounts receivable related to the “after the keys” period

The financial charges of funds used in the construction and finance of real estate ventures shall be capitalized. As interest from funds used to finance the acquisition of land for development and construction is capitalized, the accretion of the present value adjustment arising from the obligation is recorded in Real estate development operating costs or against inventories of Properties for sale, as the case may be, until the construction phase of the venture is completed.

Accordingly, certain asset and liability items are adjusted to present value based on discount rates that reflect management's best estimate of the value of money over time and the specific risks of the asset and the liability.
The applied discount rate’s underlying economic basis and assumption is the average rate of the financing and loans obtained by the Company, net of the inflation-index effect of IGP-M (Note 5).

v)
Impairment test
 
The goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives have the recovery of their amounts annually, whether there is or not indications of reduction in value. The Company reviews each individual property annually for impairment, which includes a profitability assessment.  For those developments operating below certain profitability thresholds, or where other negative factors, such as a decline in market or economic conditions in the market where the individual property is located, or high cancellation rates and a significant increase in speculative inventory in the general market exist, the Company determines the estimated fair value of those developments and whether the estimated fair value exceeds their carrying value. The Company uses an undiscounted cash flows model for estimating fair values.

 
F-21

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


w)
Debenture and share issuance expenses
 
Transaction costs and premiums on issuance of securities, as well as share issuance expenses are accounted for as a direct reduction of capital raised.  In addition, transaction costs and premiums on issuance of debt securities are amortized over the terms of the security and the balance is presented net of issuance expenses.

x)
Contingent assets and liabilities and legal obligations
 
The accounting practices to record and disclose contingent assets and liabilities and legal obligations are as follows: (i) Contingent assets are recognized only when there are general guarantees or final and unappealable favorable court decisions. Contingent assets which depend on probable successful lawsuits are only disclosed in the financial statements; and (ii) Contingent liabilities are accrued when losses are considered probable and the involved amounts are reasonably measurable. Contingent liabilities which losses are considered possible are only disclosed in the financial statements, and those which losses are considered remote are not accrued nor disclosed.

y)
Statements of cash flows and added value
 
Statements of cash flows are prepared and presented under CVM Resolution No. 547, of August 13, 2008, which approved the CPC 03 – Statement of Cash Flows. Statements of added value are prepared and presented under CVM Resolution No. 557, of November 12, 2008, which approved CPC 09 – Statement of Added Value.

z)
Earnings per share
 
Earnings per share are calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet dates, net of treasury shares.

aa)
Consolidated financial statements
 
The consolidated financial statements of the Company, which include the financial statements of the subsidiaries indicated in Note 8, were prepared in accordance with the applicable consolidation practices and legal provisions. Accordingly, intercompany accounts balances, accounts, income and expenses, and unrealized earnings were eliminated. The jointly-controlled investees are consolidated in proportion to the interest held by the parent company.

 
F-22

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


4
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Financial Investments

   
2009
(Restated)
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Cash and cash equivalents
                 
Cash and banks
    143,799       73,538       79,590  
Cash equivalents
                       
Bank Certificates of Deposits - CDBs
    191,688       185,334       8,487  
Investment funds
    881,408       149,772       299,067  
Securities purchased under agreement to resell
    109,762       114,286       111,392  
Other
    -       5,644       9,033  
                         
Total cash and cash equivalents
    1,326,657       528,574       507,569  
                         
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans (Note 10)
    97,396       76,928       9,851  
                         
Total cash, cash equivalents and financial Investments
    1,424,053       605,502       517,420  

At December 31, 2009, Bank Deposit Certificates – CDBs include earned interest from 95% to 102% (December 31, 2008 - 95% to 107%, December 31, 2007 – 98% to 104%) of Interbank Deposit Certificate – CDI, invested in first class financial institutions, based on Company’s management evaluation.

At December 31, the amount related to investment funds is recorded at fair value through income. Pursuant to CVM Instruction No. 408/04, financial investment in Investment Funds in which the Company has exclusive interest is consolidated.

Fundo de Investimento Arena is a multimarket fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itaú Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to appreciate the value of its quotas by investing the funds of its investment portfolio, which may be composed of financial and/or other operating assets available in the financial and capital markets that yield fixed return. Assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and Bank Receipts of Deposits (RDBs), investment fund quotas of classes accepted by CVM and securities purchased under agreement to resell, according to the rules of the National Monetary Council (CMN). There is no grace period for
 
 
F-23

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.

Fundo de Investimento Colina is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Santander Asset Management and custody of Itaú Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.

Fundo de Investimento Vistta is a fixed-income private credit fund under management and administration of Votorantim Asset Management and custody of Itau Unibanco. The objective of this fund is to provide a return higher than 101% of CDI. The assets eligible to the portfolio are the following: government bonds, derivative contracts, debentures, CDBs and RDBs. The consolidated portfolio can generate exposure to Selic/CDI, fixed rate and price indices. There is no grace period for redemption of quotas, which can be redeemed with a return at any time. The fund’s tax treatment is that applicable to long-term investment funds.

As of December 31, 2009 there are no derivative instruments in the investment funds and the balance sheet of investment funds is as follows:

Assets
Vistta
Colina
Arena
Current
121,126
73,073
171,532
Non-current
2,102,282
365,348
3,698,424
       
Total assets
2,223,408
438,421
3,869,956
       
Liabilities
     
Current
14
42
124
Non-current
2,108,283
373,645
3,703,945
       
Shareholders’ equity
     
Capital stock
113,506
62,252
164,829
Retained earnings
1,605
2,482
1,058
Total shareholders’ equity
115,111
64,734
165,887
       
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
2,223,408
438,421
3,869,956
 
 
F-24

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


5
Receivables from Clients

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Real estate development and sales
    3,763,902       2,108,346       992,466  
( - ) Adjustment to present value
    (86,925 )     (44,776 )     (46,473 )
Services and construction
    96,005       54,095       25,651  
Other receivables
    3,664       879       -  
                         
      3,776,646       2,118,544       971,644  
                         
Current
    2,252,474       1,254,594       473,734  
Non-current
    1,524,172       863,950       497,910  

(i)
The balance of accounts receivable from units sold and not yet delivered is limited to the portion of revenues accounted for net of the amounts already received.
The balances of advances from clients (development and services), which exceed the revenues recorded in the period, amount to R$ 222,284 at December 31, 2009 (December 31, 2008 and 2007 - R$ 90,363 and R$72,125), and are classified in Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients.

Accounts receivable from completed real estate units delivered are in general subject to annual interest of 12% plus IGP-M variation, the financial income being recorded in income as Revenue from real estate development; the interest recognized for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 amounted R$ 52,159, R$ 45,722 and R$ 20,061, respectively.

 
An allowance for doubtful accounts is not considered necessary, except for Tenda, since the history of losses on accounts receivable is insignificant. The Company's evaluation of the risk of loss takes into account that these credits refer mostly to developments under construction, where the transfer of the property deed only takes place after the settlement and/or negotiation of the client receivables.

 
The allowance for doubtful accounts for Tenda amounted R$ 17,841 at December 31, 2009 (December 31, 2008 – R$ 18,815), and is considered sufficient by the Company's management to cover the estimate of future losses on the realization of accounts receivable of this subsidiary.
 
 
F-25

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
The total reversal value of the adjustment to present value recognized in the real estate development revenue for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 amounted to R$ (42,149), R$3,147 and R$(39,553), respectively.

 
Receivables from real estate units not yet finished were measured at present value considering the discount rate determined according to the criterion described in Note 3(u). The net rate applied by the Company and its subsidiaries varied from 5.22% to 7.44% for 2009.

(ii)
On March 31, 2009, the Company carried out a securitization of receivables, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential and commercial real estate receivables arising from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. This portfolio was assigned and transferred to “Gafisa FIDC” which issued Senior and Subordinated quotas. This first issuance of senior quotas was made through an offering restricted to qualified investors. Subordinated quotas were subscribed exclusively by Gafisa. Gafisa FIDC acquired the portfolio of receivables at a discount rate equivalent to the interest rate of finance contracts.

Gafisa was hired by Gafisa FIDC and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the conciliation of the receipt of receivables owned by the fund and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of the Company as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 119,622 to Gafisa FIDC in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, for R$ 88,664. The following two quota types were issued: Senior and Subordinated. The subordinated quotas were exclusively subscribed by Gafisa S.A., representing approximately 21% of the amount issued, totaling R$ 18,958 (present value). At December 31, 2009 it totaled R$ 14,977 (Note 8), Senior and Subordinated quota receivables are indexed by IGP-M and incur interest at 12% per year.

The Company consolidated Gafisa FIDC in its financial statements, accordingly, it discloses at December 31, 2009 receivables amounting to R$ 55,349 in accounts of receivables from clients, and R$ 41,308 is reflected in other accounts payable, the balance of subordinated quotas held by the Company is eliminated in the consolidation process.

 
F-26

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


(iii)
On June 26, 2009, the Company carried out a real estate credit certificate - CCI transaction, which consists of an assignment of a portfolio comprising select residential real estate credits from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The Company assigned its receivables portfolio amounting to R$ 89,102 in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, of R$ 69,315, classified into the heading "Other Accounts Payable - Credit Assignments".
8 book CCIs were issued, amounting to R$ 69,315 at the date of issue.  These 8 CCIs are backed by Receivables which installments fall due on and up to June 26, 2014 (“CCI-Investor”).

CCI-Investor, pursuant to Article 125 of the Brazilian Civil Code, carry general guarantees represented by statutory lien on real estate units, as soon as the following occurs: (i) the suspensive condition included in the registration takes place, in the record of the respective real estate units; (ii) the assignment of receivables from the assignors to SPEs, as provided for in Article 167, item II, (21) of Law No. 6,015, of December 31, 1973; and (iii) the issue of CCI – Investor by SPEs, as provided for in Article 18, paragraph 5 of Law No. 10,931/04.

Gafisa was hired and will be remunerated for performing, among other duties, the conciliation of the receipt of receivables, guarantee the CCIs, and the collection of past due receivables. The transaction structure provides for the substitution of Gafisa as collection agent in case of non-fulfillment of the responsibilities described in the collection service contract.

6
Properties for Sale

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Land, net of adjustment to present value
    693,097       750,555       656,146  
Property under construction
    926,317       1,181,930       324,307  
Completed units
    129,043       96,491       41,826  
                         
      1,748,457       2,028,976       1,022,279  
                         
Current portion
    1,371,672       1,695,130       872,876  
Non-current portion
    376,785       333,846       149,403  

The Company has undertaken commitments to build units bartered for land, accounted for based on the fair value of the bartered units. At December 31, 2009 the balance of land acquired through barter transactions totaled R$ 40,054 (2008 - R$ 104,909, 2007 – R$ 169,658).

 
F-27

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
As mentioned in Note 10, the balance of capitalized financial charges at December 31, 2009 amounts to R$ 91,568 (2008 – R$88,200, 2007 – R$18,241).

The adjustment to present value in the property for sale balance refers to the portion of the contra-entry to the adjustment to present value of Obligations for purchase of land without effect on results (Note 14).

The Company uses its business plan as the basis to monitor potential impairment of its inventory of condominiums under construction and held for sale.  Annually, the business plan for properties under development is evaluated and an impairment analysis is performed if an indication of impairment exists. The business plan considers all costs to complete the project as well the expected selling price.  Furthermore, the Company has a procedure to determine the financial feasibility of projects to be initiated, the approval by the Board, in which the main economic and financial indicators are the present value of cash flows (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) of the resulting financial flows. The feasibility study identifies the sales revenues and the costs of construction, land, commission, marketing and others, plus the timeline of their expected realization.  Specifically for sales, the Company considers the sale of units over the forecast period, typically using 30% at the beginning at launch, 30% within 6 months, 20% during construction and 20% at the closing. For unsold units, ongoing sales are monitored to identify break even or negative margins and impairment analysis is performed only for properties that are selling at break even or negative margins. The business plan for land bank is based on research of values of the property performed by internal technical and commercial expertise, as well as external information from real estate brokers and look-back analyses.

The Company believes its approach is prudent and sufficiently detailed to identify any impairment. The Company considers impairment at the level of each individual project, regardless of segment, location or stage of completion. In accordance with the Company´s internal policy, each project launched has been internally evaluated taking into consideration the following: (1) assumptions for market, sales forecast, economics and operational conditions; (2) cash flow analysis using the discounted cash flow method; (3) approval by an investment committee, and (4) inclusion in the business plan regarding the timetable and backlog for development releases.  This process is part of the Company´s corporate governance practices.


 
F-28

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
7
Other Accounts Receivable

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Current accounts related to real estate ventures (*)
    7,222       60,511       17,928  
Advances to suppliers
    65,016       83,084       42,197  
Recoverable taxes
    36,650       18,905       8,347  
Deferred PIS and COFINS
    3,082       10,187       8,274  
Credit assignment receivables
    4,087       7,990       8,748  
Client refinancing to be released
    5,266       4,392       8,510  
Advances for future capital increase
    -       49,113       10,350  
Other
    56,628       59,199       40,363  
                         
      177,951       293,381       144,717  
                         
Current
    108,791       182,775       101,920  
Non-current
    69,160       110,606       42,797  

 
 (*)
The Company participates in the development of real estate ventures with other partners, directly or through related parties, based on the constitution of condominiums and/or consortia. The management structure of these enterprises and the cash management are centralized in the lead partner of the enterprise, which manages the construction schedule and budgets. Thus, the lead partner ensures that the investments of the necessary funds are made and allocated as planned. The sources and use of resources of the venture are reflected in these balances, observing the respective participation percentage, which are not subject to indexation or financial charges and do not have a predetermined maturity date. The average term for the development and completion of the projects in which the resources are invested is between 24 and 30 months. The Company receives a compensation for the management of these ventures.
 

8
Investments in Subsidiaries

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa Participações Ltda., a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved upon the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 common shares. This transaction generated goodwill of R$ 170,941 recorded based on expected future profitability, which was amortized exponentially and progressively up to December 31, 2008 to match the estimated profit before taxes of Alphaville on accrual basis of accounting. From January 1, 2009, the goodwill from the acquisition of Alphaville was no longer amortized according to the new accounting practices; however, it will be evaluated, at least annually, in a context of evaluation of recoverable value and potential losses. The
 
 
F-29

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville 's capital stock based on the fair value of Alphaville, evaluated at the future acquisition dates, the purchase consideration for which cannot yet be calculated and, consequently, is not recognized. The contract for acquisition provides that the Company undertakes to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville within five years (20% in 2010 and 20% in 2012) for settlement in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion.

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa and Gafisa S.A. and Cipesa incorporated a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which the Company holds a 70% interest and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa S.A. made a contribution in Nova Cipesa of R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired the shares which Cipesa held in Nova Cipesa amounting to R$ 15,000, paid on October 26, 2008. Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion corresponding to 2% of the Total Sales Value (VGV), as defined, of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000. Accordingly, the Company’s purchase consideration totaled R$ 90,000 and goodwill amounting to R$ 40,686 was recorded, based on expected future profitability. From January 1, 2009, according to the new accounting practices, the goodwill from the acquisition of Nova Cipesa will be evaluated, at least annually, for impairment.

In November 2007, the Company acquired for R$ 40,000 the remaining interest in certain ventures with Redevco do Brasil Ltda. ("Redevco"). As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized negative goodwill of R$ 31,235, based on expected future profitability, which was amortized exponentially and progressively up to December 31, 2009, based on the estimated profit before taxes on net income of these SPEs. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized negative goodwill amounting to R$ 9,114 arising from the acquisition of these SPEs (2008 – R$ 12,713).

As mentioned in Note 1, on October 21, 2008, as part of the acquisition of its interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of Fit Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the shareholders' equity of Tenda, which at that date presented shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072, with an investment of R$ 621,643. The sale of the 40% quotas of Fit Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, which is based on expected future results, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in Fit Residencial (gain on the exchange of shares). This negative goodwill is being amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate ventures of Fit Residencial at October 21, 2008, and by the negative effects on realization of certain assets arising from the acquisition of Tenda. In 2009, the total
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


gain on partial sale of Fit Residencial was amortized in the amount of R$ 169,394 (R$ 41,008 in 2008).

On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total shares outstanding issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844, based on book value.

(a)           Ownership interests

Information on investees

   
Interest - %
   
Shareholders' equity
    Net income (loss )  
                                                       
Investees
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                                                       
Tenda
    100.00       60.00       -       1,130,759       1,062,213       -       64,450       26,142       -  
FIT Residencial
    -       100.00       100.00       -       -       (14,974 )     -       (22,263 )     (14,941 )
Bairro Novo
    -       50.00       50.00       -       8,164       10,298       -       (18,312 )     (1,902 )
Alphaville
    60.00       60.00       60.00       99,842       69,211       42,718       39,610       35,135       20,905  
Cipesa Holding
    100.00       100.00       100.00       42,294       62,157       47,954       (1,216 )     (6,349 )     (1,359 )
Península SPE1 S.A.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       (4,120 )     (1,139 )     (1,390 )     (2,431 )     205       (427 )
Península SPE2 S.A.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       600       98       (955 )     502       1,026       2,267  
Res. das Palmeiras SPE Ltda.
    100.00       100.00       90.00       2,316       2,545       2,039       26       264       596  
Gafisa SPE 40 Ltda.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       6,976       5,841       1,713       1,424       1,269       2,225  
Gafisa SPE 42 Ltda.
    100.00       50.00       50.00       12,128       6,997       76       949       6,799       369  
Gafisa SPE 43 Ltda.
    -       99.80       99.80               -       (3 )     -       -       (2 )
Gafisa SPE 44 Ltda.
    40.00       40.00       40.00       3,586       (377 )     (534 )     (153 )     (192 )     (533 )
Gafisa SPE 45 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       99.80       1,812       1,058       (475 )     (212 )     (8,904 )     (882 )
Gafisa SPE 46 Ltda.
    60.00       60.00       60.00       4,223       5,498       212       (3,436 )     3,384       1,178  
Gafisa SPE 47 Ltda.
    80.00       80.00       99.80       16,571       6,639       (18 )     (357 )     (159 )     (18 )
Gafisa SPE 48 Ltda.
    -       99.80       99.80       -       21,656       (718 )     1,674       818       (718 )
Gafisa SPE 49 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       100.00       205       (58 )     (1 )     (3 )     (57 )     (2 )
Gafisa SPE 53 Ltda.
    80.00       60.00       60.00       5,924       2,769       205       2,933       1,895       204  
Gafisa SPE 55 Ltda.
    -       99.80       99.80       -       20,540       (4 )     2,776       (3,973 )     (5 )
Gafisa SPE 64 Ltda.
    -       99.80       99.80       -       -       1       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 65 Ltda.
    80.00       70.00       99.80       3,725       (281 )     1       877       (732 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 67 Ltda.
    -       99.80       -       -       1       -               -       -  
Gafisa SPE 68 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (555 )     -       -       (1 )     (1 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 72 Ltda.
    80.00       60.00       -       347       (22 )     -       (1,080 )     (22 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 73 Ltda.
    80.00       70.00       -       3,551       (155 )     -       (57 )     (155 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 74 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (339 )     (330 )     -       (9 )     (331 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 59 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       99.80       (5 )     (2 )     (1 )     (4 )     (1 )     (2 )
Gafisa SPE 76 Ltda.
    50.00       99.80       -       84       -       -       (1 )     (1 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 78 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       -       -       -       -       (1 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 79 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (3 )     (1 )     -       (2 )     (2 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 75 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (74 )     (27 )     -       (47 )     (28 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 80 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (2 )     -       -       (3 )     (1 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-85 Empr. Imob.
    80.00       60.00       -       7,182       (756 )     -       4,878       (1,200 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-86 Ltda.
    -       99.80       -               (82 )     -       (228 )     (83 )     -  
Gafisa SPE-81 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       1       1       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-82 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       1       1       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-83 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (5 )     1       -       (6 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-87 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       61       1       -       (140 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-88 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       6,862       1       -       5,068       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-89 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       36,049       1       -       8,213       -       -  
Gafisa SPE-90 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       (93 )     1       -       (94 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE-84 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       10,632       1       -       3,026       -       -  
Dv Bv SPE S.A.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       432       (439 )     (464 )     871       126       (231 )
DV SPE S.A.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       1,868       932       1,658       936       (527 )     695  
Gafisa SPE 22 Ltda.
    100.00       100.00       100.00       6,001       5,446       4,314       554       1,006       250  
Gafisa SPE 29 Ltda.
    70.00       70.00       70.00       589       257       2,311       547       271       (2,532 )
Gafisa SPE 32 Ltda.
    80.00       80.00       99.80       5,834       (760 )     1       1,515       (760 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 69 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80       -       1,893       (401 )     -       (247 )     (402 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 70 Ltda.
    55.00       55.00       -       12,685       6,696       -       (63 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 71 Ltda.
    80.00       70.00       -       4,109       (794 )     -       3,120       (795 )     -  
Gafisa SPE 50 Ltda.
    80.00       80.00       80.00       12,098       7,240       (121 )     5,093       1,532       (121 )
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Investees
   
Interest - %
     
Shareholders' equity
      Net income (loss )  
     
2009
     
2008
     
2007
     
2009
     
2008
     
2007
     
2009
     
2008
     
2007
 
Gafisa SPE 51 Ltda.
    -       90.00       90.00       -       15,669       8,387       8,096       6,620       1,602  
Gafisa SPE 61 Ltda.
    100.00       99.80               (19 )     (14 )     -       (4 )     (14 )     -  
Tiner Empr. e Part. Ltda.
    45.00       45.00       45.00       11,573       26,736       10,980       (750 )     15,762       5,331  
O Bosque Empr. Imob. Ltda.
    60.00       30.00       30.00       8,862       15,854       9,176       (710 )     (62 )     79  
Alta Vistta - Alto da Barra de S. Miguel
Emp. Imob Ltda.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       (3,279 )     3,428       (644 )     (6,707 )     4,073       (618 )
Dep. José Lages Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       544       34       (399 )     660       433       (410 )
Sitio Jatiuca Emp. Imob. SPE Ltda.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       12,161       1,259       (2,829 )     10,902       4,088       (3,361 )
Spazio Natura Emp. Imob. Ltda
    50.00       50.00       50.00       1,393       1,400       1,429       (8 )     (28 )     (28 )
Grand Park - Parque Águas Emp.
Imob. Ltda
    50.00       50.00       50.00       8,033       (1,661 )     (281 )     6,635       (1,529 )     (280 )
Grand Park - Parque Árvores Emp.
Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       50.00       50.00       14,780       (1,906 )     (625 )     12,454       (1,698 )     (625 )
Dubai Residencial
    50.00       50.00       -       10,613       5,374       -       4,286       (627 )     -  
Cara de Cão
    50.00       65.00       -       -       40,959       -       2,319       19,907       -  
Costa Maggiore
    50.00       50.00       -       4,065       3,892       -       2,137       4,290       -  
Gafisa SPE 36 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       5,362       -       4,145       68       -       4,199  
Gafisa SPE 38 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       8,273       -       5,088       1,447       -       4,649  
Gafisa SPE 41 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       31,883       -       20,793       (2,593 )     -       13,938  
Villaggio Trust
    50.00       -       50.00       4,279       -       5,587       (576 )     -       1,664  
Gafisa SPE 25 Ltda.
    -       -       100.00       -       -       14,904       -       -       419  
Gafisa SPE 26 Ltda.
    -       -       100.00       -       -       121,767       -       -       (19 )
Gafisa SPE 27 Ltda.
    100.00       -       100.00       14,114       -       15,160       (778 )     -       1,215  
Gafisa SPE 28 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       (3,293 )     -       (1,299 )     (1,588 )     -       (499 )
Gafisa SPE 30 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       18,229       -       15,923       (334 )     -       8,026  
Gafisa SPE 31 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       26,901       -       22,507       (532 )     -       761  
Gafisa SPE 35 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       5,393       -       2,671       (1,274 )     -       2,719  
Gafisa SPE 37 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       4,020       -       8,512       (140 )     -       2,661  
Gafisa SPE 39 Ltda.
    100.00       -       99.80       8,813       -       5,693       2,469       -       4,432  
Gafisa SPE 33 Ltda.
    -       -       100.00       -       -       11,256       -       -       1,696  
Diodon Participações Ltda.
    -       -       100.00       -       -       36,556       -       -       4,637  
Gafisa SPE 91Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 92 Ltda.
    80.00       -       -       (553 )     -       -       (554 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 93 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       212       -       -       211       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 94 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       4       -       -       3       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 95 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       (15 )     -       -       (16 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 96 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       (58 )     -       -       (59 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 97 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       6       -       -       5       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 98 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       (37 )     -       -       (38 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 99 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       (24 )     -       -       (25 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 100 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       (1 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 101 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 102 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 103 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       (40 )     -       -       (41 )     -       -  
Gafisa SPE 104 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 105 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 106 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 107 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 108 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 109 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 110 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 111 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 112 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa SPE 113 Ltda.
    100.00       -       -       1       -       -       -       -       -  
City Park Brotas Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       3,094       -       -       1,244       -       -  
City Park Acupe Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       1,704       -       -       1,204       -       -  
Patamares 1 Emp. Imob. Ltda
    50.00       -       -       5,495       -       -       (69 )     -       -  
City Park Exclusive Emp. Imob. Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       (188 )     -       -       (189 )     -       -  
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 1 SPE Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       6,285       -       -       863       -       -  
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Coml. 2 SPE Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       1,338       -       -       -       -       -  
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 1 SPE Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       5,723       -       -       1,927       -       -  
Manhattan Square Emp. Imob. Res. 2 SPE Ltda.
    50.00       -       -       2,813       -       -       -       -       -  
Gafisa FIDC.
    100.00       -       -       14,977       -       -       -       -       -  

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(b)
Negative goodwill on acquisition of
subsidiaries and deferred gain on partial sale
of investments

               
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                               
         
Accumulated
                   
   
Cost
   
amortization
   
Net
   
Net
   
Net
 
Negative goodwill
                             
Redevco
    (31,235 )     21,827       (9,408 )     (18,522 )     (32,223 )
                                         
Deferred gain on partial sale of FIT
Residencial investment
                                       
Tenda transaction
    (210,402 )     210,402       -       (169,394 )     -  

9  Intangible assets

               
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                               
         
Accumulated
                   
   
Cost
   
amortization
   
Net
   
Net
   
Net
 
                               
Goodwill
                             
Alphaville
    170,941       (18,085 )     152,856       152,856       163,441  
Nova Cipesa
    40,686       -       40,686       40,686       40,686  
Other
    3,741       (2,195 )     1,546       1,546       3,273  
                                         
      215,368       (20,280 )     195,088       195,088       207,400  
                                         
Other intangible assets (a)
                    9,598       18,067       7,897  
                                         
                      204,686       213,155       215,297  
 
(a)  Refers to expenditures on acquisition and implementation of information systems and software licenses.

10  Loans and Financing

Type of operation
 
Annual interest rates
 
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
                   
Working capital (a)
                 
Denominated in Yen (i)
 
1.4%
 
-
 
166,818
 
99,364
 
Swaps - Yen/CDI (ii)
 
Yen + 1.4%/105% CDI
 
-
 
(53,790
)
(733
)
Denominated in US$ (i)
 
7%
 
-
 
146,739
 
104,492
 
Swaps - US$/CDI (ii)
 
US$ + 7%/104%CDI
 
-
 
(32,962
)
(5,124
)
Bank Credit Note – CCB and other
 
0.66% to 3.29% + CDI
 
736,736
 
435,730
 
136,078
 
       
736,736
 
662,535
 
334,077
 
National Housing System – SFH(a)
 
TR + 6.2% to 11.4%
 
467,019
 
372,255
 
98,700
 
Downstream merger obligations(b)
 
TR + 10% to 12.0%
 
-
 
8,810
 
13,311
 
Other
 
TR + 6.2%
 
-
 
4,576
 
2,702
 
                   
       
1,203,755
 
1,048,176
 
448,790
 
                   
Current portion
     
678,312
 
447,503
 
68,357
 
Non-current portion
     
525,443
 
600,673
 
380,433
 

(i)
Loans and financing classified at fair value through income (Note 17(a)(ii)).
(ii)
Derivatives classified as financial assets at fair value through income (Note 17(a)(ii)).

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


Rates
 
§
CDI – Interbank Deposit Certificate, at December 31, 2009 was 9.9%p.a (2008 – 12.2%p.a., 2007 – 11.8% p.a.)
§
TR – Referential Rate, at December 31, 2009 was 0.71%p.a. (2008 – 1.62%p.a., 2007 – 1.44% p.a.)
(a)  Funding for working capital and SFH for developments correspond to credit lines from financial institutions.
(b)  Downstream merger obligations correspond to debts assumed from former shareholders.

At December 31, 2009, the Company has resources approved to be released for approximately 85 ventures amounting R$ 1,204,076 that will be used in future periods, at the extent these developments progress physically and financially, according to the Company’s project schedule.

Consolidated non-current portion matures as follows:

         
At December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
2009
    -       -       255,838  
2010
    -       345,021       42,396  
2011
    413,583       181,549       28,417  
2012
    71,854       40,548       30,071  
2013
    40,006       33,555       23,711  
                         
      525,443       600,673       380,433  

Loans and financing are guaranteed by sureties of the Company, mortgage of the units, assignment of rights, receivables from clients, and the proceeds from the sale of our properties (amount of R$ 3,536,846 – not audited).
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


Additionally, the consolidated balance of financial investments pledged in guarantee amounts to R$ 97,396 at December 31, 2009 (2008 - R$ 76,928, 2007- R$ 9,851) (Note 4).

Financial expenses of loans, finance and debentures are capitalized at cost of each venture, according to the use of funds, and appropriated to results based on the criterion adopted for recognizing revenue, or allocated to results if funds are not used, as shown below:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Gross financial charges
    308,466       184,461       74,837  
Capitalized financial charges
    (98,072 )     (123,453 )     (39,546 )
                         
Net financial charges
    210,394       61,008       35,291  
                         
Financial charges included in Properties for sale
                       
                         
Opening balance
    88,200       18,241       3,100  
Capitalized financial charges
    98,072       123,453       39,546  
Charges appropriated to income
    (94,704 )     (53,494 )     (24,405 )
                         
Closing balance
    91,568       88,200       18,241  

11
Debentures

In September 2006, the Company obtained approval for its Second Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place up to R$ 500,000 in non-convertible simple subordinated debentures secured by a general guarantee.

In June 2008, the Company obtained approval for its Third Debenture Placement Program, which allows it to place R$ 1,000,000 in simple debentures with a general guarantee maturing in five years.

In April 2009, the subsidiary Tenda obtained approval for its First Program of Debenture Distribution, which allows it to place up to R$ 600,000 simple subordinated debentures non convertible into shares, in a single and undivided lot, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, with semi-annual maturities between October 1, 2012 and April 1, 2014. The funds raised through the issuance will be exclusively used in the finance of real estate ventures focused only on the popular segment and that meet the eligibility criteria.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


In August 2009, the Company obtained approval for its sixth issuance of simple debentures non convertible into shares in two series, secured by a general guarantee, maturing in two years and unit face value at the issuance date of R$ 10,000, totaling R$ 250,000.

In December 2009, the Company obtained approval for its seventh issuance of simple debentures non convertible into shares in a single and undivided lot, sole series, secured by a floating and additional guarantee, in the total amount of R$ 600,000, maturing in five years.

Under the Second and Third Programs of Gafisa, the Company placed series of 24,000 and 25,000 series debentures, respectively, corresponding to R$ 240,000 and R$ 250,000, with the below features. Under the First Program of Tenda, this subsidiary placed only one debenture, a sole series amounting to R$ 600,000, as shown below:

Program/issuances
 
Amount
 
Interest rate
 
Maturity
 
2009
 
2008
 
 2007
 
                           
Second program/first issuance
 
240,000
 
CDI + 1.30%
 
September 2011
 
198,254
 
248,679
 
246,590
 
Third program/first issuance
 
250,000
 
107.20% CDI
 
June 2013
 
252,462
 
255,266
 
-
 
Sixth issuance
 
250,000
 
CDI + 2% to 3.25%
 
August 2011
 
260,680
 
-
 
-
 
Seventh issuance
 
600,000
 
TR + 8.25%
 
December 2014
 
595,725
 
-
 
-
 
First issuance (Tenda)
 
600,000
 
TR + 8%
 
April 2014
 
611,256
 
-
 
-
 
                           
               
1,918,377
 
503,945
 
246,590
 
                           
Current portion
             
122,377
 
61,945
 
6,590
 
Non-current portion
             
1,796,000
 
442,000
 
240,000
 

Consolidated non-current portions mature as follows:

 
 
At December 31,
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
2009
    -       -       48,000  
2010
    -       96,000       96,000  
2011
    346,000       96,000       96,000  
2012
    275,000       125,000       -  
2013
    725,000       125,000       -  
2014
    450,000       -       -  
                         
      1,796,000       442,000       240,000  

The Company has restrictive debenture covenants which limit its ability to perform certain actions, such as the issuance of debt, and that could require the early redemption or refinancing of loans if the Company does not fulfill these covenants. The first issuance of the Second Program and the first issuance of the Third Program have
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


cross-restrictive covenants in which an event of default or early maturity of any debt above R$ 5 million and R$ 10 million, respectively, requires the Company to early amortize the first issuance of the Second Program.
 
On July 21, 2009, the Company renegotiated with the debenture holders the restrictive debenture covenants of the Second Program, and obtained the approval for taking out the covenant that limited the Company’s net debt to R$ 1.0 billion and increasing the financial flexibility, changing the calculation of the ratio between net debt and shareholders’ equity. As a result of these changes, interest repaid by the Company increased to CDI + 2% to 3.25% per year.

 
The actual ratios and minimum and maximum amounts stipulated by these restrictive covenants and measured under Brazilian GAAP at December 31 are as follows:

   
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
               
Second program - first issuance
             
Total debt, less debt of projects, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interests
 
1%
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
 
n/a
 
35%
 
5%
 
Total receivables from clients from development and
services, plus inventory of finished units, required to be
over 2.0 times total debt
 
2.3 times
 
3.3 times
 
3.5 times
 
               
Total debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial
investments, required to be under R$ 1,000,000
 
N/A
 
946,600
 
175,000
 
               
Third program - first issuance
             
Total debt, less SFH debt, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments, cannot exceed 75% of shareholders' equity
 
53%
 
35%
 
N/A
 
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units
required to be over 2.2 times total debt
 
4.1 times
 
5.5 times
 
N/A
 
               
Seventh issuance
             
EBIT balance is under 1.3 times the net financial expense
 
-5.9 times
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total accounts receivable plus inventory of finished units required to be 2.0 over times net debt and debt of projects
 
292.3 times
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
Total debt less debt of project, less cash and cash equivalents and financial investments cannot exceed 75% of shareholders’ equity plus noncontrolling interest
 
1%
 
N/A
 
N/A
 

At December 31, 2009, the Company is in compliance with the aforementioned clauses and other non-restrictive clauses.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
12
Other Accounts Payable

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Obligation to venture partners (i)
    300,000       300,000       -  
Credit assignments
    122,360       67,552       5,436  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       30,875       48,521  
Loans from real estate development partners (ii)
    -       -       8,255  
Rescission reimbursement payable and provisions
    28,573       28,191       -  
SCP dividends
    11,004       16,398       -  
FIDC obligations
    41,308       -       -  
Warranty provision
    25,082       17,499       12,388  
Other accounts payable
    64,550       27,175       6,711  
                         
      613,967       487,690       81,311  
                         
Current portion
    205,657       97,931       68,368  
Non-current portion
    408,310       389,759       12,943  

(i)
In January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. At December 31, 2009, the SCP received contributions of R$ 313,084 (represented by 13,084,000 Class A quotas fully paid-in by the Company and 300,000,000 Class B quotas from the other venture partners). The SCP will preferably use these funds to acquire equity investments and increase the capital of its investees. As the decision to invest or not is made jointly by all quotaholders, the venture is treated as a variable interest entity and the Company deemed to be the primary beneficiary; at December 31, 2009, Obligations to venture partners amounting to R$ 300,000 mature on January 31, 2014. The SCP has a defined term which ends on January 31, 2014 at which time the Company is required to redeem the venture partner's interest. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate, at December 31, 2009, the amount accrued totaled R$ 11,004. The SCP's charter provides for the compliance with certain covenants by the Company, in its capacity as lead partner, which include the maintenance of minimum indices of net debt and receivables. At December 31, 2009, the SCP and the Company were in compliance with these clauses.

(ii)
Loans from real estate development partners related to amounts due under current account agreements, which accrued financial charges of IGP-M plus 12% p.a.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
13
Commitments and Provision for Contingencies

The Company and its subsidiaries are party in lawsuits and administrative proceedings at several courts and government agencies that arise from the normal course of business, involving tax, labor, civil and other matters. Management, based on information provided by its legal counsel and analysis of the pending claims and, with respect to the labor claims, based on past experience regarding the amounts claimed, recognized a provision in an amount considered sufficient to cover the probable losses.
 
The changes in the provision for contingencies are summarized as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Balance at the beginning of the year
    57,364       21,262       4,105  
Additions
    85,784       11,440       2,258  
Additions - consolidation of Alphaville and Tenda
    -       26,840       16,695  
Reversals and settlements
    (21,809 )     (2,178 )     (1,796 )
      121,339       57,364       21,262  
                         
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (48,386 )     (3,834 )     -  
                         
Balance at the end of the year
    72,953       53,530       21,262  
                         
Current portion
    11,266       17,567       3,668  
Non-current portion
    61,687       35,963       17,594  

(a)
Tax, labor and civil lawsuits

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Civil lawsuits (a)
    91,708       27,779       2,323  
Tax lawsuits (b)
    20,737       19,609       16,768  
Labor claims
    8,894       9,976       2,171  
      121,339       57,364       21,262  
                         
Court-mandated escrow deposits
    (48,386 )     (3,834 )     -  
                         
Net balance
    72,953       53,530       21,262  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
As of December 31, 2009, the provisions for contingencies for civil lawsuits include R$ 71,322, related to legal cases in which the Company was cited as successor in foreclosure actions, in which the original debtor was a former shareholder of Gafisa; Cimob Companhia Imobiliária (“Cimob”), among other shareholder related parties. The plaintiff claims that the Company should be held liable for the debts of Cimob. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company recorded an additional provision of R$ 65,820, following unfavorable judicial decisions, which led the Company to seek new legal opinions and reevaluate the estimate of probable loss. Guarantee insurance provides coverage for R$17,678, a further R$ 64,882 is deposited in escrow, in connection with the blocking of Gafisa’s bank accounts; and there is also the retaining of Gafisa’s treasury shares to guarantee the foreclosure. The Company has filed appeals against all decisions, as it believes that the reference of Gafisa in the lawsuits is not legally justifiable; and Management is confident that its position will prevail enabling the escrow deposits to be released. In other similar cases, the Company has obtained favorable decisions in which it was awarded final and unappealable decisions overturning claims where the Company was initially found to be liable for certain debts of Cimob. The ultimate outcome of the Company’s appeal, however, cannot be predicted at this time.

(a)
The subsidiary Alphaville is a party in judicial lawsuits and administrative proceedings related to Excise Tax (IPI) and Value-added Tax on Sales and Services (ICMS) on two imports of aircraft in 2001 and 2005, respectively, under leasing agreements without purchase option. The likelihood of loss in the ICMS case is estimated by legal counsel as (i) probable in regard to the principal and interest, and (ii) remote in regard to the fine for noncompliance with ancillary obligations. The amount of the contingency estimated by legal counsel as a probable loss amounts to R$ 10,438 and is recorded in a provision in the financial information at December 31, 2009.
 
At December 31, 2009, the Company and its subsidiaries are monitoring other lawsuits and risks, the likelihood of which, based on the position of legal counsel, is possible but not probable,  in the amount of approximately R$ 91,372, according to the historical average of lawsuits and for which management believes a provision for loss is not necessary.

(b)
Commitment to complete developments

The Company is committed to deliver units to owners of land who exchange land for real estate units developed by the Company.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
The Company is also committed to complete units sold and to comply with the requirements of the building regulations and licenses approved by the proper authorities.
 
As described in Note 4, at December 31, 2009, the Company has resources approved and recorded as financial investments restricted as guarantee which will be released to the extent ventures progresses in the total amount of R$ 47,265 to meet these commitments.

14
Obligations for Purchase of Land and
Advances from Clients

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Obligations for purchase of land
    359,472       457,511       151,594  
Advances from clients of
                       
Barter transactions
    40,054       104,909       169,658  
Development and services
    222,284       90,363       72,125  
                         
      621,810       652,783       393,377  
                         
Current
    475,409       421,584       290,193  
Non-current
    146,401       231,199       103,184  

The reversal of present value adjustment recorded at Real estate development operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2009 amount to R$ (3,435).

15
Shareholders' Equity

15.1
Capital

At December 31, 2009, the Company's capital amounted to R$ 1,627,275 (2008 - R$ 1,229,517 (2007 - R$ 1,221,846),represented by 167,077,137 nominative common shares without par value (2008 - 133,087,518 nominative Common shares without par value, 2007 - 132,577,093 nominative Common shares without par value), 299,743 of which were held in treasury (2008 and 2007 - 3,124,972 treasury shares).

In January 2007, upon the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville, arising from the merger of Catalufa, a capital increase of R$ 134,029 was approved through the issuance for public subscription of 6,358,116 Common shares. In January 2007, the cancellation of 5,016,674 Common shares which had been held in treasury, amounting to R$ 28,976, was approved. In March 2007, a capital increase of R$ 487,813 was approved through
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


the issuance for public subscription, of 18,761,992 new Common shares, without par value, at the issue price of R$ 26.00 per share. In 2007, a capital increase of R$ 8,262, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 961,563 Common shares, was approved. Under the Bylaws, amended on January 8, 2007, the Board of Directors may increase share capital up to the limit of the authorized capital of 200,000,000 Common shares.

On April 4, 2008, the distribution of dividends for 2007 was approved in the total amount of R$ 26,981, paid to shareholders on April 29, 2008. In 2008, the capital increase of R$ 7,671, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 510,425 Common shares, was approved.
 
On April 30, 2009, the distribution of minimum mandatory dividends for 2008 was approved in the total amount of R$ 26,104, paid in December 2009.
 
On September 24, 2009, the trading at stock exchange of up to 2,825,229 shares held in treasury was approved by the Company, as the circumstances that resulted in the holding of such shares in treasury no longer exist. In the year ended December 31, 2009, the amount received from the sale of such shares amounted to R$ 82,046, representing a gain of R$ 65,727.

As mentioned in Note 1, on December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total outstanding shares issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, and its shareholders received shares of Gafisa in exchange for their shares of Tenda at the ratio of 0.205 shares of Gafisa to one share of Tenda. In view of the exchange ratio, 32,889,563 common shares were issued for the total issue price of R$ 448,844, of which R$ 60,822 shall be used to set up a capital reserve and the balance of R$ 388,022 to increase capital.

In 2009, the increase in capital was approved in the amount of R$ 9,736, related to the stock option plan and the exercise of 1,100,056 common shares.

The changes in the number of shares are as follows:

   
Thousands of common shares
 
       
December 31, 2006
    103,370  
         
Share issuance (Alphaville Acquisition)
    6,359  
Exercise of stock options
    961  
Public offering
    18,762  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
     
Thousands of common shares
 
December 31, 2007
    129,452  
         
Exercise of stock options
    511  
         
December 31, 2008
    129,963  
         
Exercise of stock options
    1,100  
Merger of shares issued by Tenda
    32,889  
Sale of treasury shares
    2,825  
         
December 31, 2009
    166,777  

15.2
Appropriation of net income for the year

Pursuant to the Company's Bylaws, the net income for the year is distributed as follows: (i) 5% to the legal reserve, until such reserve represents 20% of paid-up capital, and (ii) 25% of the remaining balance for the payment of mandatory dividends to all shareholders.
 
Management's proposal for distribution of net income for the years ended December 31  are as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Net income for the year, adjusted by Law No. 11,638/07
                91,640  
Effects of changes from Law No. 11,638/07
                21,963  
                     
Net income for the year
    213,540       109,921       113,603  
Legal reserve
    (10,677 )     (5,496 )     (5,680 )
                         
      202,863       104,425       107,923  
                         
Minimum mandatory dividends - 25%
    (50,716 )     (26,104 )     (26,981 )
                         
Dividend per common share
    0.3041       0.2009       0.2084  

Pursuant to Article 36 of the Company's Bylaws, amended on March 21, 2007, the recognition of a statutory investment reserve became mandatory, the amount of which may not exceed 71.25% of net income. The purpose of the reserve is to retain funds for financing the expansion of the activities of the Company, including the subscription of capital increases or creation of new ventures, participation in consortia or other forms of association for the achievement of the Company's corporate objectives.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
15.3
Stock option plans

(i)
Gafisa

The Company provides six stock option plans. The first plan was launched in 2000 and is managed by a committee that periodically creates new stock option plans, determining their terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.

To be eligible for the plans (plans from 2000 to 2002), participant employees are required to contribute 10% of the value of total benefited options on the date the option is granted and, additionally, for each of the following five years, 18% of the price of the grant per year.

To be eligible for the 2006 and 2007 plans, employees are required to contribute at least 70% of the annual bonus received to exercise the options, under penalty of losing the right to exercise all options of subsequent lots.

The exercise price of the grant is inflation adjusted (IGP-M index), plus annual interest at 3%. The stock option may be exercised in one to five years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of ten years after their contribution.

The Company records the cash receipt against a liability account to the extent the employees make advances for the purchase of the shares during the vesting period. There were no advanced payments in the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

The Company and its subsidiaries may decide to issue new shares or transfer the treasury shares to the employees in accordance with the clauses established in the plans. The Company has the right of first refusal on shares issued under the plans in the event of dismissals and retirement. In such cases, the amounts advanced are returned to the employees, in certain circumstances, at amounts that correspond to the greater of the market value of the shares (as established in the rules of the plans) or the amount inflation-indexed (IGP-M) plus annual interest at 3%.

In 2008, the Company issued a new stock option plan. In order to become eligible for the grant, employees are required to contribute from 25% to 80% of their annual net bonus to exercise the options within 30 days from the program date.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
On June 26, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 1,300,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 2,740,000 options of the 2007 and 2008 plans for 1,900,000 options granted under this new stock option plan was approved.

The assumptions adopted for recording the stock option plan for 2009 were the following:  expected volatility of 40% (2008 – 50%, 2007 – 48%), expected share dividends of 1.91% (2008 – 0.63%, 2007 – 0.33%), and risk-free interest rate at 8.99% (2008 – 11.56%, 2007 – 12.87%).

From July 1, 2009, the Company’s management opted for using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models for pricing the options granted in replacement for the Black-Scholes model, because on its understanding these models are capable of including and calculating with a wider range of variables and assumptions comprising the plans of the Company. The effect of this model replacement was brought about prospectively on July 1, 2009, with the recording of income amounting to R$ 4,447 for the year ended December 31, 2009.

On December 17, 2009, the Company issued a new stock option plan for granting 140,000 options. In addition, the exchange of the 512,280 options of the 2007 plan was approved for 402,500 options granted under this new stock option plan.

The changes in the number of stock options and corresponding weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

         
2009
         
2008
         
2007
 
                                     
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise price - R$
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise price - R$
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise
price – R$
 
                                     
Options outstanding at the beginning of year
    5,930,275       26.14       5,174,341       25.82       3,977,630       16.04  
Options granted
    3,742,500       15.76       2,145,793       31.81       2,320,599       30.36  
Options exercised
    (1,100,056 )     15.64       (441,123 )     16.72       (858,582 )     12.50  
Options expired
    -       -       (3,675 )     20.55       -       -  
Options exchanged
    (3,252,280 )     31.30       -       -       -       -  
Options cancelled(i)
    (197,742 )     32.99       (945,061 )     20.55       (265,306 )     18.61  
                                                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    5,122,697       24.36       5,930,275       26.14       5,174,341       25.82  
                                                 
Options exercisable at the end of the year
    1,656,462       26.74       4,376,165       28.00       2,597,183       22.93  

(i)
In the years ended December 31, 2007, 2008 and 2009, no option was cancelled due to the expiration of terms of stock option plans.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


In the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the amounts received for exercised options were R$ 9,736, R$ 7,671 and R$ 8,262. respectively.

The analysis of prices is as follows:

   
Brazilian reais
 
                   
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Exercise price per share at the end of the Year
    8.10-41.62       7.86-39.95       6.75-34.33  
Weighted average of exercise price at the option grant date
    17.23       21.70       18.54  
Weighted average of market price per share at the grant date
    16.19       27.27       27.92  
Market price per share at the end of the Year
    28.24       10.49       33.19  

The options granted will confer their holders the right to subscribe the Company's shares, after completing one to five years of employment with the Company (strict conditions on exercise of options), and will expire after ten years from the grant date.

The Company recognized stock option expenses of R$ 14,427 in 2009 (2008 - R$ 26,138, 2007 - R$ 17,820) of which R$9,765, R$22,203 and R$16,497 were recorded by Gafisa S.A. and represent the realization of the capital reserve in shareholders’ equity in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

(ii)
Tenda

Tenda has a total of three stock option plans, the first two were approved in June 2008, and the other one in April 2009. These plans, limited to the maximum of 5% of total capital shares and approved by the Board of Directors, stipulate the general terms, which, among other things, (i) define the length of service that is required for employees to be eligible to the benefits of the plans, (ii) select the employees that will be entitled to participate, and (iii) establish the purchase prices of the preferred shares to be exercised under the plans.

For the option granted in 2008, when exercising the option the base price will be adjusted according to the market value of shares, based on the average price in the 20 trading sessions prior to the commencement of each annual exercise period. The exercise price is adjusted according to a fixed table of values, according to the share value in the market, at the time of the two exercise periods for each annual lot. For the options granted in 2009, the vesting price is adjusted by the IGP-M variation, plus
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


interests at 3%.  The stock option may be exercised by beneficiaries, who shall partially use their annual bonuses, as awarded, in up to 10 years subsequent to the initial date of the work period established in each of the plans. The shares are usually available to employees over a period of two to five years after their contribution.

The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
 
   
Number of
Options
   
Weighted average exercise price
   
Number of
options
   
Weighted average exercise price
 
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year
    2,070,000       7.20       -       -  
  Options granted
    3,056,284       1.38       2,640,000       7.20  
  Options exercised
    (175,333 )     2.65       -       -  
  Options cancelled
    (994,417 )     0.27       (570,000 )     7.20  
                                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    3,956,534       4.64       2,070,000       7.20  

The market price of Tenda shares at December 31, 2009 was R$ 5.50.
 
From September 2009, the market value of each option granted was estimated at the grant date using the Binomial and Monte Carlo option pricing models in replacement for the Black-Scholes model. In the year ended December 31, 2009, Tenda recorded stock option expenses of the amount of R$ 4,234, and R$ 1,973 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008.

(iii)
Alphaville

Alphaville has three stock option plans, the first launched in 2007 which was approved at the June 26, 2007 Annual Shareholders' Meeting and of the Board of Directors.

The changes in the number of stock options and their corresponding weighted average exercise prices for the year are as follows:

         
2009
         
2008
         
2007
 
                                     
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise price - R$
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise price - R$
   
Number of options
   
Weighted average exercise
price – R$
 
                                     
Options outstanding at the beginning of year
    2,138       6,843.52       1,474       6,522.92       -       -  
Options granted
    -       -       720       7,474.93       1,474       6,522.92  
Options exercised
    (402 )     7,610.23       -       -       -       -  
Options cancelled
    (179 )     8,376.94       (56 )     6,522.92       -       -  
                                                 
Options outstanding at the end of the year
    1,557       6,469.28       2,138       6,843.52       1,474       6,522.92  

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
On December 31, 2009, 729 options were exercisable (2008 – 284, 2007 - zero). The exercise prices per option on December 31, 2009 were from R$ 8,582.43 to R$ 8,712.56, whereas on December 31, 2008 and 2007 the exercise prices were R$ 8,238.27 to R$ 8,376.26, and R$ 7,077.80, respectively.
 
The market value of each option granted was estimated at the grant date using the Binomial option pricing model.

Alphaville recorded expenses for the stock option plan amounting to R$ 428 for the year ended December 31, 2009 as a result of the replacement of the Black-Scholes for the Binomial option pricing model (2008 - R$ 1,962 and 2007 - R$ 1,323)

16
Deferred Taxes

Deferred taxes are recorded to reflect the future tax effects attributable to temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their respective carrying amounts.
 
   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Assets
                 
Net operating loss carryforwards
    113,847       76,640       12,499  
Valuation Allowance
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )
Effect of tax loss carryforwards, net
    85,382       57,315       (12,365 )
Temporary differences
                       
Tax versus prior book basis
    95,243       52,321       46,267  
New accounting standards – CPC
    58,554       39,680       10,633  
Tax credits from downstream mergers
    13,644       21,611       9,341  
                         
Non current portion
    281,288       190,252       78,740  
                         
Liabilities
                       
Differences between income taxed on cash and recorded on accrual basis
    303,268       202,743       46,070  
Negative goodwill
    85,896       18,266       -  
Temporary differences - New accounting standards – CPC
    26,601       18,122       -  
                         
      415,765       239,131       46,070  
                         
Current portion
    79,474       -       -  
Non current portion
    336,291       239,131       46,070  

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


According to CVM Instruction No. 371, of June 27, 2002, the Company, based on a technical study, approved by Management, on the estimate of future taxable income, recognized tax credits on income tax and social contribution loss carryforwards for prior years, which do not have maturity and can be offset up to 30% of annual taxable income. The carrying amount of deferred tax asset is periodically reviewed, whereas projects are reviewed annually; in case there are significant factors that may change such projection, these are reviewed over the year by the Company.

Deferred taxes result from the following:

The Company calculates its taxes based on the recognition of results proportionally to the receipt of the contracted sales, in accordance with the tax rules determined by the Federal Revenue Service (SRF) Instruction 84/79, which differs from the calculation of the accounting revenues based on the costs incurred versus total estimated cost. The tax basis will crystallize over an average period of four years as cash inflows arise and the conclusion of the corresponding projects.

Other than for Tenda, Gafisa has not recorded a deferred income tax asset on the tax losses and social contribution tax loss carryforwards of its subsidiaries which adopt the taxable income regime and do not have a history of taxable income for the past three years.

The projections of future taxable income consider estimates that are related, among other things, to the Company's performance and the behavior of the market in which it operates, as well as certain economic factors. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Management considers that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences will be realized at the extent the contingencies and events are settled.

Based on estimated future taxable income, the expected recovery profile of the income tax and social contribution net operating loss carryforwards is as follows:

2010
    -  
2011
    17,574  
2012
    18,270  
2013
    18,455  
2014
    33,927  
Thereafter
    25,621  
         
Total
    113,847  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
The reconciliation of the statutory to effective tax rate is as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Income before taxes on income and non controlling interest
    350,168       176,020       128,058  
Income tax calculated at the nominal rate – 34%
    (119,057 )     (59,847 )     (43,540 )
Net effect of subsidiaries taxed on presumed
profit regime
    48,703       22,122       13,598  
Pre acquisition deferred income tax asset
    -       12,419       -  
Negative goodwill amortization
    (6,937 )     -       -  
Prior period income tax and social
contribution tax losses
    183       3,946       6,124  
Tax loss carryfowards related to join-controlled subsidiaries of Gafisa and Tenda
    28,465       19,325       24,864  
Valuation Allowance over above tax loss carryfowards
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )
Stock option compensation
    (4,905 )     (10,088 )     (6,059 )
Other non-deductible items, net
    (13,393 )     (11,949 )     (495 )
                         
Income tax and social contribution expense
    (95,406 )     (43,397 )     (30,372 )
 
(a)
Adherence to the “Crisis Tax Recovery Program” (Crisis Refis)
 
On November 30, 2009, the Company and its subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas adhered to the cash and installment payment of debits with the Federal Revenue Service and the Attorney-General Office of the National Treasury, in the so called “Crisis Refis”.

The Company opted for the cash payment of tax debits amounting to R$ 17,304, of which R$ 10,438 in cash and R$ 6,866 by offsetting tax losses.

The subsidiaries Tenda, Alphaville and Gafisa Vendas opted for the installment payment of tax debits amounting to R$ 6,644, R$ 980 and R$ 192, recognizing gains of R$ 568, R$ 360 and R$70, respectively.

The consolidated gain of the Company and its subsidiaries with the adherence to Refis amounted to R$ 3,999.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(b)
Transitional Tax System
 
The Transitional Tax System (RTT) will be effective until enactment of the law that will address the tax effects of the new accounting methods, while seeking to maintain tax neutrality.
 
The system is optional for calendar years 2008 and 2009, as long as the following are observed: (i) the RTT must be applied to both 2008 and 2009, not only one calendar year; and (ii) the election of the RTT must be declared in the Federal Corporate Income Tax Return (DIPJ).
 
The Company opted for the RTT in 2008. Consequently, for income tax and social contribution on net income calculation purposes in 2009 and 2008, the Company used the prerogatives defined in the RTT.
 
17
Financial Instruments

The Company participates in operations involving financial instruments. Management of these instruments is made through operational strategies and internal controls aimed at liquidity, return and safety. The use of financial instruments with objective of hedge is made through a periodical analysis of exposure to the risk that the management intends to cover (exchange, interest rate, etc) which is approved by the Board of Directors for authorization and performance of the proposed strategy. The policy on control consists of permanently following up the contracted conditions in relation to the conditions prevailing in the market. The Company and its subsidiaries do not invest for speculation in derivatives or any other risky assets. The result from these operations is consistent with the policies and strategies devised by the Company’s management.

The Company’s and its subsidiaries operations are subject to the risk factors described below:

(a)
Risk considerations

(i)
Credit risk

The Company restricts their exposure to credit risks associated with banks and cash and cash equivalents, investing in highly-rated financial institutions in short-term securities.

With regards to accounts receivable, the Company restricts its exposure to credit risks through sales to a broad base of clients and ongoing credit analysis. Additionally, there
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
is no history of losses due to the existence of liens for the recovery of its products in the cases of default during the construction period.

Other than for Tenda, Company management did not deem necessary the recognition of a provision to cover losses for the recovery of receivables related to delivered real estate units. There was no significant concentration of credit risks related to clients for the periods presented.

(ii)
Currency risk

The Company adopts the policy of participating in operations involving derivative financial instruments with the objective of mitigating or eliminating currency risks, as described below.
 
In 2009, the Company had derivative financial instruments, settled in that same year, with the objective of hedging against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
 
In the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the amounts of R$ 1,234, R$ 80,895 and R$ 5,857, respectively,  related to the net positive result from the swap operations of currency and interest rates was recognized in Financial income (expenses), matching the results of these operations with the fluctuation in foreign currencies in the Company's balance sheet.
 
The nominal value of the swap contracts was R$ 200,000 on December 31, 2008 and 2007. The swap transactions described below were settled in the year ended December 31, 2009. The unrealized gains (losses) of these operations at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows (Note 10):
   
Reais
 
Percentage
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) from derivative instruments
 
               
Rate swap contracts -
 
Nominal
 
Original
               
(US Dollar and Yen for CDI)
 
value
 
index
 
Swap
 
2009
 
2008
2007
 
                         
Banco ABN Amro Real S.A.
 
100,000
 
Yen + 1.4
 
105% of CDI
 
-
 
53,790
733
 
Banco Votorantim S.A.
 
100,000
 
US Dollar + 7
 
104% of CDI
 
-
 
32,962
5,124
 
                         
   
200,000
         
-
 
86,752
5,857
 

The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments contracted by the Company was determined based on information available in the market and specific evaluation methodologies. However, considerable judgment was necessary for interpreting market
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
data to produce the estimated fair value of each transaction. Accordingly, the estimates above do not necessarily indicate the actual amounts to be realized upon the financial settlement of these transactions.

(iii)
Interest rate risk

It arises from the possibility that the Company earns gains or incur losses because of fluctuations in the interest rates of its financial assets and liabilities. Aiming to mitigate this kind of risk, the Company seeks to diversify funding in terms of fixed and floating rates. The interest rates on loans, financing and debentures are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11. The interest rates contracted on financial investments are disclosed in Note 4. Accounts receivable from real estate units delivered, as disclosed in Note 5, are subject to annual interest rate of 12%, appropriated on pro rata basis.

(iv)
Capital structure risk (or financial risk)

It arises from the choice between own (capital contribution and retained earnings) and third-party capital that the Company makes to finance its operations. In order to mitigate liquidity risks and optimize the weighted average cost of capital, the Company and its subsidiaries permanently monitor the levels of indebtedness according to the market standards and the fulfillment of indices (covenants) provided for in loan, finance and debenture contracts.

The subsidiary Tenda operates in the low cost entry-level segment, for which funding is provided by a special financing program tailored to meet the customer´s credit needs, based on lower interest rates and longer tenures-.  Tenda´s sales  are tied to Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Savings and Loans Government Bank – “CEF) financing programs, which support the entry-level segment. . Any modification to CEF financing terms and conditions may adversely affect the performance of the low cost entry-level segment.

(b)
Valuation of financial instruments

The main financial instruments receivable and payable are described below, as well as the criteria for their valuation.

(i)
Cash and cash equivalents

The market value of these assets does not differ significantly from the amounts presented on the balance sheets (Note 4). The contracted rates reflect usual market conditions.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Investment funds in which the Company has an exclusive interest make transactions with derivatives, among others. As mentioned in Note 4, the amount accounted for investment funds is recorded at market value.

(ii)
Loans and financing and debentures

Loans and financing are recorded based on the contractual interest rates of each operation, except for loans denominated in foreign currency, which are stated at fair value as contra-entry to results. Interest rate estimates for contracting operations with similar terms and amounts are used for the determination of market value. The terms and conditions of loans and financing and debentures obtained are presented in Notes 10 and 11. The fair value of the other loans and financing, recorded based on the contractual interest of each operation, does not significantly differ from the amounts presented in the financial statements.
 
(c)
Shareholders agreement with our prior shareholder, AUSA
 
The shareholders' agreement includes an obligation for the Company to purchase in 2010 and 2012 (20% each year) the remaining 40% of AUSA’s ordinary shares which are held by non-controlling interest shareholders. The purchase price will be based on the fair value of the shares and will be settled in cash or shares, at the Company’s sole discretion.
 
18
Related Parties

(a)
Transactions with related parties
 
Current account
 
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Condominiums and consortia
    49,270       9,577       23,147  
Purchase / sale of interests
    (15,459 )     (20,565 )     (24,924 )
SPEs
    (37,689 )     36,615       14,450  
Third party’s works
    11,100       9,678       4,406  
                         
Total asset balance
    7,222       60,511       17,928  

 
The nature of related party operations is described in Note 7.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
19
Profit sharing

The Company has a profit sharing plan that entitles its employees to participate in the distribution of profits of the Company that is tied to a stock option plan, the payment of dividends to shareholders and the achievement of specific targets, established and agreed-upon at the beginning of each year. At December 31, 2009, the Company recorded a provision for profit sharing amounting to R$ 28,237 in the caption of General and administrative expenses.

20
Management compensation

The amounts recorded in General and administrative expenses referring to the compensation of the Company’s Management members are as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
Board of Directors
    975       916       867  
Board of Executive Officers
    2,365       3,231       4,649  
                         
      3,340       4,147       5,516  

The total annual amount to be distributed among the Company’s Management members for the year ended on December 31, 2009, as fixed and variable compensation is up to R$ 7,775, according to the shareholders’ meeting on April 30, 2009.

21
Insurance

The Company has insurance policies against engineering risk, barter guarantee, guarantee for the completion of the work and civil liability related to unintentional personal damages caused to third parties and material damages to tangible assets, as well as against fire hazards, lightning strikes, electrical damages, natural disasters and gas explosion. The contracted coverage is considered sufficient by management to cover possible risks involving its assets and/or responsibilities. In view of their nature, the risk assumptions made are not included in the scope of the audit of the financial statements. Accordingly, they were not audited by our independent public accountants.

 
Gafisa S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
22
Segment Information

Beginning in 2007, following the acquisition, formation and merger of the entities Alphaville, FIT Residencial, Bairro Novo and Tenda, the Company's chief executive officer assesses segment information on the basis of different business corporate segments and economic data rather than geographic regions of its operations.

The segments in which the Company operates are the following: Gafisa for ventures targeted at high and medium income; Alphaville for platted lots; and Tenda for ventures targeted at affordable entry level income.

The Company's chief executive officer, who is responsible for allocating resources among the businesses and monitoring their progress, uses economic present value data, which is derived from a combination of historical and forecasted operating results. The Company provides below a measure of historical profit or loss, selected segment assets and other related information for each reporting segment.

This information is gathered internally and used by management to develop economic present value estimates, provided to the chief executive officer for making operating decisions, including the allocation of resources among segments. The information is derived from the statutory accounting records which are maintained in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil. The reporting segments do not separate operating expenses, total assets and depreciation. No revenues from an individual client represented more than 10% of net sales and/or services.
 
                     
2009
 
                         
   
Gafisa S.A. (i)
   
Tenda
   
Alphaville
   
Total
 
Net operating revenue
    1,770,158       988,444       277,755       3,036,357  
Operating costs
    (1,297,036 )     (671,629 )     (175,097 )     (2,143,762 )
                                 
Gross profit
    473,122       316,815       102,658       892,595  
                                 
Gross margin - %
    26.7       32.1       37.0       29.4  
                                 
                                 
Depreciation and amortization
    (19,455 )     (13,874 )     (841 )     (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale for FIT   Residential
    169,394       -       -       169,394  
Financial expenses
    (191,926 )     (35,679 )     (12,967 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    92,946       32,042       4,578       129,566  
Tax expenses
    (65,509 )     (21,929 )     (7,968 )     (95,406 )
                                 
Net income  for the year
    151,104       38,670       23,766       213,540  
                                 
Receivables from clients (current and non-current)
    2,338,464       1,203,001       235,181       3,776,646  
Properties for sale (current and non-current)
    1,114,339       478,520       155,598       1,748,457  
Other assets
    1,366,999       695,357       100,864       2,163,220  
                                 
Total assets
    4,819,802       2,376,878       491,643       7,688,323  

(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda and, Alphaville.

 
F-56

 
Gafisa S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
                     
2008
 
                         
 
Gafisa S.A. (
i)
Tenda (ii
)
Alphaville
 
FIT
Residencial (iii
)
Bairro
Novo
 
Total
 
                         
Net operating revenue
1,214,562
 
163,897
 
249,586
 
78,467
 
33,892
 
1,740,404
 
Operating costs
(847,617
)
(111,920
)
(167,043
)
(60,082
)
(27,739
)
(1,214,401
)
                         
Gross profit
366,945
 
51,977
 
82,543
 
18,385
 
6,153
 
526,003
 
                         
Gross margin - %
30.2
 
31.7
 
33.1
 
23.4
 
18.2
 
30.2
 
                         
                         
Depreciation and amortization
(43,268)
 
(4,213)
 
(861)
 
(3,448)
 
(845)
 
(52,635)
 
Amortization of gain on partial sale for FIT Residential
41,008
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
-
 
41,008
 
Financial expenses
(86,954)
 
(2,789)
 
(5,087)
 
69
 
(278)
 
(95,039)
 
Financial income
92,000
 
5,505
 
3,858
 
1,416
 
75
 
102,854
 
Tax expenses (revenues)
(61,732)
 
28,842
 
(7,101)
 
(3,406)
 
-
 
(43,397)
 
                         
Net income (loss) for the year
103,650
 
15,685
 
21,081
 
(22,263
)
(8,232
)
109,921
 
                         
Receivables from clients(current and long-term)
1,377,689
 
565,576
 
174,096
 
-
 
1,183
 
2,118,544
 
Properties for sale
1,340,554
 
549,989
 
135,173
 
-
 
3,260
 
2,028,976
 
Other assets
915,648
 
428,465
 
39,585
 
-
 
7,640
 
1,391,338
 
                         
Total assets
3,633,891
 
1,544,030
 
348,854
 
-
 
12,083
 
5,538,858
 

(i)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Tenda, Alphaville, FIT Residencial and Bairro Novo.
(ii)
Includes the result for the period of 10 months and 21 days of FIT Residencial.
(iii)
Includes the result for the period of 2 months and 10 days of Tenda. Thereafter FIT Residencial was merged into Tenda.

                           
2007
 
                               
    Gafisa S.A. (* )    
Alphaville
   
FIT
Residencial
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
                               
Net operating revenue
    1,004,418       192,700       7,169       -       1,204,287  
Operating costs
    (726,265 )     (136,854 )     (4,877 )     -       (867,996 )
                                         
Gross profit
    278,153       55,846       2,292       -       336,291  
                                         
Gross margin - %
    27.7       29.0       32.0       -       27.9  
 
 
F-57

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
                           
2007
 
                               
    Gafisa S.A. (* )    
Alphaville
   
FIT
Residencial
   
Bairro Novo
   
Total
 
                               
                                         
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,435 )     (872 )     (273 )     (3,116 )     (38,696 )
Financial expenses
    (30,496 )     (4,565 )     (222 )     (8 )     (35,291 )
Financial income
    63,152       694       73       -       63,919  
Tax expenses (revenues)
    (24,591 )     (5,617 )     (164 )     -       (30,372 )
                                         
                                         
Net income (loss) for the year
    91,941       14,994       (11,282 )     (4,013 )     91,640  
                                         
Receivables from clients
(current and long-term)
    873,228       96,718       1,698       -       971,644  
Properties for sale
    878,137       96,195       45,548       2,399       1,022,279  
Other assets
    922,201       56,727       26,349       5,585       1,010,862  
                                         
Total assets
    2,673,566       249,640       73,595       7,984       3,004,785  

(*)
Includes all subsidiaries, except Alphaville, FIT Residencial and Bairro Novo.

23
Subsequent Events

On February 22, 2010, the split of our common shares was approved in the ratio of one existing share to two newly-issued shares, thus increasing the number of shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274.

In March 2010, the Company completed an initial public offering of common shares, resulting in a capital increase of R$ 1,063,750 with the issue of 85,100,000 shares, comprising 46,634,420 shares in Brazil and 38,465,580 ADSs.

In May 2010, the Company approved the acquisition of the total amount of shares issued by Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A., which main asset comprises 20% of the capital stock of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. (AUSA). The acquisition of shares has the purpose of making viable the implementation of the Second Phase of the schedule for investment planned in the Investment Agreement and other Covenants, signed between the Company and Alphaville Participações S.A. (Alphapar) on October 2, 2006, thus increasing the interest of Gafisa in the capital stock of AUSA to 80%. As a result of the acquisition of shares, Shertis was converted into a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa, with the issue of 9,797,792 new common shares to Alphapar, former shareholder of Shertis, thus resulting in an increase in capital amounting to R$ 20,282.

In September 2010, the Company prepaid the fourth placement of simple debentures of the Second Program. The repurchase of the debentures was made upon the payment of R$154,217, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
In October 2010, the Company prepaid the first series of the sixth placement of simple debentures. The repurchase of the first series debentures was made upon the payment of R$162,858, taking into consideration that such payment amount was determined based on the unit face value of debentures plus the interest payable, calculated on pro rata basis, plus premium, pursuant to Clause 4.12.5 of its Indenture. The first series debentures will be cancelled by the Company.

In November 2010, the Company obtained approval for its eighth placement of nonconvertible simple debentures, in the amount of R$ 300,000, in two series, the first maturing on October 15, 2015, and the second on October 15, 2016.

On June 27, 2011, the Company and its subsidiaries entered into a Definitive Assignment of Real Estate Receivables Agreement - CCI. The purpose of said Assignment Agreement is the definitive assignment by the Assignor to the benefit of the Assignee. The assignment relates to a portfolio comprising pre-selected residential real estate receivables performed and to be performed arising out of Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The assigned portfolio of receivables amounts to R$203,915 in exchange for cash, at the transfer date, discounted to present value, for R$171,694, recorded in the heading “Payables to venture partners and other – Credit Assignment.”

As part of the funding through issuance of Certificates of Bank Credit– CCB, the Company and subsidiary AUSA entered into a paid beneficial interest agreement in connection with 100% of the preferred shares in SPE-89 Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. and Alphaville Ribeirão Preto Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., for a period of six years, having raised R$ 45,000 and R$ 35,000, respectively. Recorded based on amortized cost using the effective transaction rate.

In the process of convergence of accounting practices adopted in Brazil into the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), several pronouncements, interpretations and guidance were issued over 2009, with mandatory application for the years ending December 2010 onwards and the financial statements for 2009 to be disclosed together with those for 2010 for comparison purposes.

On September 29, 2011, the Company and its subsidiaries entered into a Private Instrument for Assignment of Real Estate Receivables and Other Covenants. The purpose of said Assignment Agreement is the assignment by the Assignor (“Company”) to the Assignee of the select portfolio of residential real estate receivables performed or to be performed from Gafisa and its subsidiaries, comprising the financial flow of the portfolio (installments, charges and the portion related to the handover of keys). The amount of real estate receivables assignment paid by the Assignee amounts to R$238,356 (R$221,376 – Gafisa’s interest). The assignment amount will be settled by the Assignee by offsetting the SFH debt balance of the own bank and the remaining balance will be settled by
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
issuance of Bank Deposit Certificate (CDB) in favor of the Company in the amount of R$41,456. The financial investment - CDB – has grace period of 90 days before released.

The Company and its subsidiaries entered into on December 22, 2011 a Contract for the Definitive Assignment of Real Estate Receivables (CCI). The subject of such Assignment Contract is the definitive assignment by the Assignor to the Assignee. The assignment relates to a portfolio comprising select residential real estate receivables performed and to be performed from Gafisa and its subsidiaries. The assigned portfolio of receivables amounts to R$72,384 in exchange for cash at the transfer date, discounted to present value, by R$60,097, classified into the account “Obligations with assignment of receivables”.

Gafisa was engaged to perform, among other duties, the reconciliation of the receipt of receivables, CCIs underlying assets, and the collection of defaulting customers.

On December 5, 2011, the public distribution with restrict efforts of the 2nd issuance of Commercial Promissory Notes was approved in two series, the first in the amount of R$150,000 and the second in the amount of R$80,000, totaling R$230,000.

Renegotiation of the restrictive debenture covenants

As of December 31, 2011, the Company and its subsidiary Tenda are in default on the contractual covenants provided for in the Debenture Placement Programs, with side effects on loan contracts and other debenture placements. Immediately thereafter, the Company started to renegotiate with debenture holders a waiver for not complying with the ratios provided for such covenants.

On March 13, 2012, at the Debenture holders’ Meeting was held and debenture holders approved the following resolutions on the First Placement of Tenda and the Seventh Placement of Gafisa:

 
1. 
Approval of a new definition of the Coverage Ratio of the Debt Service, thus amending the wording of line (n) of item 6.2.1 of the Indenture as follows:

“6.2.1.
(...)
(n) “the non-compliance with the Coverage Ratio of the Debt Service, calculated according to the formula below, and determined based on the audited and reviewed consolidated financial statements of the Issuer for each quarter until (and including) the quarter ended March 31, 2014:

Total Receivables +Unappropriated Income + Total Inventory   > 1.5
Net Debt + Properties Payable + Unappropriated Cost
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
The definitive amendment above does not imply accelerated maturity of the agreed-upon obligations in view of such Indenture, even in relation to the occasional non-fulfillment during the last quarter of 2011.

 
2. 
Approval of the fixed percentage, as provided for in Covenant 4.4.5 of the Indenture, from 130% to 145% (First Placement of Tenda) and 125% (Seventh Placement of Gafisa).

 
3. 
As condition to the approval of the above items, for the First Placement of Tenda, the Company shall present the approval of the personal guarantee by the Board of Directors of Gafisa, attested by the presentation of the minutes of the Board of Directors Meeting duly registered and published in the appropriated authorities, where the Parties shall amend the Indenture. On March 28, 2012, the Debenture Holders’ Meeting approved the following resolutions on the Fifth Placement of Gafisa:

 
I. 
Amend the formula provided in line “m” of item 4.12.1 of the Covenant Four of the Indenture, which will have a new wording, as mentioned below, so that the calculation of the financial ratios provided for in the Indenture for the first quarter of 2012 are made by adopting the new methodology “m) non-compliance, by the Issuer, while there are Debentures outstanding, with the following financial ratios and limits (“Financial Ratios and Limits”):

1.  {Total Debt – (Venture Debts + Short-term investments and Cash and Cash Equivalents)} ≤ 75% ;
Equity
2.  {Total Receivables + Inventory of Finished Properties } ≥ 2.2 or < 0 ;
Total Debt

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
A. 
For the purposes of the provisions of line (m):
(...)

(a)  
“Venture Debt” – the sum of all contracts for purpose of funding the construction and which funds provided by the National Housing System (SFH) or the Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (FGTS). Accordingly: Venture Debt = SFH Debt + FGTS Debt”.

II.  
Amend the interest of Debenture provided for in item 4.9.1 of the Covenant Four of the Indenture to 120% of CDI, so that the new wording of this item is as follows, and the new interest shall be effective from March 30, 2012, according to the DI released by the CETIP:

“4.9.1. Debentures will entitle to the payment of interest equivalent to the accumulation of 120% (one hundred and twenty per cent) of the daily average rates of one-day Interbank Deposits (DI), Extra Group, expressed as a percentage per year, based on 252 (two hundred fifty two) working days, calculated and released by CETIP.”

The ratios and amounts required by these renegotiated and presented restrictive covenants are retroactively as follows as of December 31, 2011:

   
12/31/2011
 
Fifth Placement
     
(Net debt – Venture Debt /Equity < or = 75%)
   32.94%  
Seventh Placement
       
(Total de Receivables + Unappropriated Income + Total Inventory of Finished Units) /  (Net Debt + Properties Payable + Unappropriated Cost) > 1.5
 
1.74 time
 
First Placement – Tenda
       
(Total de Receivables + Unappropriated Income + Total Inventory of Finished Units) /  (Net Debt + Properties Payable + Unappropriated Cost) > 1.5
 
2.57 times
 

 
Early Redemption of the FDIC investment

On March 12, 2012, the holders of shares of Gafisa FIDC (Note 5(ii)) unanimously approved at a meeting held on that date, amendments to the fund rules, comprising the inclusion of a provision that allows for extraordinary amortization of subordinated shares; replacement of the rating agency; possibility of selling subordinated shares and changes to the amortization flow of shares to cash basis. At this same meeting, the extraordinary amortization was approved in the amount of R$10,000 until March 23, 2012.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


In the fourth quarter of 2011, the Company’s management conducted an extensive review of the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, and of their business strategy. As a result of this review, the following changes were made:

 
·  
Establishment of a new organizational structure divided into brands, with indication of the professionals responsible for the respective structures;
 
 
·  
Temporary reduction of the activities of the Tenda brand, until we are able to operate efficiently based on the fundamentals of this segment, that is, production at competitive costs (using the technology of steel structures) and immediate transfer, soon after the sale, of clients to a financial institution;
 
 
·  
Increase in investments in the Alphaville brand, as it is the most profitable segment of our product portfolio; and
 
 
·  
Focus the Gafisa brand on the markets of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
 
As a consequence of this review and of the newly established structure, a series of measures were taken:

 
·  
Extensive review of all budgets of the costs of works in progress;
 
 
·  
Review of all portfolio of Tenda customers in order to confirm whether they fulfill the requirements of financial institutions; and
 
 
·  
Analysis of the recoverability of lands located in non-priority regions.
 
As a consequence  of the aforementioned  reviews, the Company have recognized provisions amounting to approximately R$639,482 for 2011 and R$151,485 for 2010 in the consolidated financial statements. Such adjustments  have no impact on the liquidity of the Company neither shall impact its capacity to fulfill commitments because of the following reasons:

 
·  
The Company has R$983,660 in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, restricted cash in guarantee to loans and restricted credit as of December 31, 2011;
 
 
·  
The Company has a net working capital, after the classification of financial obligations into short term (in view of the non-compliance with covenants, already renegotiated) of 1.5 time – excluding the reclassified obligation it would be 2.5 times;
 
 
·  
The Company has approximately R$351,949 (unaudited) in market value of inventory ready for sale (carrying amount of R$119,342 as of December 31, 2011)
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
·  
The Company has receivables from units delivered that amounts to approximately R$300,000; and,
 
 
·  
The Company has credit facilities for real estate financing of approximately R$2,200,000.
 
On February 2nd, 2012, in a meeting with the venture partners, it was approved a capital reduction in an unincorporated venture (SCP) of 100,000,000 Class B units, and therefore, SCP performed a payment of R$100,000 to the venture partners of these units.

First-time adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards as of December 31, 2010

Until December 31, 2009 the Company’s individual and consolidated financial statements had been prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, the supplementary rules of CVM, the technical pronouncements of CPC issued through December 31, 2008, and the provisions contained in the Brazilian Corporation Law, the basis of the accounting practices adopted in Brazil.

The Company prepared its opening balance sheet on the transition date  January 1, 2009, and, therefore, applied the mandatory exceptions and certain optional exemptions from retrospective application, as established in the technical pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines issued by the CPC, and approved by CVM, to the Company’s individual financial statements.  The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the accounting practices adopted in Brazil, which comprise the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), and the pronouncements, interpretations and guidelines of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC), and are in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adopted in Brazil, including the Guideline OCPC 04 - Application of the Technical Interpretation ICPC 02 to the Brazilian Real Estate Development Entities – regarding the revenue recognition, and the respective costs and expenses arising from real estate development operations over the construction progress (complete percentage method). CPC 37 (R1) requires that an entity develops accounting policies based on the standards and interpretations of CPC, and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in effect at the closing date of its first individual and consolidated financial statements, and that these policies be applied on the transition date and during all periods presented in the first financial statements prepared in accordance with the Standards issued by CPC and IFRS, as approved in Brazil, the Company having adopted all pronouncements, guidelines and interpretations of the CPC issued until December 31, 2010.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
CPC 37 (R1) allowed companies to apply certain optional exemptions.  The Company analyzed all optional exemptions, the result of which is presented below:

 
(i)  
Mandatory exceptions for business combinations: The Company applied CPC 15 from the year beginning on January 1, 2010, with retrospective application only for the immediately prior year, beginning on January 1, 2009;

 
(ii)  
Exemption for presentation of fair value of property, plant and equipment as deemed cost: The Company opted for not stating its property, plant and equipment at the transition date at fair value, but to maintain the previously estimated cost;

 
(iii)
Exemption for measurement of compound financial instruments: The Company does not have any transactions subject to this standard.

 
(iv)  
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates and translation of financial statements: This standard does not apply to the Company’s operations.

The following exemptions are not applicable to the Company’s operations and do not impact the financial statements on the first-time adoption date:

 
(i)  
Employee benefits CPC 22: The Company does not have any private pension plans or other benefits that are characterized as defined benefit plan;
 
 
(ii)  
Insurance contracts CPC 11: The standard is not applicable to the Company’s operations;
 
 
(iii)  
Service concession arrangements ICPC 01: The Company does not have any utilities concession operations.
 
In addition to optional exemptions, CPC 37 (R1) also expressly prohibits the adjustments of certain transactions in the first adoption, because it would require the management to carry out analysis of past conditions after the actual result of the respective transactions. The mandatory exceptions comprise the following:

 
(i)
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities: The Company did not make any retrospective adjustments to its financial assets and liabilities, for purposes of the first adoption, since there was no difference from the previous accounting practice.
 
 
(ii)  
Hedge accounting: The hedge transactions existing in 2009 followed the accounting practices according to the standard issued by CPC at the transition date. The Company does not apply hedge accounting for derivatives.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
(iii)  
Changes in estimates: The estimates adopted on transition to CPC are consistent with those adopted by the previous accounting criteria.
 
 
(iv)  
Non-controlling interest: The profit or loss for the period and each component of other comprehensive income (directly recognized in the equity) are attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interest. The total comprehensive income is attributed to the Company’s owners and to the non-controlling interests, whether such profit or loss cause the non-controlling interest to be negative.
 
·  Tenda capital contribution
 
On March 10, 2011, Tenda shareholders approved a capital contribution by using credits of R$210,304, related to the Future Capital Contributions carried out by the Company until December 31, 2010. The issue of 74,260 new book-entry common shares, with no par value, was fully subscribed for by the Company.
 
Default on the CCB restrictive covenants and waiver

In April 2012, the Company was in default on the restrictive covenants of a CCB in the amount of R$100 million because of the corporate rating downgrading. Immediately thereafter, the Company negotiated and obtained from the financial institution a waiver related to early redemption in view of the non-compliance of the contractual covenant.

In June 2012, the Company was in default on the restrictive covenants of a CCB in the amount of R$100,000 because of the corporate rating downgrading. Immediately thereafter, the Company negotiated and obtained from the financial institution a waiver related to early redemption in view of the non-compliance of the contractual covenant.
 
Subpoena from the SEC

On June 14, 2012, Gafisa received a subpoena from the SEC Division of Enforcement related to the Matter of Certain 20-F Filer Home Builders (HO-11760). The subpoena requests that Gafisa produce all documents from January 1, 2010 to the present related to the preparation of the company's financial statements, including, among other things, copies of the Company’s financial policies and procedures, board and audit committee and operations committee minutes, monthly closing reports and financial packages, any documents relating to possible financial or accounting irregularities or improprieties and internal audit reports. The SEC's investigation is a non-public, fact-finding inquiry and it is not clear what action, if any, the SEC intends to take with respect to the information it gathers. The SEC subpoena does not specify any charges.
 
Acquisition of the remaining 20% of AUSA
 
As per material fact released on June 8, 2012 regarding the Third Phase of the Investment Agreement and Other Covenants entered into on October 2, 2006 (“Investment Agreement”), which established rules and conditions for Gafisa acquiring and holding shares of the corporate capital of Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. (“AUSA”), the Company informs that the final amount of the operation (acquisition of remaining 20%) was established as R$359.0 million which will be settled by the issuance of an estimated 70,251,551 common shares, issued by Gafisa, as set forth in the Investment Agreement. The number of shares that will be issued to settle this transaction is going to be decided in an arbitration process, initiated by the other shareholders of AUSA, as per material fact release on July 3, 2012.
 
24
Supplemental Information - Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Information

Unaudited condensed pro forma consolidated selected financial information for 2008 and 2007, which assume the acquisition of Tenda (Note 8) had occurred as of the beginning of each fiscal year is as follows:
 
   
2008
   
2007
 
    (Unaudited )     (Unaudited )  
             
Net operating revenue
    2,061,384       1,443,338  
Net income
    45,570       84,166  
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963       129,452  
Earnings per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year - R$
    0.35       0.65  

This pro forma statement has been prepared for comparative purposes only and is not intended to be indicative of what the Company's results would have been had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of the periods presented or the results which may occur in the future.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


25
Supplemental Information - Summary of Principal
Differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(a)
Description of the GAAP differences

The Company's accounting policies comply with, and its consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. At December 31, 2008, the Company has retroactively applied the changes in Brazilian GAAP introduced by the newly formed CPC and the provisions of Law 11,638/2007 as from January 1, 2006 (Note 2(a)).

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the standard regarding Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. This standard clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported within equity in the consolidated financial statements, as shown in the consolidated balance sheets and in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Net income and comprehensive income are reported in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income at the consolidated amounts, which include the amounts attributable to the Company’s shareholders and the noncontrolling interest.

A summary of the Company's principal accounting policies under Brazilian GAAP that differ significantly from US GAAP is set forth below.

On July 1, 2009, the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the “ASC” or “Codification”), which became the single source of authoritative non-SEC US GAAP for non governmental entities. The FASB no longer issues new standards in the form of Statements, FASB Staff Positions, or EITF Abstracts. New US GAAP standards are issued in the form of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), which includes revisions to the Codification. ASU’s are not authoritative in their own right; only the content in the Codification itself, as revised by the FASB, is authoritative. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and interpretive releases are also authoritative for SEC registrants, including the Company.

(i)
Principles of consolidation

Under Brazilian GAAP, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gafisa S.A. and those of all its subsidiaries listed in Note 8. The proportional consolidation method is used for investments in jointly-controlled investees, which are all governed by shareholders' agreements; accordingly, the assets, liabilities, revenues
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
and costs are consolidated based on the proportion of the equity interest held in the capital of the corresponding investee.

Under US GAAP, because such investments provide substantive participating rights granted to the noncontrolling shareholder, they preclude the Company from consolidating the entities. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP these investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting.

Under US GAAP, proportional consolidation is permitted only in limited circumstances, including for the construction sector. Accordingly, for purposes of US GAAP the remaining investments are accounted for on the equity method of accounting. Although these differences in GAAP do not affect the Company's net income or shareholders' equity, the line items in the consolidated balance sheet and statement of income are affected.

(ii)
Cash equivalents and marketable securities

Brazilian GAAP does not consider the maturity date to determine if a financial instrument should be classified as cash equivalent or a marketable security.  For US GAAP all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalent.

The Company has designated its marketable securities as trading for US GAAP purposes.  For Brazilian GAAP purposes such financial instruments are classified as cash equivalents.  For both BR and US GAAP, these changes in fair value are recorded through income.

(iii)
Revenue recognition

Under Brazilian GAAP, real estate development and retail land sales revenues, costs and related expenses are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, by project ,measuring progress towards completion in terms of actual costs incurred versus total budgeted expenditures for each stage of a development. Land is treated as a portion of budgeted construction costs and is appropriated proportionally to development. Under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, revenues for work completed are recognized prior to receipt of actual cash proceeds or vice-versa. Revenues starts to be recognized under the percentage-of-completion, when the Company is no longer able to cancel the launched project, after the sales period established by law.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


Under US GAAP for sale of individual units in a building the Company follows the guidance of ASC 360-20-40-50 to recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method, only when the individual units in condominium projects are sold separately and all the following criteria are met:

a. Construction is beyond a preliminary stage: Construction is not beyond a preliminary stage if engineering and design work, execution of construction contracts, site clearance and preparation, excavation, and completion of the building foundation are incomplete.
 
b. The buyer is committed to the extent of being unable to require a refund except for non delivery of the unit.
 
c. Sufficient units have already been sold to assure that the entire property will not revert to rental property.
 
d. Sales prices are collectible.
 
e. Aggregate sales proceeds and costs can be reasonably estimated.

Collectability of the sales price is demonstrated by the buyer’s commitment to pay for the property, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the Company will collect the receivable, which in turn is supported by substantial initial and continuing investments. When determining if he buyer´s initial and continuing investments are adequate, the potentially refundable amount, through judicial or other means, is considered determined  based on contractual termination clauses, is excluded, pursuant to US GAAP ASC 360.20.40, This standard requires amounts potentially refundable to a customer to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment test required by ASC 306.20.20, applicable prospectively as from January 1, 2008.

Under US GAAP for retail land sales of lots that are subdivisions of large tracts of land the Company recognize the sale by the percentage-of-completion method following ASC 976 605-25-4 and 25-6 – Retail Land, which criteria are as follows:

 
a.  
The period of cancellation with refund has expired;
 
b.  
Cumulative payments equal or exceed 10 percent;
 
c.  
Receivables are collectible;
 
d.  
Receivables are not subject to subordination;
 
e.  
There has been progress on improvements. The project's improvements have progressed beyond preliminary stages, and there are indications that the work will be completed according to plan;
 
f.  
Development is practical. There is a reasonable expectation that the land can be developed for the purposes represented and the properties will be useful for those purposes at the end of the normal payment period.
 
Additionally, as part of the analysis of this adjustment, the Company also determined the effect over the non controlling interest from their consolidated subsidiaries. The reclassification to the non controlling interest for this adjustment was R$28,832; R$6,839 and R$1,994 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

The Company also determined the effect for their investments in affiliates that are recognized through the equity method under US GAAP. This reclassification resulted in R$(24,330) in 2009 as a consequence of the increased affiliated entities from TENDA in 2009 that are recognized through the equity method.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(iv)
Capitalized interest

Under Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP - ASC 835-20 – Capitalization Interest (formerly FAS 34) the Company capitalizes interest as a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of assets. If an asset requires a period of time in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring or construction of the asset intended for sale that are constructed as separate and discrete projects. The Company capitalizes interest at the date of acquisition of the land, if there is any activity in progress.

Before 2006 the Company capitalized interest under BR GAAP only for the loans directly attributed to an ongoing project of construction of a real estate venture. From 2006 for USGAAP purposes, the capitalization of interest was recorded as a weighted-average of the total loans that the Company had for the years ended of the financial statements. Due to the fact above a difference of GAAP was created for the projects that exist in 2006. The GAAP difference is amortizing year to year based on the sales and conclusion of the projects for which the interests were capitalized.

For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity reconciliation, R$ 5,771 was adjusted as at December 31, 2009 and 2008 and R$ 15,128 as at December 31, 2007. For the purposes of the US GAAP net income reconciliation, R$ (9,357) and R$ (32,544) were adjusted for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.

(v)
Stock option plan

Under Brazilian GAAP, the rights to acquire shares granted to employees and executive officers under the stock options plan were recorded as an expense as from January 1, 2006, the transition date for the adoption of Law 11,638/2007. Previously, under Brazilian GAAP, the stock option plans did not result in any expense being recorded. The purchase of the stock by the employees is recorded as an increase in capital stock for the amount of the purchase price. Under Law 11,638/2007 and the accounting guidance provided by CPC No. 10, the stock option plans are treated as equity awards and measured at fair value at the grant date, no further adjustments are made at the balance sheet dates to reflect changes in fair values.

Under US GAAP, beginning in 2006, the Company adopted the new US GAAP standard for Share-based Payment. As the awards are indexed to the IGP-M plus annual interest of 3%, the employee share options have been accounted for as liability awards under the terms of US GAAP. The liability-classified awards are remeasured at fair value through the statement of income at each reporting period until settlement. Remeasurement of liability awards can either result in the recognition of additional, or the reversal of compensation expense. The fair value of employee share options and similar instruments is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (Note 25(c) (ii)), and thereafter using the Binomial and Monte Carlo models.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
For purposes of the US GAAP net income (loss) and shareholders' equity reconciliations, stock option compensation income (expenses) of R$ 7,194, R$ 53,819 and R$ 22,684 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, comprised by (i) a reversal of stock option expenses recognized under Brazilian GAAP of R$14,427, R$26,138 and R$17,820 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively; and (ii) a reversal (expense) of stock option compensation expense under US GAAP of R$(7,233); R$27,681 and R$4,864 for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. A reduction of equity of R$ 3,939, R$ 2,221 and R$ 29,356 was recorded at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

(vi)
Earnings per share

Under Brazilian GAAP, net income per share is calculated based on the number of shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. Brazilian GAAP does not require a retroactive adjustment for stock split.

Under US GAAP,  the presentation of earnings per share is required for public companies, including earnings per share from continuing operations and net income per share on the face of the income statement, and the per share effect of changes in accounting principles, discontinued operations and extraordinary items either on the face of the income statement or in a note. A dual presentation is required: basic and diluted. Computations of basic and diluted earnings per share data should be based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period and all dilutive potential shares outstanding during each period presented, respectively.
  
In addition, considering the company has the option to settle the future purchase of the AUSA non-controlling interest in shares there is a potential dilutive effect on earnings per shares. For earnings per share calculation the company includes 100% of its share in the income or loss of AUSA, which affects the numerator. Also the denominator was affected by the increase in weighted numbers per share, incorporating the number of shares necessary to purchase the AUSA non-controlling interest. The impact of these potential shares was not reflected for 2009, as the impact would be anti-dillutive. See for the impact of dilutive effect on the earnings per share calculation, the column “adjustment due to dilutive effect AUSA” in the tables on the next page.
 
On February 22, 2010, a stock split of our common shares was approved, giving effect to the split of one existing share into two new issued shares, increasing the number of then outstanding shares from 167,077,137 to 334,154,274. As required by US GAAP, all information relating to the numbers of shares and ADSs have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split on February 22, 2010.

The Company has issued employee stock options (Note 15.2), the dilutive effects of which are reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the "treasury stock method". Under the treasury stock method, earnings per share are calculated as if options were exercised at the beginning of the period, or at time of issuance, if later, and as if the funds received were used to purchase the Company's own stock. When the stock options' exercise price was greater than the average market price of shares, diluted earnings per share are not affected by the stock options. Under US GAAP,
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
potentially dilutive securities are not considered in periods where there is a loss as the impact would be anti dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2009, 1,960,250 potentially dilutive stock options were not considered.

The table below presents the determination of net income available (loss allocated) to Common shareholders and weighted average Common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.
 
   
2009 as originally presented
   
Previous adjustments
   
2009 as previously reported
   
Restatement Adjustments
   
2009 as restated
 
Basic Numerator
                             
Dividends proposed
    50,716             50,716             50,716  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (87,394 )     (123,502 )     (210,896 )     25,801       (185,095 )
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholdres
    (36,678 )     (123,502 )     (160,180 )     25,801       (134,379 )
                                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    267,174       -       267,174       -       267,174  
                                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    (0.1373 )     (0.4623 )     (0.5995 )     0.0966       (0.5030 )
                                         
                           
Adjustment due to AUSA dilutive effect
         
                                         
Diluted numerator
                                       
Dividends proposed
    50,716               50,716               50,716  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    (87,394 )     (123,502 )     (210,896 )     25,801       (185,095 )
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholders
    (36,678 )     (123,502 )     (160,180 )     25,801       (134,379 )
                                         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    267,174               267,174               267,174  
Stock options
    -       -       -       -          
                                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    267,174               267,174               267,174  
                                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    (0.1373 )     (0.4623 )     (0.5995 )     0.0966       (0.5030 )

 
   
2008 as originally presented
   
Previous adjustments
   
2008 as previously reported
   
Restatement Adjustments
   
2008 as restated
 
Basic Numerator
                             
Dividends proposed
    26,104             26,104             26,104  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    273,554       (27,629 )     245,925       (19,902 )     226,023  
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholdres
    299,658       (27,629 )     272,029       (19,902 )     252,127  
                                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    259,341       -       259,341       -       259,341  
                                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    1.1555       (0.1065 )     1.0489       -       0.9722  
                                         
                           
Adjustment due to AUSA dilutive effect
         
                                         
Diluted numerator
                                       
Dividends proposed
    26,104               26,104               26,104  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    273,554       (27,629 )     245,925       (28,149 )     217,776  
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholders
    299,658       (27,629 )     272,029       (28,149 )     243,880  
                                         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    259,341       -       259,341       165,592       424,933  
Stock options
    956       -       956       -       956  
                                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    260,297       -       260,297       -       425,889  
                                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    1.1512       (0.1061 )     1.0451       (0.4724 )     0.5726  


 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
   
2007 as originally presented
   
Previous adjustments
   
2007 as previously reported
   
Restatement Adjustments
   
2007 as restated
 
Basic Numerator
                             
Dividends proposed
    26,981             26,981             26,981  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    36,481       (32,892 )     3,589       (182 )     3,407  
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholdres
    63,462       (32,892 )     30,570       (182 )     30,388  
                                         
Basic denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    252,063               252,063               252,063  
                                         
Basic earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    0.2518               0.1213               0.1206  
                                         
                           
Adjustment due to AUSA dilutive effect
         
                                         
Diluted numerator
                                       
Dividends proposed
    26,981               26,981               26,981  
US GAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
    36,481       (32,892 )     3.589       (6,127 )     (2,538 )
                                         
Allocated USGAAP undistributed earnings (loss)
                                       
available for common shareholders
    63,462       (32,892 )     30,570       (6,127 )     24,443  
                                         
Diluted denominator (in thousands of shares)
                                       
Weighted-average number of shares (i)
    252,063               252,063       13,813       265,876  
Stock options
    1,154               1,154               1,154  
 
                                       
                                         
Diluted weighted-average number of shares
    253,217               253,217               267,030  
                                         
Diluted earnings (loss) per share - USGAAP - R$
    0.2506       (0.1299 )     0.1207       (0.0292 )     0.0915  
 
(i)  
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1:2 stock split approved by the shareholders’ meeting on February 22, 2010.


 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(vii)
Business combinations

Under Brazilian GAAP, goodwill arises from the difference between the amount paid and the Brazilian GAAP book value (normally also the tax basis) of the net assets acquired. This goodwill is normally attributed to the difference between the book value and the market value of assets acquired or justified based on expectation of future profitability and is amortized over the remaining useful lives of the assets or up to ten years. As indicated in Note 3 (n), effective January 1, 2009, goodwill is no longer amortized under Brazilian GAAP. Negative goodwill arises under Brazilian GAAP when the book value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase consideration; negative goodwill is not generally amortized but is realized upon disposal of the investment, except when it is based on future results. For US GAAP purpose, when a business combination process generates negative goodwill, this amount is allocated first to non-current assets acquired and any remaining amount is recognized as an extraordinary gain. Additionally, investments in affiliates, including the corresponding goodwill on the acquisition of such affiliates are tested, at least, annually for impairment.

Under US GAAP, fair values are assigned to acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, including identifiable assets. Any residual amount is allocated to goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is assigned to an entity's reporting unit and tested for impairment at least annually. The differences in relation to Brazilian GAAP arise principally from the measurement of the consideration paid under US GAAP using the fair value of shares and put options issued, and the effects of amortization which are not recorded for US GAAP purposes (goodwill amortization is also no longer recorded for Brazilian GAAP purposes effective January 1, 2009).

For Brazilian GAAP purposes, the net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2009 was R$ 195,088 (2008 – R$ 195,088 and 2007 – R$ 207,400), which was being amortized to income over a period of up to 10 years until December 31, 2008; negative goodwill at December 31, 2009 was R$ 9,408 (2008 – R$ 18,522 and 2007 - R$ 32,223) which was classified as "Negative Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries"; and the negative goodwill on the Tenda acquisition of R$ 169,394 was classified at "Deferred gain on sale of investment" at December 31, 2008.

For US GAAP purposes, the total net balance of goodwill at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was R$ 62,536.

(a)
Tenda transaction

Under Brazilian GAAP, the acquisition was consummated on October 21, 2008. As part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in Tenda, the Company contributed the net assets of FIT Residencial amounting to R$ 411,241, acquiring 60% of the
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
shareholders' equity of Tenda (book value of the 60% interest representing an investment in net assets of R$ 621,643), which had a total shareholders' equity book value of R$ 1,036,072.

Under Brazilian GAAP, the sale of the 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial to Tenda shareholders in exchange for the Tenda shares generated negative goodwill of R$ 210,402, reflecting the gain on the sale of the interest in FIT Residencial. Through December 31, 2009, this negative goodwill was amortized over the average construction period (through delivery of the units) of the real estate ventures of FIT Residencial at October 21, 2008. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized the remaining total amount of R$ 169,394 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on partial sale of Fit Residencial. From October 22 to December 31, 2008 under Brazilian GAAP, the Company amortized R$ 41,008 of the negative goodwill, represented by the gain on the partial sale of Fit Residencial.

Under US GAAP, the Company recorded the transfer of Fit Residencial as a partial sale to the noncontrolling shareholders of Tenda and a gain of R$ 205,527 was recorded in the net income for the year ended December 31, 2008. For purposes of the reconciliation of net income from Brazilian GAAP to US GAAP, the Company also reversed the amortization of the deferred gain under Brazilian GAAP of R$ 169,394 (R$41,008 for the period from October 22, 2008 through December 31, 2008). The recognition of gain upon exchange of 40% ownership interest in FIT Residencial for 60% ownership interest in Tenda is presented as follows:
 
Tenda purchase consideration
    367,703  
FIT Residencial US GAAP book value (40%)
    (155,554 )
         
      212,149  

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Acquired intangible assets include, R$ 73,038 assigned to existing development contracts, which are amortized over the estimated useful lives up to 5 years. For the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, the amounts of R$ 11,851 and R$ 2,337 were amortized, respectively. At December 31, 2009, accumulated amortization was R$ 14,188, and the remaining net book value of R$ 58,850 will be amortized ratably through October 2013. And R$ 54,741 was assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


The fair value allocation on the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
 
   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    539,741       323,845  
Long-term receivables
    252,453       151,472  
Properties for sale - non current
    174,168       104,501  
Intangible assets
    42,449       25,469  
Other assets
    101,191       60,714  
                 
Total assets acquired
    1,110,002       666,001  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (497,164 )     (298,298 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    612,838       367,703  

As mentioned in Note 1, on December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved the merger by Gafisa of total outstanding shares issued by Tenda. Because of the merger, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa on this date.

(b)
Alphaville transaction
 
On October 2, 2006, the Company signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the capital of Alphaville, a company which develops and sells residential lots throughout Brazil. This transaction was consummated on January 8, 2007 and was approved by the Brazilian anti-trust authority (CADE) on June 18, 2007 without any restriction. The Company initially acquired 60% of Alphaville's shares for R$ 198,400, of which R$20,000 was paid in cash and the remaining R$ 178,400 in the Company's own shares. In connection with the acquisition, the Company issued 6,358,616 new Common shares with a book value of R$ 134,029 which were contributed in full settlement of the amount due in shares as part of the purchase consideration. For purpose of determining the purchase consideration, the fair value of these shares was based on the average BM&FBOVESPA quoted stock price over a thirty day period prior to the date the agreement was signed. The Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville's capital, not yet measurable and consequently not recorded, that will be based on a fair value appraisal of Alphaville prepared at the future acquisition dates. The acquisition agreement provides that the Company has a commitment to purchase the remaining 40% of Alphaville (20% in 2010 and the remaining 20% in 2012) in cash or shares, at the Company's sole discretion. On March 8, 2010, the Company announced the increase of its participation in Alphaville’s capital in 20%, as per the purchase agreement.  The acquisition of 20%
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
of Alphaville’s capital corresponds to an amount of R$ 126,490 which will be paid based on issuance of 9,797,792 common shares (after the effect of the February 22, 2010 stock split) of Gafisa’s capital.
 
The Company reevaluated the Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.(AUSA) purchase contract and determined that the non-controlling interest after the purchase was redeemable. The non-controlling interest will become redeemable in two blocks of 20% of the shares in 2010 and 2012. The company has the option to redeem the non-controlling interest either in shares or in cash. This redeemable non-controlling interest falls within the scope of ASC 480-10-S99-3A and should be recorded as mezzanine equity. The initial recognition should be its issuance date fair value, with a corresponding entry in retained earnings. Subsequent re-measurements of the redemption amount should also have been adjusted against retained earnings of the company in accordance with ASC 480-10-S99-3A-15 and 3A-16C.
 
Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and other intangibles recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 20,902 and R$ 184,656, respectively.

Under US GAAP, acquired intangible assets include, R$ 168,072 assigned to existing development contracts, which is being amortized as developments are sold and R$ 16,583 assigned to registered trademarks, which were determined to have indefinite useful lives, and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 60
 
             
Current assets
    69,371       41,623  
Long-term receivables
    73,478       44,087  
Other assets
    17,379       10,427  
Intangible assets
    307,760       184,656  
                 
Total assets acquired
    467,988       280,793  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (144,064 )     (86,438 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    323,924       194,355  

For the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company amortized R$ 16,786 (2008 – R$ 19,185 and 2007 - R$ 2,917) of the fair value assigned in the purchase price allocation.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(c)
Cipesa transaction

On October 26, 2007, the Company acquired 70% of Cipesa. The Company and Cipesa formed a new company, Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda. ("Nova Cipesa"), in which Gafisa has 70% of the capital and Cipesa has 30%. Gafisa contributed to Nova Cipesa R$ 50,000 in cash and acquired shares of Cipesa in Nova Cipesa in the amount of R$ 15,000 payable over one year. Additionally, Cipesa is entitled to receive from the Company a variable portion of 2% of the Total Sales Value ("VGV") of the projects launched by Nova Cipesa through 2014, not to exceed R$ 25,000, totaling the acquisition amount of R$ 90,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes, and inventory recorded in connection with the acquisition totaled R$ 41,633 and R$ 51,597, respectively.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:
   
Fair value - %
 
             
   
At 100
   
At 70
 
             
Current assets
    96,675       67,673  
Other assets
    8       5  
                 
Total assets acquired
    96,683       67,678  
                 
Total liabilities assumed
    (2,527 )     (1,769 )
                 
Net assets acquired
    94,156       65,909  

(d)
Redevco transaction

Through November 2007, the Company held interests in investees together with Redevco through special purpose entities, as follow: Blue I (66.67%), Blue II (50%), Jardim Lorean (50%) and Sunplace (50%). In November 2007, the Company acquired the remaining interests in each entity for R$ 40,000.

Under US GAAP, the total cost of the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Negative goodwill for those entities totaled R$ 11,434, which was allocated as a pro rata
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
reduction to the acquired assets. This negative goodwill results primarily from market and business conditions, in which the fair value assigned mainly to inventories and receivables exceeded the respective acquisition cost.

The combined fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows:

   
Combined fair value at 100%
 
       
Current assets
    139,983  
Long-term receivables
    16,813  
Other assets
    170  
         
Total assets acquired
    156,966  
         
Total liabilities assumed
    (76,745 )
         
Net assets acquired
    80,221  

(viii)
Fair value option for financial liabilities

Under Brazilian GAAP, pursuant to CPC No. 14, the Company elected to apply the "fair value option" for certain working capital loans since 2007.

US GAAP permits companies to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value in order to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. The Company adopted the new USGAAP standard at January 1, 2008 and elected to adopt the fair value option for working capital loans denominated in foreign currency (Note 10). The difference in relation to Brazilian GAAP arises from the adoption date for the fair value measurement. For purposes of the US GAAP shareholders' equity and net income reconciliation, R$ 207 was adjusted as at and for the year ended December 31, 2007, and was reversed in the net income reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2008

(ix)
Classification of balance sheet line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, the classification of certain balance sheet items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its consolidated balance sheet under Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with US GAAP (Note 25(d)(i)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 

 
·  
Under US GAAP, the proportional consolidation of investees and subsidiaries is eliminated and in its place the associated companies are presented using the equity method of accounting and controlled subsidiaries are fully consolidated presenting their respective noncontrolling interests.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP financial instruments with maturity dates of three months or greater are presented as cash equivalents.  For US GAAP purposes these financial instruments are presented in a separate caption as marketable securities.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, restricted cash is presented as cash equivalent in the balance sheet.  For US GAAP purposes, restricted cash is presented separately outside of cash equivalents.

 
·  
Under BR GAAP accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are recorded in the operating revenue. For US GAAP purpose the realization of accounts receivable present value adjustment and monetary variation are classified in the financial income/expense.

 
·  
For purposes of US GAAP, the sale of receivables is not considered a true sale, if the entities do not meet the pre-requisites of a qualifying special purpose entity, as defined by US GAAP. These receivables from clients continue to be reported as receivable balances. The cash proceeds received from the transfer of the receivables are presented as a liability. For purpose of the presentation of the balance sheet, R$ 11,410, R$12,843 and R$ 22,390 were adjusted for US GAAP as at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, reflecting an increase in receivables from clients, which is offset by an increase of a liability.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, the deferred gain recorded on the acquisition of the Diodon receivables portfolio is recorded on the balance sheet in Negative goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries. Under US GAAP, the gain is treated as a component of the fair value of the assets acquired.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP certain court-mandated escrow deposits made into escrow are netted against the corresponding contingency provisions. For purposes of US GAAP, as these do not meet the right of offset criteria, such deposits are presented as assets and not netted against liabilities.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, debt issuance costs are netted against the loan balance, whereas under US GAAP such costs are presented net of accumulated amortization, as deferred expenses in current and non-current assets.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, deferred income taxes are not netted and assets are shown separately from liabilities. For US GAAP purposes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted and classified as current or non-current based on the classification of the underlying temporary difference.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded as noncontrolling interests shown separately from equity. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported within equity of noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

 
·  
Temporary equity
 
 
Under Brazilian GAAP, as described in Note 18 (v), the Company has recorded as noncontrolling interest the portion of AUSA’s capital stock for which it does not have legal ownership at December 31, 2010. Although it has a forward contract to acquire these equity interests at set dates in the future at fair value, no liability has been recorded for the redemption value as there is no liability to transfer cash or financial assets as the Company can use its own equity instruments as consideration. The Company has therefore accounted for this transaction based on embedded derivative component. As the fair value of this embedded derivative has no significant value, no derivative asset or liability is recorded.

 
Under US GAAP, as described in Note 28 a) b), the redeemable noncontrolling interest falls within the scope of ASC 480-10-S99-3A and is recorded as temporary equity. At issuance the initial recognition based on fair value was recorded as temporary equity with a corresponding entry in retained earnings; subsequent re-measurements to fair value of the redemption amount are adjusted against retained earnings.
 
(x)
Classification of statement of income line items

Under Brazilian GAAP, in addition to the issues noted above, the classification of certain income and expense items is presented differently from US GAAP. The Company has recast its statement of income prepared under the Brazilian GAAP to present a condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP (Note 25(d)(ii)). The reclassifications are summarized as follows:

 
·  
Brazilian listed companies are required to present the investment in jointly-controlled associated companies on the proportional consolidation method. For purposes of US GAAP, the Company has eliminated the effects of the proportional consolidation and reflected its interest in the results of investees on a single line item (Equity in results) in the recast consolidated statement of income (loss) under US GAAP.

 
·  
Interest income and interest expense, together with other financial charges, are displayed within operating income in the statement of income presented in accordance with Brazilian GAAP. Such amounts have been reclassified to non-operating income and expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

 
·  
The net income differences between Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP (Note 25(b)(i)) were incorporated in the statement of income (loss) in accordance with US GAAP.

 
·  
Under Brazilian GAAP, noncontrolling interests are recorded and displayed as a reduction of income before noncontrolling interests in arriving at net income. For US GAAP purposes, noncontrolling interests are reported as a reduction of net income in arriving at net income attributable to Gafisa.
 
(xi)
Reversal of provision for cancelled contracts

Under Brazilian GAAP the Company evaluates at each balance sheet date the contracts that are cancelled and for that purpose recognizes an account receivables provision with an equal effect in revenue recognition (provision for contracts terminated).

Under US GAAP those contracts are considered in the revenue recognition evaluation and fall in the initial and continuing test, as a consequence the Company includes a reversal of such provision in the reconciliation note in order to avoid the duplication of that effect in their revenue recognition under US-GAAP.
 
(xii)
Tenda's share issuance cost
 
Under US GAAP, the share's issuance cost incurred for the acquisition of the remaining 40% of TENDA for R$11,072 is recorded directly as a reduction of equity. The accounting is the same under BR GAAP, but given the relative small amount of the cost in relationship of the financial statements prepared in accordance with BR GAAP, the Company recorded the amount as an expense. Accordingly, this expense is eliminated in the reconciliation to net income prepared in accordance with US GAAP.
 
(xiii)
Reclassification of non controlling interest
 
As disclosed in Note 12, in January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate. Under BR GAAP such amounts are reflected as a component of financial expense. See Note 26.

Under US GAAP this amount is presented as a component of net income attributable to non-controlling interest. The reclassification of non controlling interest for this adjustment was R$30,178 and R$34,031 for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.

 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


(b)
Reconciliation of significant differences between
Brazilian GAAP and US GAAP

(i)  
Net income
 
 
Note
 
2009
(restated)
 
2008
(restated)
 
2007
(restated)
 
                 
Net income under Brazilian GAAP
   
213,540
 
109,921
 
91,640
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
25(a)(iii)
 
(1,089,474
)
 (242,727
)
(240,335
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
25(a)(iii)
 
754,150
 
180,528
 
144,201
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
25(a)(iv)
 
(5,771
(9,357
)
(32,544
)
Stock compensation (expense) reversal
25(a)(v)
 
7,194
 
53,819
 
22,684
 
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
25(a)(vii)
 
-
 
10,734
 
7,500
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
25(a)(vii)
 
(178,508
)
(53,819
)
-
 
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
25(a)(vii)
 
-
 
205,527
 
-
 
Business Combination of Tenda and Redevco
25(a)(vii)
 
(2,973
)
(2,322
)
-
 
Business Combination of Alphaville
25(a)(vii)
 
(16,786
)
(19,185
)
(2,917
)
Fair value option of financial liabilities
25(a)(viii)
 
-
 
(207
)
207
 
Other
   
141
 
(1,499)
 
370
 
Reclassification of non controlling interest
25(a)(xiii)  
30,178
 
34,031
 
-
 
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
25(a)(iii)  
28,832
 
6,839
 
1,994
 
Tenda’s share issuance cost
25(a)(xii)  
11,072
 
-
 
-
 
Equity pick-up
25(a)(iii)  
(24,330
-
 
-
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
   
138,356
 
(20,156
)
37,588
 
                 
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa under US GAAP
   
(134,379
)
252,127
 
30,388
 
                 
Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
   
30,333
 
17,485
 
15,236
 
                 
Net income (loss) under US GAAP
   
(104,046
269,612
 
45,624
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
     
2009
 
2008
 
2007
 
Note
 
(restated)
 
(restated)
 
(restated)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the year (in thousands)
             
     Common shares (i)
             
         Basic
   
267,174
 
259,341
 
252,063
         Diluted
   
267,174
 
425,889
 
267,030
               
Earnings (loss) per share
             
Common (i)
             
Basic
   
(0.5030)
 
0.9722
 
0.1206
Diluted
   
(0.5030)
 
0.5726
 
0.0915
US GAAP net income (loss)(Basic Earnings)
   
(134,379)
 
252,127
 
30,388
               
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (diluted earnings)
   
(134,379)
 
243,880
 
24,443

 
 
(i)
All share amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the 1 for 2 share split on February 22, 2010.

(ii)
Shareholders' equity
 
   
Note
 
2009
(restated)
 
2008
(restated)
 
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Shareholders' equity under Brazilian GAAP
     
2,325,634
 
1,612,419
 
1,498,728
 
Revenue recognition - net operating revenue
 
25(a)(iii)
 
(2,164,311
)
(1,061,012)
 
(291,655
)
Revenue recognition - operating costs
 
25(a)(iii)
 
1,462,135
 
707,985
 
185,813
 
Capitalized interest
 
25(a)(iv)
 
99,897
 
99,897
 
99,897
 
Amortization of capitalized interest
 
25(a)(iv)
 
(99,897
)
(94,126
)
(84,769
)
Liability-classified stock options
 
25(a)(v)
 
(3,939
)
(2,221
)
(29,356
)
Receivables from clients
 
25(a)(ix)
 
11,410
 
12,843
 
22,390
 
Liability assumed
 
25(a)(ix)
 
(11,410
)
(12,843
)
(22,390
)
Fair value option of financial liability
 
25(a)(viii)
 
-
 
-
 
207
 
Reversal of goodwill amortization of Alphaville
 
25(a)(vii)
 
18,234
 
18,234
 
7,500
 
Reversal of negative goodwill amortization of Redevco and Tenda
 
25(a)(vii)
 
(232,327
)
(53,819
)
-
 
Gain on the transfer of FIT Residencial
 
25(a)(vii)
 
205,527
 
205,527
 
-
 
Business Combination – Tenda and Redevco
 
25(a)(vii)
 
79,524
 
82,497
 
-
 
Business Combination – Alphaville
 
25(a)(vii)
 
(38,888
)
(22,102
)
(2,917
)
Reversal of contract termination provision
     
25,023
 
11,197
 
-
 
Other
     
(447
266
 
(339
)
Redeemable NCI (Temporary equity)
     
(246,498
(145,769
(142,165
Noncontrolling interests on adjustments above
     
49,069
 
20,237
 
185
 
Equity pick-up
     
(24,330
-
 
-
 
Deferred income tax on adjustments above
     
225,012
 
86,656
 
23,790
 
                   
Gafisa shareholders' equity under US GAAP
     
1,679,418
 
1,465,866
 
1,264,919
 
                   
Noncontrolling interests under US GAAP
     
18,426
 
420,165
 
29,156
 
                   
Total shareholders’ equity under US GAAP
     
1,697,844
 
1,886,031
 
1,294,075
 

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Condensed changes in total shareholders'
equity under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
At beginning of the year
    1,886,031       1,294,075       796,301  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    9,736       7,671       476,159  
Capital increase – Alphaville
    -       -       134,029  
Sale of treasury shares
    82,046       -       -  
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388  
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
    (11,072 )     -       -  
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (50,716 )     (26,104 )     (26,981 )
       Redeemable NCI (Temporary  equity)
    (100,729 )     (3,604 )     (142,165 )
Additional 2006 dividends
    -       -       (50 )
Noncontrolling interests
    16,927       361,866       26,394  
                         
At end of the year
    1,697,844       1,886,031       1,294,075  
 
   
2009 (restated)
 
             
   
Gafisa
   
Non controlling interests
 
             
At beginning of the year
    1,465,866       420,165  
Capital increase, net of issuance expenses
    9,736       -  
Merger of Tenda’s shares
    448,844       (448,844 )
Sale of treasury shares
    82,046       -  
Net income (loss)
    (134,379 )     30,333  
Tenda’s shares issuance cost
    (11,072 )     -  
Minimum mandatory dividend
    (50,716 )     -  
 Revenue recognition
    -       (24,105 )
 Redeemable NCI (Temporary  equity)
    (100,729 )     7,561  
SCP Unigafisa
    (30,178 )     30,178  
Other
    -       3,138  
                 
At end of the year
    1,679.418       18,426  
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


Condensed shareholders' equity
under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Shareholders' equity
                 
Common shares, comprising 333,554,788
shares outstanding (2008 - 259,925,092; 2007 - 258,904,242)
    1,586,184       1,199,498       1,191,827  
Treasury shares
    (1,731 )     (14,595 )     (14,595 )
Appropriated retained earnings
    327,191       426,732       148,075  
Unappropriated retained earnings
    (232,226     (145,769     (60,388
                         
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,679,418       1,465,866       1,264,919  
                         
Noncontrolling interests
    18,426       420,165       29,156  
                         
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,697,844       1,886,031       1,294,075  
 
(c)
US GAAP supplemental information

(i)
Recent US GAAP accounting pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) recently issued a number of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards and interpretations; the standards and interpretations described below have not had or are not expected to have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations of the Company, unless otherwise indicated.

(a)
Accounting pronouncements adopted
 
In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting for business combinations, which replaced a prior standard. This statement retains the fundamental requirements of the prior standard that the acquisition method of accounting (which was called the purchase method) be used for all business combinations and for an acquirer to be identified for each business combination. This statement defines the acquirer as the entity that obtains control of one or more businesses in the business combination and establishes the acquisition date as the date that the acquirer achieves control. The prior standard did not define the acquirer, although it included guidance on identifying the acquirer, as does this Statement. This statement’s scope is broader than that of the prior standard, which applied only to business combinations in which control was obtained by transferring consideration.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)


 
The result of applying this prior guidance on recognizing and measuring assets and liabilities in a step acquisition was to measure them at a blend of historical costs and fair values. This new statement requires the noncontrolling interest to be measured by  the acquiree at fair value and will result in recognizing the goodwill attributable to the noncontrolling interest in addition to that attributable to the acquirer. Further, this new standard requires that all other costs associated with the business combination be expensed as incurred. This statement applies prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company has applied this pronouncement on a prospective basis for each new business combination effective January 1, 2009.  However, no business combinations have been completed since that date.
 
In December 2007, the FASB issued a new standard on accounting, which clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. Further, changes in a parent’s ownership in a consolidated subsidiary that do not result in a change in control are accounted for as equity transactions. As a result, no gain or loss should be recognized from a sale of shares of a consolidated subsidiary, and the purchase of additional shares of a subsidiary would not be accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Instead, the carrying amount of the non controlling interest is adjusted to reflect the change in ownership of the subsidiary, and any difference between the fair value of the consideration paid or received and the amount by which the non controlling interest is adjusted is recognized in equity attributable to the parent. This statement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008 (that is, January 1, 2009, for entities with calendar year-ends). Earlier adoption is prohibited. The effective date of this Statement is the same as that of the related new standard on business combinations. The Company has applied this Statement prospectively as of January 1, 2009, except for the presentation and disclosure requirements. The presentation and disclosure requirements have been applied retrospectively for all periods presented. The provisions of this standard were applied to the acquisition of the remaining non controlling interest in Tenda in December 2009.

In March 2008, the FASB issued a new standard on disclosures about derivative instruments and hedging activities. The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosures to enable investors to better understand their effects on an entity’s financial
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
position, financial performance, and cash flows. It is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The Company adopted this statement effective January 1, 2009.

In May 2009, the FASB issued a new standard on subsequent events, which was amended in February 2010. The objective of this Statement is to establish principles and requirements for subsequent events.  In particular, this Statement sets forth: (i) the period after the balance sheet date during which management of a reporting entity shall evaluate events or transactions that may occur for potential recognition or disclosure in the financial statements (ii) the circumstances under which an entity shall recognize events or transactions occurring after the balance sheet date in its financial statements and (iii) the disclosures that an entity shall make about events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date. This statement is effective for interim or annual financial periods ending after June 15, 2009. The Company adopted this statement effective June 30, 2009.

(b)
Accounting pronouncements
not yet adopted

The FASB issued ASU 2009-01, “Amendments based on Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 168 – The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, in June 2009 to codify in ASC 105, “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”, which was issued to establish the Codification as the sole source of authoritative US GAAP recognized by the FASB, excluding SEC guidance, to be applied by nongovernmental entities. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASU 2009-01 in these consolidated financial statements, and there was no impact.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-16, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (FASB Statement No. 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets—an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140) in December 2009. ASU 2009-16 removes the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity (“QSPE”) from ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, and the exception from applying ASC 810-10 to QSPEs, thereby requiring transferors of financial assets to evaluate whether to consolidate transferees that previously were considered QSPEs. Transferor-imposed constraints on transferees whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization or asset-backed financing activities are evaluated in the same manner under the provisions of the ASU as transferor-imposed constraints on QSPEs were evaluated under the provisions of Topic 860 prior to the effective date of the ASU when determining whether a transfer of financial assets qualifies for sale accounting. The ASU also clarifies the Topic 860 sale-accounting criteria pertaining to legal isolation and effective control and creates more stringent conditions for reporting a transfer of a
 
 
F-87

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
portion of a financial asset as a sale. The ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009, and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-16 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2009-17, Consolidations (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FASB Statement No. 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)) in December 2009. ASU 2009-17, which amends the Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") Subsections of ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall, revises the test for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE from a primarily quantitative risks and rewards calculation based on the VIE’s expected losses and expected residual returns to a primarily qualitative analysis based on identifying the party or related-party group (if any) with (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The ASU requires kick-out rights and participating rights to be ignored in evaluating whether a variable interest holder meets the power criterion unless those rights are unilaterally exercisable by a single party or related party group. The ASU also revises the criteria for determining whether fees paid by an entity to a decision maker or another service provider are a variable interest in the entity and revises the Topic 810 scope characteristic that identifies an entity as a VIE if the equity-at-risk investors as a group do not have the right to control the entity through their equity interests to address the impact of kick-out rights and participating rights on the analysis. Finally, the ASU adds a new requirement to reconsider whether an entity is a VIE if the holders of the equity investment at risk as a group lose the power, through the rights of those interests, to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and requires a company to reassess on an ongoing basis whether it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. ASU 2009-17 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2009 and may not be early adopted. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-17 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-25 Plan Accounting – Defined Contribution Pension Plan (Topic 962) which amends the requirement that participant loans be classified as notes receivable from participants, which are segregated from plan investments and measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-25 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-88

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-20 Receivables (Topic 310) which improves the disclosures that an entity provides about the credit quality of its financing receivables and the related allowance for credit losses. As a result of these amendments, an entity is required to disaggregate by portfolio segment or class certain existing disclosures and provide certain new disclosures about its financing receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-18 Receivables (Topic 310) which clarifies that modifications of loans that are accounted for within a pool under Subtopic 310-30, which provides guidance on accounting for acquired loans that have evidence of credit deterioration upon acquisition, do not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. An entity will continue to be required to consider whether the pool of assets in which the loan is included is impaired if expected cash flows for the pool change. The amendments do not affect the accounting for loans under the scope of Subtopic 310-30 that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually under Subtopic 310-30 continue to be subject to the troubled debt restructuring accounting provisions within Subtopic 310-40. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-18 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-11 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) which clarifies the type of embedded credit derivative that is exempt from embedded derivative bifurcation requirements. Only one form of embedded credit derivative qualifies for the exemption one that is related only to the subordination of one financial instrument to another. As a result, entities that have contracts containing an embedded credit derivative feature in a form other than such subordination may need to separately account for the embedded credit derivative feature. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-11 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-10 Consolidation (Topic 810) which defers the effective date of the amendments to the consolidation requirements made by FASB Statement 167 to a reporting entity’s interest in certain types of entities and clarifies other aspects of the Statement 167 amendments. As a result of the deferral, a reporting entity will not be required to apply the Statement 167 amendments to the Subtopic 810-10 consolidation requirements to its interest in an entity that meets the criteria to qualify for the deferral. This Update also clarifies how a related party’s interests in an entity should be considered when evaluating the criteria for determining whether a decision maker or service provider fee represents a variable interest. In addition, the Update also clarifies that a quantitative calculation should not be the sole basis for evaluating whether a decision maker’s or service provider’s fee is a variable interest. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-10 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
The FASB issued ASU 2010-09 Subsequent Events (Topic 855) which addresses both the interaction of the requirements of Topic 855, Subsequent Events, with the SEC’s reporting requirements and the intended breadth of the reissuance disclosures provision related to subsequent events (paragraph 855-10-50-4). The amendments in this Update have the potential to change reporting by both private and public entities, however, the nature of the change may vary depending on facts and circumstances. This Codification does not impact our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) number 2010-06 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820): Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements. This update provides amendments to Subtopic 820-10 and are expected to provide more robust disclosures about (1) the different classes of assets and liabilities measured at fair value, (2) the valuation techniques and inputs used, (3) the activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, and (4) the transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-09 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-28, Intangibles – Goodwill and Others (Topic 350): When to perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts in December 2010. This ASU specifies that an entity with reporting units that have carrying amounts that are zero or negative is required to assess whether is more likely than not that the reporting units’ goodwill is impaired. If the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the goodwill of one or more of its reporting units impaired, the entity should perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test for those reporting unit(s). Any resulting goodwill impairment should be recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. Any goodwill impairments occurring after the initial adoption of the revised guidance should be included in the earnings as required by Section 350-20-35. The revised guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2010. Early adoption is not permitted. . The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2010-28 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations. This ASU addresses that if a public entity presents comparative financial statements, the entity should disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The revised guidance also
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The revised guidance is effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The Company will apply the revised disclosure provisions in the notes to its consolidated financial statements prospectively, as applicable. The Company expects that the adoption of ASU 2009-29 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(ii)
Additional information - stock option plan

The Company has adopted the modified prospective transition method and the liability-classified awards were measured at fair market value as of January 1, 2006. The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 29%; expected dividend yield of 0%; annual risk-free interest rate of 8%, and; expected average total lives of 1.6 years.

As of December 31, 2009, all the liability-classified awards were remeasured at their fair value and amounted to R$ 3,939 (2008 - R$ 2,221, 2007 - R$ 29,356). The reversal of stock compensation expense (General and administrative expenses) related to the stock option plans totaled an expense of R$ 7,233 in the year ended December 31, 2009 (2008 - reversal of R$ 27,681, 2007 - reversal of R$ 4,864). The assumptions were: weighted historical volatility of 69% (2008 - 50%, 2007 - 47%); expected dividend yield of 1.1% (2008 - 0.3%, 2007 – 0.6%); average annual risk-free interest rate of 9% (2008 and 2007 - 12%), and; expected average total lives of 2.0 years in 2009 (2008 and 2007 - 2.6 years). As of December 31, 2009, the compensation cost related to nonvested stock options to be recognized in future periods was R$ 14,090 (2008 - R$ 2,011; 2007 - R$ 14,063) and its weighted average recognition period was approximately 2.0 years in 2009 (2008 and 2007 - 2.8 years).

(iii)
Marketable securities

Marketable securities under US GAAP are comprised of the following at December 31:

   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Investment funds
    2,020       141,082       237,159  
Government securities
    146,646       -       -  
Bank deposit certificates
    124,474       185,898       61,957  
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee (a)
    732,742       -       -  
                         
Total marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116  

 
F-91

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(a)  
Investment restricted for debenture guarantee represents shares owned in a Brazilian sponsored financial institution investment fund, whose underlying holdings are comprised of investments in federal government bonds; the pledge of this investment is a requirement of the debenture and the required pledged amount revolves with the level of receivables collateralizing the debenture.

(iv)
Fair value of financial instruments

(a)
US GAAP standard adopted in 2008

The Company adopted a new US GAAP standard, effective January 1, 2008, (Note 25 (a) (viii)), which, among other things, requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities carried at fair value.

As defined in US GAAP, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). However, as permitted under US GAAP, the Company utilizes a mid-market pricing convention (the mid-point price between bid and ask prices) as a practical expedient for valuing the majority of its assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value. The Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. The Company primarily applies the market approach for recurring fair value measurements and endeavors to utilize the best available information. Accordingly, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company is able to classify fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy defined by US GAAP are as follows:

(i)
Level 1 - quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments such as exchange-traded derivatives and listed equities.

 
F-92

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(ii)
Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets included in level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors, and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Instruments in this category include non-exchange-traded derivatives such as over-the-counter forwards and options.

(iii)
Level 3 - pricing inputs include significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in management's best estimate of fair value. At each balance sheet date, the Company performs an analysis of all instruments subject to US GAAP and includes in Level 3 all of those whose fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the company's financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2009. As required by US GAAP, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2009
 
                   
   
Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs (Level 3)
 
Total
 
                   
Assets
                 
Financial investments
 
-
 
1,005,882
 
-
 
1,005,882
 

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
Fair value measurements at December 31, 2008
 
                         
   
Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(Level 1 )
   
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2 )
   
Significant
unobservable
inputs (Level 3 )
   
Total
 
                         
Assets
                       
Financial investments
    -       326,980       -       326,980  
Derivatives
    -       86,752       -       86,752  
                                 
Liabilities
                               
Working capital loans
    -       313,557       -       313,557  

(b)
Fair value measurements

The following estimated fair value amounts have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret market data and to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair values.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Potential income tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement have not been taken into consideration.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trading debt securities, accounts and notes receivable and current liabilities approximates their fair values. The fair value of long-term debt is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated based on the market forecasted curves for the remaining cash flow of each obligation.

The estimated fair values of financial instruments not accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
         
2009
(restated)
         
2008
(restated)
         
2007
(restated)
 
                                     
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
   
Carrying
amounts
   
Fair value
 
                                     
Financial assets
                                   
Cash, cash equivalents
    292,940       292,940       183,524       183,524       213,069       213,069  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       1,005,882       326,980       326,980       299,116       299,116  
Restricted cash
    96,846       96,846       76,928       76,928       9,851       9,851  
Receivables from clients, net -
current portion
    811,834       811,834       902,544       902,544       232,278       232,278  
Receivables from clients, net -
non current portion
    1,048,573       1,048,573       381,699       381,699       435,537       435,537  
                                                 
Financial liabilities
                                               
Loans and financing
    1,129,715       1,129,715       1,018,208       1,010,278       437,334       437,217  
Debentures
    1,928,077       1,928,077       506,930       506,930       249,190       249,190  
Trade accounts payable
    169,085       169,085       103,592       103,592       82,334       82,334  
Derivatives
    -       -       86,752       86,752       5,857       5,857  

(d)
US GAAP condensed consolidated financial information

The financial information under US GAAP reflects the retrospective adoption of the new standard on accounting for non controlling interests as of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.

Based on the reconciling items and discussion above, the Gafisa S.A. consolidated balance sheets, statements of income (loss), and statement of changes in shareholders' equity (see b(ii)) under US GAAP have been recast in condensed format as follows:
 
(i)
Condensed consolidated balance sheets under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007 (restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
Assets
                 
Current assets
                 
Cash and cash equivalents
    292,940       183,524       213,069  
Marketable securities
    1,005,882       326,980       299,116  
Restricted cash
    96,846       76,928       9,851  
Receivables from clients
    811,834       902,544       232,278  
Properties for sale
    2,703,790       2,565,469       1,055,478  
Other accounts receivable
    88,900       128,810       101,279  
Prepaid expenses
    14,122       27,732       45,003  
Deferred income tax
    79,101       11,005       -  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007 (restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
                         
Investments
    115,407       6,305       7,608  
Property and equipment, net
    58,969       50,852       27,336  
Intangibles, net
    274,528       320,074       184,656  
Goodwill
    62,536       62,536       62,536  
Other assets
                       
Receivables from clients
    1,048,573       381,699       435,537  
Properties for sale
    364,948       98,268       149,403  
Deferred income tax
    117,234       89,385       7,416  
Other
    184,447       149,815       47,765  
                         
Total assets
    7,320,057       5,381,926       2,878,331  
                         
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                       
Current liabilities
                       
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    653,070       430,853       59,196  
Debentures
    132,077       64,930       9,190  
Obligations for purchase of land
    241,396       278,745       244,696  
Materials and services suppliers
    169,085       103,592       82,334  
Taxes and labor contributions
    193,694       112,016       60,996  
Advances from clients - real estate and services
    586,883       343,056       26,485  
Credit assignments
    201,376       99,323       1,442  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090       25,296       48,521  
Dividends payable
    50,716       26,106       26,981  
Others
    81,863       85,445       73,541  
Long-term liabilities
                       
Loans, net of current portion
    476,645       587,355       378,138  
Debentures, net of current portion
    1,796,000       442,000       240,000  
Deferred income tax
    80,919       77,012       38,303  
Obligations for purchase of land
    141,563       225,639       73,056  
Others
    539,836       431,695       79,290  
Redeemable NCI (Temporary equity)
    256,000       162,832       142,087  
                         
Shareholders' equity
                       
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,679,418       1,465,866       1,264,919  
Noncontrolling interests
    18,426       420,165       29,156  
                         
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,697,844       1,886,031       1,294,075  
                         
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    7,320,057       5,381,926       2,878,331  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(ii)
Condensed consolidated statements of income under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
   
Note 26
 
Gross operating revenue
                 
Real estate development and sales
    1,713,419       1,324,539       1,001,065  
Construction and services rendered
    48,662       37,369       35,053  
Taxes on services and revenues
    (61,142 )     (55,281 )     (38,143 )
                         
Net operating revenue
    1,700,940       1,306,626       997,975  
                         
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,256,317 )     (979,604 )     (817,770 )
                         
Gross profit
    444,623       327,023       180,205  
                         
Operating expenses
                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (439,385 )     (311,551 )     (192,025 )
Other
    (135,639 )     196,893       1,595  
                         
Operating income (loss)
    (130,401 )     212,365       (10,225 )
                         
Financial income
    125,913       99,335       48,924  
Financial expenses
    (228,838 )     (22,682 )     (17,295 )
                         
Income (loss) before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    (233,326 )     289,018       21,404  
                         
Taxes on income
                       
Current
    (16,398 )     (21,575 )     (21,559 )
Deferred
    56,765       (27,704 )     26,782  
                         
Income tax expense
    40,367       (49,279 )     5,223  
                         
Income (loss) before equity in results
 and noncontrolling interests
    (192,959 )     239,739       26,627  
Equity in results
    88,913       29,873       18,997  
                         
Net income (loss)
    (104,046 )     269,612       45,624  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (30,333 )     (17,485 )     (15,236 )
                         
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388  
                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
                       
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388  
                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (134,379 )     252,127       30,388  
                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
to Common shareholders
                       
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (134,379 )     243,880       24,443  
                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (134,379 )     243,880       24,443  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
(i)  
Statement of Cash Flow under US GAAP
 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Cash flows from operating activities
                 
Net income  for the year
    (104,046 )     269,612       45,624  
                         
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    82,152       66,259       14,823  
Disposal of fixed assets
    5,251       -       -  
Stock option expenses
    7,233       (31,515 )     (4,864 )
Unrealized interest and charges, net
    171,327       210,145       28,791  
Net Unrealized gains from derivative instruments
    -       (86,752 )     (5,857 )
Deferred taxes
    (96,061 )     (56,364 )     (7,211 )
Warranty provision
    7,955       3,230       2,751  
Provision for contingencies
    63,975       13,933       -  
Provision for profit sharing
    28,237       (3,509 )     25,424  
Allowance (reversal) for doubtful accounts
    (974 )     10,359       -  
Adjustments to present value
    42,149       (1,697 )     22,702  
Equity in results
    113,690       (29,873 )     18,997  
                         
Changes in assets and liabilities
                       
Receivables from clients
    (508,968 )     (765,285 )     (246,748 )
Properties for sale
    (409,508 )     (1,286,496 )     (723,176 )
Other accounts receivable
    48,991       288,466       213,841  
Prepaid expenses
    13,610       17,271       (11,253 )
Obligations for purchase of land and advances from clients
    51,100       415,181       135,688  
Taxes and contributions
    81,678       51,020       24,562  
Materials and service suppliers
    65,493       21,258       57,654  
Contingencies
    (44,552 )     18,335       (32,268 )
Other accounts payable
    (77,397 )     36,075       (54,348 )
                         
Cash used in operating activities
    (458,665 )     (840,347 )     (494,868 )
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
2009
(restated)
   
2008
(restated)
   
2007
(restated)
 
                   
Cash flows from investing activities
                 
                   
Purchase of property and equipment
    (36,003 )     (121,954 )     (218,669 )
Restricted cash in guarantee to loans
    (927,007 )     (67,077 )     (9,851 )
Marketable securities, addiction
    (1,721,101 )     (146,729 )     (1,575,146 )
Marketable securities, reduction
    1,949,287       118,866       1,276,029  
Acquisition of investments in subsidiaries
    (200,091 )     23,371       (944 )
                         
Cash used in investing activities
    (934,915 )     (193,523 )     (528,581 )
                         
Cash flows from financing activities
                       
Capital increase
    9,736       7,671       610,192  
Sale Treasury shares
    16,319       -       -  
Gain on sale of treasury shares
    65,727       -       -  
     Redeemable quotas of Investment Fund of Receivables (FIDC)
    41,308       -       -  
     Assignment of credits receivable – CCI
    69,316       -       -  
Obligations for investors
    -       300,000       -  
Loans and financing obtained
    2,259,663       775,906       426,969  
Repayment of loans and financing
    (898,336 )     (54,063 )     (52,795 )
Assignment of credits receivable, net
    860       916       2,225  
Dividends paid – shareholders’
    (26,058 )     (26,104 )     (10,988 )
Dividends paid - obligation to venture partners (SCP)
    (35,539 )     -       -  
                         
Cash provided by financing activities
    1,502,996       1,004,326       975,603  
                         
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    109,416       (29,544 )     (47,851 )
                         
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    183,524       213,068       260,919  
At the end of the year
    292,940       183,524       213,068  
 
(iii)
Additional information – income taxes

Change in the valuation allowance for net operating losses was as follows:

   
2009
   
2008
   
2007
 
                   
At January 1
    (19,325 )     (24,864 )     (7,230 )
Valuation allowance - relates to jointly-controlled
Subsidiaries of Gafisa and AUSA subject to the taxable profit regime
    (9,140 )     5,539       (17,634 )
                         
At December 31
    (28,465 )     (19,325 )     (24,864 )

The Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" ("FIN 48"), on January 1, 2007 which requires it to record the financial statement effects of an income tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that it will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured and recorded as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority.

The adoption of FIN 48 did not have any impact in the Company's statement of income and financial position and did not result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings
 
 
F-99

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
at adoption. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the Company has no amount recorded for any uncertainty in income taxes.

Gafisa S.A. and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Brazil and other foreign federal and state jurisdictions. Brazilian income tax returns are normally open to audit for five years.

(iv)
Statement of comprehensive income

Under Brazilian GAAP, the concept of comprehensive income is not recognized.  US GAAP requires the disclosure of comprehensive income. Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income that include charges or credits directly to equity which are not the result of transactions with owners. In the case of the Company, comprehensive income is the same as net income.

26. 
Restatements of Consolidated Financial Statements,Corrections of Errors

The Company has changed some accounting policies and also has  identified certain errors in its previously published consolidated financial statements that are being retrospectively corrected herein.   A discussion of the nature and amount of these matters is as follows:
 
Brazilian GAAP Consolidated Financial Statements – Changing in Accounting Policies

As disclosed in Note 12, in January 2008, the Company formed an unincorporated venture (SCP), the main objective of which is to hold interests in other real estate development companies. The venture partner receives an annual dividend substantially equivalent to the variation in the Interbank Deposit Certificate (CDI) rate.   In the Company’s consolidated statements of income the dividend amounts were previously included as a component of net income attributable to non-controlling interest.   Such amounts are best reflected as a component of financial expense in the Company’s Brazilian GAAP consolidated statements of income for both 2009 and 2008.   In addition, the Company performed the reclassification of brokerage expenses/sales commissions, of deductions on revenues and services, to the account “Selling expenses” in 2009. The effect of this correction of the consolidated statements of income is as follows:

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as previously reported
   
Adjustments to amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended
December 31, 2009
as restated
 
                   
Net operating revenue
    3,022,346       14,011       3,036,357  
                         
Operating costs
                       
Real estate development and sales
    (2,143,762 )     -       (2,143,762 )
                         
Gross profit
    878,584       14,011       892,595  
                         
                         
Selling expenses
    (226,621 )     (14,011 )     (240,632 )
General and administrative expenses
    (233,129 )     -       (233,129 )
Depreciation and amortization
    (34,170 )     -       (34,170 )
Amortization of gain on partial sale of FIT Residencial
    169,394       -       169,394  
Other, net
    (92,884 )     -       (92,884 )
                         
Operating profit before financial income (expenses)
    461,174       -       461,174  
                         
Financial expenses
    (210,394 )     (30,178 )     (240,572 )
Financial income
    129,566       -       129,566  
                         
Income before taxes on income andnon-controlling interest     380,346       (30,178 )     350,168  
                         
Total income tax income (expenses)
    (95,406 )     -       (95,406 )
                         
Net income before non-controlling interest
    284,940       (30,178 )     254,762  
                         
(-) Net income for the year attributable to non-controlling interest
    (71,400 )     30,178       (41,222 )
                         
Net income for the year
    213,540       -       213,540  
                         
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    166,777       -       166,777  
                         
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – R$
    1.2804       -       1.2804  

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
Year ended December 31, 2008 as previously reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended December 31, 2008 as restated
 
                   
Net operating revenue
    1,740,404       -       1,740,404  
                         
Operating costs
    (1,214,401 )     -       (1,214,401 )
                         
Gross profit
    526,003       -       526,003  
                         
Operating income before financial income (expenses)
    168,205       -       168,205  
                         
Financial income (expenses)
                       
Financial expenses
    (61,008 )     (34,031 )     (95,039 )
Financial income
    102,854       -       102,854  
                         
Income before taxes on income and non controlling  interest
    210,051       (34,031 )     176,020  
                         
Total tax expenses
    (43,397 )     -       (43,397 )
                         
Income before non controlling interest
    166,654       (34,031 )     132,623  
                         
Non controlling interest
    (56,733 )     34,031       (22,702 )
                         
Net income for the year
    109,921       -       109,921  
                         
Shares outstanding at the end of the year (in thousands)
    129,963       -       129,963  
                         
Net income per thousand shares outstanding at the end of the year – R$
    0.8458       -       0.8458  
                         

In addition, the consolidated financial statement of cash flows has been restated to reflect this correction:

   
Year ended December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                   
Net income
    213,540       -       213,540  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
    300,601       (30,178 )     270,423  
Changes in assets and liabilities
    (1,190,834 )     30,178 )     (1,160,656 )
Cash used in operating activities
    (676,693 )     -       (676,693 )
Cash used in investing activities
    (15,446 )     (50,131 )     (65,577 )
Cash from financing activities
    1,540,353       -       1,540,353  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
    848,214       (50,131 )     798,083  
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
                       
At the beginning of the period
    528,574       -       528,574  
At the end of the period
    1,376,788       (50,131 )     1,326,657  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities
    848,214       (50,131 )     798,083  

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
   
Year ended December 31, 2008 as previously reported
   
Adjustments to
amounts
previously
reported
   
Year ended December 31, 2008 as restated
 
                   
Net income
    109,921       -       109,921  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities
    259,633       (34,031 )     225,602  
Changes in assets and liabilities
    (1,182,066 )     34,031       (1,148,035 )
Cash used in operating activities
    (812,512 )     -       (812,512 )
Cash used in investing activities
    (78,300 )     -       (78,300 )
Cash from financing activities
    911,817       -       911,817  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005       -       21,005  
Cash and cash equivalents
                       
At the beginning of the year
    507,569       -       507,569  
At the end of the year
    528,574       -       528,574  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    21,005       -       21,005  

Other reclassifications:

 
a)  
Cash equivalents and marketable securities

The Company has classified R$ 49.5 million as restricted cash in the restated BR-GAAP consolidated financial information at December 31, 2009, previously classified as cash and cash equivalents. Restricted cash in guarantee of loans are related to ventures and cleared according to the progress of works and sales.

 
b)  
Receivable from clients, current and non-current presentation:

The Company has classified R$ 244 million of receivable from client from non-current to current portion as a consequence of a more extensive review of the maturity date of the amounts recognized as receivables from clients.
 
   
As Previously Reported
   
Reclassification
   
As Restated
 
                   
Receivables from clients – Current
    2,008,464       244,010       2,252,474  
Receivables from clients - Non-Current
    1,768,182       (244,010 )     1,524,172  
                         
Totals
    3,776,646               3,776,646  

This reclassification has not material effects at December 31, 2008 and 2007 for comparative purposes.

 
F-103

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
c)  
Properties for sale, current and non-current:

The Company has classified R$39,3 million of properties for sale as current that were previously presented as non-current properties for sale, as a consequence of a more detailed and extensive review of the expected launch date of some ventures. The amount reclassified is mainly related to lands.

   
As Previously Reported
   
Reclassification
   
As Restated
 
                   
Properties for sale – Current
    1,332,374       39,298       1,371,672  
Properties for sale - Non-Current
    416,083       (39,298 )     376,785  
                         
Totals
    1,748,457               1,748,457  

This reclassification has not material effects at December 31, 2008 and 2007 for comparative purposes.
 
US GAAP Consolidated Financial Information included in Note 26 – Correction of Errors
 
Restatements as compared to originally reported
 
Cash equivalents and marketable securities
 
Upon further evaluation of the underlying financial instruments held by the Company’s consolidated investment funds, open funds and other investments in Bank Certificates Deposits previously classified as “cash equivalents” for US GAAP purposes, the Company has determined that financial instruments totaling R$1,005.5 million, R$327.1 million and R$299.1 million at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 do not meet the cash equivalents definition under US GAAP principally given original maturity at date of purchase of more than 90 days. These amounts have been classified as short-term held for trading securities in the restated US GAAP consolidated financial information included in Note 25 above.

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Revenue Recognition
 
Gafisa, Tenda and Alphaville sales contracts are irrevocable under Brazilian law.  That means that a customer does not have a unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it is executed, nor does the customer have an ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless the Company agrees.   To the extent that a customer is not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, the Company has at its option the ability to either force compliance through the Brazilian courts, or agree to “default” by the customer.   Should the Company agree at its sole discretion to refund part of amounts paid to the defaulting party, it will normally apply the penalty guideline in the contract.  The Company has made such refunds in the past for commercial reasons (it is in its interest to avoid protracted legal discussions and be able to quickly place the unit again on the market).
 
ASC 350.20.40.10 (specifically, formerly EITF Issue 06-08 “Applicability of the Assessment of a Buyer's Initial and Continuing Investment under FASB Statement No. 66 for Sales of Condominiums”) requires amounts potentially refundable to customers to be excluded from the initial and continuing investment tests.   The Company has previously not fully considered the aforementioned contractual provisions on a unit by unit basis in applying its US GAAP revenue recognition.
 
Gafisa Segment
 
Gafisa sales contracts provide for a penalty to be charged to the customer which is generally equivalent to 18% of sales prices (adjusted for inflation) to the extent Gafisa agrees to terminate the contract following default by the customer.   After charging such penalties, should amounts previously paid by customers under a Gafisa contract be in excess of the penalty computation, then a refund of 60% of such remaining balance is provided to the Gafisa customer based on the terms of the contract.  Gafisa has historically entered into commercial negotiations with customers and has been willing to concede higher levels of refunds in an attempt to avoid protracted court proceedings and regain clear title to its units so they can be sold timely.  Gafisa’s negotiated repayments have historically approximated 35% of amounts previously paid.
 
Upon consideration of the aforementioned contractual provisions in its continuing investment test, along with other aspects of U.S. GAAP ASC 360.20, adjustments to previously recorded U.S. GAAP revenue recognition are required for the Gafisa segment.
 
Historically, our U.S. GAAP accounting practices for the Gafisa segment had not contemplated, on a contract-by-contract basis, the implication of the initial investment test and continuing investment test under U.S. GAAP as we did not consider the defaulting party had a right to reimbursement that would otherwise affect the revenue
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
we had recognized as only Gafisa has the right to terminate the contract.  Despite the fact that the Gafisa segment contracts do not provide the defaulting party with a right to cancel, upon further examination and based on an analysis of recent legal precedent, we have concluded that the defaulting party does have certain rights in law that can be exercised in the event a judicial appeal is filed.  Judicial rulings have required companies in Brazil to return to defaulting parties, part of the deposit payments for units under development when the contract is terminated.  Such amounts have approximated the percentage set forth in the sales contracts which determine the possibility of the Company granting a reimbursement at the Company´s discretion if it agrees to terminate the contract. The reimbursements paid by the Company of approximately 35% are an average percentage of amounts historically paid, therefore, there may be contracts in which this amount is higher or lower than the average of 35%.  Accordingly, for purposes of our current U.S. GAAP accounting practices for the Gafisa segment we have used the contractual reimbursement percentage (after applying penalties) for purposes of determining the initial investment test. Upon recomputing the initial investment test and continuing investment test parameters on a contract-by-contract basis, rather than by developments, certain units were found to have failed the tests which resulted in the deferral of revenue recognition under the percentage of completion model. We have restated our consolidated financial statements as at December 31, 2009 and for each of the three years in the period then ended to reflect the deferral of recognition of revenue for the Gafisa segment.
 
Tenda Segment
 
Tenda’s pilot contracts provide for a refund to customers of 80% of the amounts previously paid during the construction period to the extent that default is agreed.  Given that Tenda pilot contracts have potential refund provisions of 80% of amounts previously paid, those potentially refundable amounts are excluded from the initial investment test.  When those amounts are excluded, a Tenda pilot customer would be required to make a substantial initial investment.  Because low income home buyers do not make such large down payments, most Tenda pilot contracts will not meet the initial investment test and thus should be recognized using the deposit method of accounting.
 
Tenda’s historical application of percentage of completion for U.S. GAAP purposes did not contemplate the impact of the potential refund provisions of 80% under the percentage of completion method. Thus, the Company is restating the U.S. GAAP financial position and results of operations of its Tenda segment to properly account for the potential refund provisions of 80%.
 
The operations of the Tenda segment contracts are more fully described below including the contractual relationship among Tenda, the customer and a government bank (Federal Savings and Loans Bank (CEF – Caixa Economica Federal, or Bank of Brazil)):
 
 
F-106

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Purchase and Sale Agreement –Property Developer x Customer (Promisor)
 
When the real estate venture is launched, the customer and property developer execute a purchase and sale agreement (“the Tenda Pilot program contract”), which defines the type of customer financing.  This agreement is primarily aimed at providing a purchase and sale commitment between the parties during the period in which the contract’s enterprise is under analysis by a government bank.
 
Upon executing the Tenda Pilot program contract, the customer is required to provide a retainer of the real property value and pay the monthly installments to the real estate developer (the aggregate amount corresponds to approximately 5% - 15%) while its financing is pending approval by the bank. The bank customer financing varies from 85% to 95% of the real property value depending on the situation.  Currently, to the extent that a customer is approved by a government bank, prior to the overall approval of specific project,  the customer may be financed for 95% of the real property value.
 
Following the execution of the agreement with the customer, the government bank begins the financing approval process either when the real estate project is launched or during construction.  Once approved, the agreement is transferred to the government bank.
 
After evaluating the Tenda Pilot program and its customer portfolio, we concluded that percentage of completion revenue recognition is not appropriate during the construction phase, given the potential refundability rights of the customer.  As 80% of the down payment would need to be excluded from the initial investment test, the contract would fail  the initial investment test under U.S. GAAP.
 
Taking out Residential Financing
 
During the government bank credit facility approval period, the monthly installments, the principal and indexation charges due after the purchase and sale agreement is executed are paid to Tenda.
 
Once the credit facility is approved by the government bank, Tenda, the customer and the bank enter into an agreement enforceable as a deed of promise to buy and sell, similar to a private credit facility agreement to develop a real estate venture, the final contract. Upon execution, the original Tenda Pilot program contract between Tenda and the customer is replaced, and the new agreement is transferred to the Bank of Brazil.  From that time, the customer starts repaying the financing directly to the bank, which will pass the financing amounts on to Tenda over the construction period, as the construction work progresses.
 
All of Tenda’s revenue recognition is generated from Tenda Pilot program contracts.
 
 
F-107

 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Alphaville – AUSA Segment
 
Alphaville’s sales contracts provide for a refund to customers of 80% of the amounts previously paid during the infrastructure period to the extent that default is agreed.  Given that the contracts have potential refund provisions of 80% of amounts previously paid, those potentially refundable amounts are excluded from the initial investment test.  When those amounts are excluded, the customer would be required to make a substantial initial investment.  Because middle and high end income customers may make large down payments, a large part of these contracts may meet the initial investment test.  Alphaville’s negotiated repayments have historically approximated 76% of amounts previously paid.
 
Alphaville’s historical application of percentage of completion for U.S. GAAP purposes did not contemplate the impact of the potential refund provisions of 80% under the percentage of completion method. Accordingly, the Company is restating the U.S. GAAP financial position and results of operations of its Alphaville segment to properly account for the potential contractual refund provision of 80%.
 
EITF 08-06 indicated that consistent with the requirements for sales of other types of real estate, the buyer’s initial and continuing investments should be in any of the forms specified in then paragraph 9 of US GAAP Statement 66 (now ASC 360.20.40.10) and should consider only the nonrefundable portion of such investments.  The Company is of the view that US GAAP was not adequately prescriptive with respect to continuing investment components prior to the issuance of EITF 08-06.
 
Additional US GAAP disclosures
 
In presenting the accompanying restated consolidated financial statements, the Company has also made the following incremental disclosures from those previously reported:
 
 
·  
Brazilian GAAP segment disclosures in Note 22 have been expanded to disclose certain additional matters required by US GAAP ASC 280.10.50.
 
 
·  
Brazilian GAAP income tax disclosures in Note 25 (iii) have been expanded to disclosure certain additional matters required by US GAAP ASC 740-10-50.
 
 
·  
The Company has presented US GAAP consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented as part of its Note 25 incremental US GAAP reporting.
 
Consolidated US GAAP financial information is presented below disclosing both amounts which reconcile to the amounts previously reported in Note 25, along with the aforementioned adjustments and restated amounts as presented in Note 25.
 
Restatements as compared to previously reported
 
Alphaville redeemable non-controlling interest
The Company reevaluated the Alphaville Urbanismo S.A.(AUSA) purchase contract and determined that the non-controlling interest after the purchase was redeemable. The non-controlling interest will become redeemable in two blocks of 20% of the shares in 2010 and 2012. The company has the option to redeem the non-controlling interest either in shares or in cash. This redeemable non-controlling interest falls within the scope of ASC 480-10-S99-3A and should be recorded as mezzanine equity. The initial recognition should be its issuance date fair value, with a corresponding entry in retained earnings. Subsequent re-measurements of the redemption amount should also have been adjusted against retained earnings of the Company in accordance with ASC 480-10-S99-3A-15 and 3A-16C.

In addition, considering the Company has the option to settle the future purchase in shares there is a dilutive effect on earnings per shares. For earnings per share calculation the Company is considered for 100% in the income, affecting the numerator. Also, the denominator was affected by the increase in weighted numbers per share, now incorporating the number of share necessary to purchase the AUSA stake.

Revenue recognition
In performing all of the above analyses we additionally discovered a mathematical error in one of the databases utilized to calculate the revenue to be recognized in the period, using the percentage of completion method. The error resulted in too much revenue being recognized in 2009 and 2008. Therefore the Company is restating the US GAAP financial position and results of operations of its Gafisa segment.

In relation to the Tenda segment, we identified that the same mathematical error, reported in the Gafisa segment described above, was applicable to the Tenda segment for the year 2009. Therefore, we are restating our US GAAP financial position and the results of operations of the Tenda segment.

We note that, in itself, the 2008 amounts are not material for the financial statements, however since the Company is already adjusting the financial statements this misstatement is also going to be adjusted.

Error in consolidation eliminations (FIN 46)
During the Company’s review of its consolidation process for US GAAP purposes an error was identified in relation to the intercompany eliminations processed. The error consisted of a double elimination of proportionate consolidated entities under BR GAAP that are accounted for using the equity method under US GAAP, resulting in an understatement of certain assets and liabilities. This error did not affect net income, nor shareholders equity. The error did affect multiple segments, namely Gafisa and Tenda.

Deferred tax asset calculation PPA AUSA
In reviewing its deferred tax positions the Company identified an error relating to the tax rate used in the realization of fair value adjustments and amortization of definite-life intangible assets pertaining to the 2006 business combination for AUSA. It was found that in the shareholder structure of the acquired entities, several entities are subject to a differentiated tax rate. However for the realization of the purchase price allocation adjustments and amortization of definite-life intangible assets the company utilized a single, higher, tax rate. This error resulted in an understatement in deferred tax liabilities and an overstatement in net income for all three years and was therefore recalculated for the years 2009, 2008 and 2007.
 
Allocation of business combination entries
During the Company’s review of the Condensed consolidated balance sheet under US GAAP, it identified a presentation error between the line items “Goodwill,” “Investments,” “Intangible asset, net” and “Deferred Tax Liability.” The presentation error affected 2009, 2008 and 2007 and resulted from an incorrect allocation of the accounting entries for the business combinations for AUSA and CIPESA in 2007. This presentation error has been adjusted and had no effect on Consolidated Statement of Income nor on the Statement of Changes in Equity.

In addition the company identified that one amount relating to the badwill was still included in the carrying amount of the “Intangibles,” since this should be part of the badwill recognized in the income statements the company has processed an adjustment for the year 2008 and 2009, impacting the Equity.
 
Reclassification of noncontrolling interest and equity in results
During the Company's review of their Condensed consolidated statements of income under US GAAP, it identified a presentation error that resulted from adjustment relating to revenue recognition for SPEs being consolidated, while results should have been recognized through equity method. The presentation error caused the noncontrolling interest results to be overstated and therefore several line items in the income stated were adjusted for the year 2009. This error affects the total net income (loss) for 2009, and the Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity. The error was totally adjusted in these financial statements.

Reclassification of noncontrolling interest and equity
During the company’s review of its local GAAP to US GAAP reconciliation the company identified an item that was incorrectly included as equity that should have been presented as noncontrolling interest under US GAAP. The error resulted from an accounting entry processed incorrectly, causing US GAAP equity to increase, showing a GAAP difference that does not exist. The error affected the years 2009 and 2008 and was adjusted in these financial statements through a reclassification between the lines “Noncontrolling interest” and “Equity attributable to the owners of Gafisa S.A.”
 
Deferred tax reversal negative goodwill
The Company reviewed its deferred tax balances under US GAAP and performed an analysis of the effective tax rates on the US GAAP adjustments. During this review the company identified that for one adjustment relating to the reversal of negative goodwill balances for Tenda and Redevco the company did not process a deferred tax adjustment in 2009. We have corrected this error in these financial statements, resulting in an adjustment in the Consolidated Income statement.
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as originally reported
   
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Gafisa Revenue recognition
   
Tenda Revenue recognition
   
Alphaville Revenue recognition
   
Gafisa FIN 46
   
Tenda FIN 46
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
Deferred tax reversal negative goodwill
   
Reclassification of non-controlling interest
   
Reclassification of non-controlling interest SCP Unigafisa
   
Business Combination
   
Redeemable non-controlling interest
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
Assets
                                                                                                           
Current assets
                                                                                                           
Cash and cash equivalents
    1,348,403       (1,055,463 )                       292,940                                                                         292,940  
Marketable securities
          1,005,882                         1,005,882                                                                         1,005,882  
Restricted cash
    47,265       49,581                         96,846                                                                         96,846  
Receivables from clients
    1,188,662             (150,013 )     (188,337 )     56,963       907,275       (50,834 )     (44,606 )                                                           811,835  
Properties for sale
    1,796,000             390,278       305,502       150,978       2,642,758       33,295       27,736                                                             2,703,789  
Other accounts receivable
    87,502             1,398                   88,900                                                                         88,900  
Prepaid expenses
    14,122                               14,122                                                                         14,122  
Deferred income tax
                8,950                   8,950       5,247       4,211                               60,693                               79,101  
                                                                                                                                                 
Investments
    185,364             9,354       (23,268 )     (16,922 )     154,528       (21,526 )     (16,730 )     (26,512 )     53,844       1,362                               (29,559 )           115,407  
Property and equipment, net
    58,969                               58,969                                                                         58,969  
Intangibles, net
    151,343                   67,287             218,630                                                             55,898             274,528  
Goodwill
    31,416                               31,416                                                             31,120             62,536  
Other assets
                                                                                                           
Receivables from clients
    1,691,642             (245,516 )     (249,743 )     (147,810 )     1,048,573                                                                         1,048,573  
Properties for sale
    416,083             (51,135 )                 364,948                                                                         364,948  
Deferred income tax
    15,912             49,112       40,515       11,695       117,234                                                                         117,234  
Other
    96,647             5,179                   101,826                         82,463       67                               91             184,447  
                                                                                                                                                 
Total assets
    7,129,330             17,607       (48,044 )     54,904       7,153,797       (33,818 )     (29,389 )     (26,512 )     136,307       1,429             60,693                   57,550             7,320,057  
                                                                                                                                                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                                                                                                                               
Current liabilities
                                                                                                                                               
Short—term debt, including current portion of long—term debt
    653,070                               653,070                                                                         653,070  
Debentures
    132,077                               132,077                                                                         132,077  
Obligations for purchase of land
    241,396                               241,396                                                                         241,396  
Materials and services suppliers
    169,085                               169,085                                                                         169,085  
Taxes and labor contributions
    199,472                               199,472       (1,855 )     (3,923 )                                                           193,694  
Advances from clients — real estate and services
    349,483             139,064       1,720       96,616       586,883                                                                         586,883  
Credit assignments
    118,846                               118,846                         82,463       67                                           201,376  
Acquisition of investments
    21,090                               21,090                                                                         21,090  
Dividends payable
    50,716                               50,716                                                                         50,716  
Others
    81,863                               81,863                                                                         81,863  
Long—term liabilities
                                                                                                           
Loans, net of current portion
    476,645                               476,645                                                                         476,645  
Debentures, net of current portion
    1,796,000                               1,796,000                                                                         1,796,000  
Deferred income tax
                                                                            16,747                   64,172             80,919  
Obligations for purchase of land
    141,563                               141,563                                                                         141,563  
Others
    484,857             (227 )                 484,630                         53,844       1,362                                           539,836  
                                                                                                             
Redeemable non-controlling interest
                                                                                                    256,000       256,000  
                                                                                                             
Shareholders' equity
                                                                                                           
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    2,165,255             (129,525 )     37,678       (88,999 )     1,984,409       (10,437 )     (8,736 )                       60,693       (16,747 )     (12,435 )     (64,209 )     (6,622 )     (246,498 )     1,679,418  
Noncontrolling interests
    47,912             8,295       (87,442 )     47,287       16,052       (21,526 )     (16,730 )     (26,512 )                             12,435       64,209             (9,502 )     18,426  
                                                                                                                                                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,213,167             (121,230 )     (49,764 )     (41,712 )     2,000,461       (31,963 )     (25,466 )     (26,512 )                 60,693       (16,747 )                 (6,622 )     (256,000 )     1,697,844  
                                                                                                                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    7,129,330             17,607       (48,044 )     54,904       7,153,797       (33,818 )     (29,389 )     (26,512 )     136,307       1,429       60,693                           57,550             7,320,057  
 
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2008
 
   
December 31, 2008 as originally reported
   
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2008 as previously reported
   
Gafisa Revenue recognition
   
Alphaville Revenue recognition
   
Gafisa FIN 46
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
Redeemable non-controlling interests
   
Reclassification of non-controlling interest SCP Unigafisa
   
Business Combination
   
December 31, 2008 as restated
 
Assets
                                                                                   
Current assets
                                                                                   
Cash and cash equivalents
    510,504       (326,980 )     -       -       -       183,524       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       183,524  
Marketable securities
    -       326,980       -       -       -       326,980       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       326,980  
Restricted cash
    76,928       -       -       -       -       76,928       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       76,928  
Receivables from clients
    1,060,845       -       (42,733 )     (115,313 )     19,272       922,071       (19,527 )     -       -       -       -       -       -       902,544  
Properties for sale
    2,058,721       -       316,291       105,354       72,585       2,552,951       12,518       -       -       -       -       -       -       2,565,469  
Other accounts receivable
    127,150       -       1,660       -       -       128,810       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       128,810  
Prepaid expenses
    27,732       -       -       -       -       27,732       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       27,732  
Deferred income tax
    -       -       8,950       -       -       8,950       2,055       -       -       -       -       -       -       11,005  
Investments
    49,135       -       989       (33,173 )     13,256       30,207       (1,716 )     (26,512 )     33,221       -       -       -       (28,895 )     6,305  
Property and equipment, net
    50,852       -       -       -       -       50,852       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       50,852  
Intangibles, net
    188,199       -       -       71,936       -       260,135       -       -       -       -       -       -       59,939       320,074  
Goodwill
    31,416       -       -       -       -       31,416       -       -       -       -       -       -       31,120       62,536  
Other assets
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -  
Receivables from clients
    720,298       -       (283,516 )     (10,927 )     (44,156 )     381,699       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       381,699  
Properties for sale
    149,403       -       (51,135 )     -       -       98,268       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       98,268  
Deferred income tax
    35,067       -       34,311       16,541       3,466       89,385       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       89,385  
Other
    93,153       -       5,179       -       -       98,332       -       -       52,479       -       -       -       (996 )     149,815  
                                                                                                                 
Total assets
    5,179,403       -       (10,004 )     34,418       64,423       5,268,240       (6,670 )     (26,512 )     85,700       -       -       -       61,168       5,381,926  
                                                                                                                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                                                                                               
Current liabilities
                                                                                                               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    430,853       -       -       -       -       430,853       -               -       -       -       -       -       430,853  
Debentures
    64,930       -       -       -       -       64,930       -               -       -       -       -       -       64,930  
Obligations for purchase of land
    278,745       -       -       -       -       278,745       -               -       -       -       -       -       278,745  
Materials and services suppliers
    103,592       -       -       -       -       103,592       -               -       -       -       -       -       103,592  
Taxes and labor contributions
    112,729       -       -       -       -       112,729       (713 )             -       -       -       -       -       112,016  
Advances from clients - real estate and services
    176,958       -       81,793       -       84,305       343,056       -               -       -       -       -       -       343,056  
Credit assignments
    46,844       -       -       -       -       46,844       -               52,479       -       -       -       -       99,323  
Acquisition of investments
    25,296       -       -       -       -       25,296       -               -       -       -       -       -       25296  
Dividends payable
    26,106       -       -       -       -       26,106       -               -       -       -       -       -       26,106  
Others
    85,445       -       -       -       -       85,445       -               -       -       -       -       -       85,445  
Long-term liabilities
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -               -       -       -       -       -       -  
Loans, net of current portion
    587,355       -       -       -       -       587,355       -               -       -       -       -       -       587,355  
Debentures, net of current portion
    442,000       -       -       -       -       442,000       -               -       -       -       -       -       442,000  
Deferred income tax
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -               -       9,222       -       -       67,790       77,012  
Obligations for purchase of land
    225,639       -       -       -       -       225,639       -               -       -       -       -       -       225,639  
Others
    398,474       -       -       -       -       398,474       -               33,221       -       -       -       -       431,695  
                                                                                              -               -  
Redeemable non-controlling interest
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -               -       -       162,832       -       -       162,832  
                                                                                                                 
Shareholders' equity
                                                                                                               
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,723,095       -       (91,797 )     67,591       (33,138 )     1,665,751       (4,241 )     -       -       (9,222 )     (145,769 )     (34,031 )     (6,622 )     1,465,866  
Noncontrolling interests
    451,342       -       -       (33,173 )     13,256       431,425       (1,716 )     (26,512 )     -       -       (17,063 )     34,031       -       420,165  
                                                                                                                 
Total shareholders’ equity
    2,174,437       -       (91,797 )     34,418       (19,882 )     2,097,176       (5,957 )     (26,512 )     -       (9,222 )     (162,832 )     -       (6,622 )     1,886,031  
                                                                                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    5,179,403       -       (10,004 )     34,418       64,423       5,268,240       (6,670 )     (26,512 )     85,700       -       -       -       61,168       5,381,926  
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007
 
   
December 31, 2007 as originally reported
   
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2007 as previously reported
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
Redeemable non-controlling interest
   
Business combination
   
December 31, 2007 as restated
 
Assets
                                                                       
Current assets
                                                                       
Cash and cash equivalents (i)
    512,185       (299,116 )     -       -       -       213,069       -       -       -       -       -       213,069  
Marketable securities (i)
    -       299,116       -       -       -       299,116       -       -       -       -       -       299,116  
Restricted cash
    9,851       -       -       -       -       9,851       -       -       -       -       -       9,851  
Receivables from clients (ii)
    269,363       -       -       (13,724 )     (23,361 )     232,278       -       -       -       -       -       232,278  
Properties for sale (ii)
    990,877       -       -       24,456       40,145       1,055,478       -       -       -       -       -       1,055,478  
Other accounts receivable
    101,279       -       -       -       -       101,279       -       -       -       -       -       101,279  
Prepaid expenses
    45,003       -       -       -       -       45,003       -       -       -       -       -       45,003  
Investments
    46,249       -       -       858       9,640       56,747       -       (1,716 )     (19,280 )     -       (28,143 )     7,608  
Property and equipment, net
    27,336       -       -       -       -       27,336       -       -       -       -       -       27,336  
Intangibles, net
    153,240       -       -       -       -       153,240       -       -       -       -       31,416       184,656  
Goodwill
    31,416       -       -       -       -       31,416       -       -       -       -       31,120       62,536  
                                                                                                 
Receivables from clients (ii)
    505,073       -       -       (25,733 )     (43,803 )     435,537       -       -       -       -       -       435,537  
Properties for sale
    149,403       -       -       -       -       149,403       -       -       -       -       -       149,403  
Deferred income tax (v)
    -       -       -       4,496       2,920       7,416       -       -       -       -       -       7,416  
Other
    47,765       -       -       -       -       47,765       -       -       -       -       -       47,765  
                                                                                                 
Total assets
    2,889,040       -       -       (9,647 )     (14,459 )     2,864,934       -       (1,716 )     (19,280 )     -       34,393       2,878,331  
                                                                                                 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
                                                                                               
Current liabilities
                                                                                               
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt
    59,196       -       -       -       -       59,196       -       -       -       -       -       59,196  
Debentures
    9,190       -       -       -       -       9,190       -       -       -       -       -       9,190  
Obligations for purchase of land
    244,696       -       -       -       -       244,696       -       -       -       -       -       244,696  
Materials and services suppliers
    82,334       -       -       -       -       82,334       -       -       -       -       -       82,334  
Taxes and labor contributions
    60,996       -       -       -       -       60,996       -       -       -       -       -       60,996  
Advances from clients - real estate and services (ii)
    26,485       -       -       -       -       26,485       -       -       -       -       -       26,485  
Credit assignments
    1,442       -       -       -       -       1,442       -       -       -       -       -       1,442  
Acquisition of investments
    48,521       -       -       -       -       48,521       -       -       -       -       -       48,521  
Dividends payable
    26,981       -       -       -       -       26,981       -       -       -       -       -       26,981  
Others
    73,541       -       -       -       -       73,541       -       -       -       -       -       73,541  
Long-term liabilities
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -  
Loans, net of current portion
    378,138       -       -       -       -       378,138       -       -       -       -       -       378,138  
Debentures, net of current portion
    240,000       -       -       -       -       240,000       -       -       -       -       -       240,000  
Deferred income tax
    3,728       -       -       -       -       3,728       182       -       -       -       34,393       38,303  
Obligations for purchase of land
    73,056       -       -       -       -       73,056       -       -       -       -       -       73,056  
Others
    79,290       -       -       -       -       79,290       -       -       -       -       -       79,290  
                                              -       -       -       -       -       -          
Redeemable non-controlling interest
                                            -       -       -       -       142,087       -       142,087  
                                              -       -       -       -       -       -          
Shareholders' equity
                                            -       -       -       -       -       -          
Total Gafisa shareholders’ equity
    1,441,870       -       -       (10,505 )     (24,099 )     1,407,266       (182 )     -       -       (142,165 )     -       1,264,919  
Noncontrolling interests (iv)
    39,576       -       -       858       9,640       50,074       -       (1,716 )     (19,280 )     78       -       29,156  
                                              -       -       -       -       -       -          
Total shareholders’ equity
    1,481,446       -       -       (9,647 )     (14,459 )     1,457,340       (182 )     (1,716 )     (19,280 )     (142,087 )     -       1,294,075  
                                                                                                 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
    2,889,040       -       -       (9,647 )     (14,459 )     2,864,934       -       (1,716 )     (19,280 )     -       34,393       2,878,331  
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2009
 
   
December 31, 2009 as originally reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2009 as previously reported
   
Reclassificiation of Non-controlling interest
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Deferred tax - Tenda and Redevco
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
December 31, 2009 as restated
 
                                                                   
Net operating revenue
    2,338,311       (126,636 )     (287,556 )     (145,321 )     1,778,798       (7,010 )     (30,165 )     (40,683 )                 1,700,940  
                                                                                         
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,652,850 )     73,987       200,148       78,393       (1,300,322 )     (4,508 )     20,777       27,736                   (1,256,317 )
                                                                                         
Gross profit
    685,461       (52,649 )     (87,408 )     (66,928 )     478,476       (11,518 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                 444,623  
                                                                                         
Operating expenses
                                                                                       
Selling; general and administrative
    (439,459 )           74             (439,385 )                                   (439,385 )
Other
    (161,077 )           25,530             (135,547 )     (92 )                             (135,639 )
                                                                                         
Operating income (loss) before financial results and income tax
    84,925       (52,649 )     (61,804 )     (66,928 )     (96,456 )     (11,610 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                 (130,401 )
                                                                                         
Financial income
                            125,913                                     125,913  
Financial expenses
    (83,622 )     85       (22,226 )     2,838       (228,838 )                                   (228,838 )
                                                                                         
Income (loss) before income tax
    1,303       (52,564 )     (84,030 )     (64,090 )     (199,381 )     (11,610 )     (9,388 )     (12,947 )                   (233,326 )
                                                                                         
Taxes on income
                                                                                       
Current
                            (16,398 )                                   (16,398 )
Deferred
                            3,835       (7,641 )     3,192       4,211       60,693       (7,525 )     56,765  
                                                                                         
Income tax expense
    (59,567 )     14,801       23,974       8,229       (12,563 )     (7,641 )     3,192       4,211       60,693       (7,525 )     40,367  
                                                                                         
Income (loss) before equity in results and noncontrolling interests
    (58,264 )     (37,763 )     (60,056 )     (55,861 )     (211,944 )     (19,251 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (192,959 )
Equity in results
    63,862       8,365       9,870             82,097       6,816                               88,913  
                                                                                         
Net income (loss)
    5,598       (29,398 )     (50,186 )     (55,861 )     (129,847 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (104,046 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (42,276 )     (8,365 )     20,308             (30,333 )                                   (30,333 )
                                                                                         
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
                                                                                       
US GAAP net income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
to Common shareholders
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )                                                        
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
                                                                                         
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    (36,678 )     (37,763 )     (29,878 )     (55,861 )     (160,180 )     (12,435 )     (6,196 )     (8,736 )     60,693       (7,525 )     (134,379 )
 
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2008
 
   
December 31, 2008 originally reported
   
Tenda revenue recognition
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2008 as previously reported
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
Business Combination
   
December 31, 2008 as reported
 
                                                       
Net operating revenue
    1,692,706       (126,315 )     (178,766 )     (62,184 )     1,325,441       (18,815 )     -       -       1,306,626  
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (1,198,256 )     92,796       80,898       32,440       (992,122 )     12,518       -       -       (979,604 )
Gross profit
    494,450       (33,519 )     (97,868 )     (29,744 )     333,319       (6,296 )     -       -       327,023  
Operating expenses
                                                                       
Selling, general and administrative
    (306,134 )     (5,417 )     -       -       (311,551 )     -       -       -       (311,551 )
Other
    163,363       573       39,579       -       203,515       -       -       (6,622 )     196,893  
Operating income (loss) before financial results and income tax
    351,679       (38,363 )     (58,289 )     (29,744 )     225,283       (6,296 )     -       (6,622 )     212,365  
Financial income
    40,198       (7,625 )     23,291       20,789       99,335       -       -       -       99,335  
Financial expenses
    -       -       -       -       (22,682 )     -       -       -       (22,682 )
Income (loss) before income tax
    391,877       (45,988 )     (34,998 )     (8,955 )     301,936       (6,296 )     -       (6,622 )     289,018  
Taxes on income
    -       -       -       -       -       -       -       -          
Current
    -       -       -       -       (21,575 )     -       -       -       (21,575 )
Deferred
    -       -       -       -       (20,720 )     2,055       (9,039 )     -       (27,704 )
Income tax expense
    (70,576 )     15,690       12,045       546       (42,295 )     2,055       (9,039 )     -       (49,279 )
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                                                       
 and noncontrolling interests
    321,301       (30,298 )     (22,953 )     (8,409 )     259,641       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     239,739  
Equity in results
    26,257       -       -       3,616       29,873       -       -       -       29,873  
Net income (loss)
    347,558       (30,298 )     (22,953 )     (4,793 )     289,514       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     269,612  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests
    (47,900 )     -       34,031       (3,616 )     (17,485 )     -       -       -       (17,485 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income (loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net income (loss)
                                                                       
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available to Common shareholders
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     252,127  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    299,658       (30,298 )     11,078       (8,409 )     272,029       (4,241 )     (9,039 )     (6,622 )     243,880  
 
 
 
Gafisa S.A.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
(In thousands of Brazilian reais, unless otherwise stated)

 
Consolidated Statement of Operations – year ended December 31, 2007
 
   
December 31, 2007 as previously reported
   
Gafisa revenue recognition
   
Alphaville revenue recognition
   
December 31, 2007 as previously reported
   
Deferred tax PPA AUSA
   
December 31, 2007 as restated
 
                                     
Net operating revenue
    1,090,632       (22,730 )     (69,927 )     997,975       -       997,975  
                                                 
Operating costs (sales and services)
    (865,756 )     7,841       40,145       (817,770 )     -       (817,770 )
                                                 
Gross profit
    224,876       (14,889 )     (29,782 )     180,205       -       180,205  
                                                 
Operating expenses
                                            -  
Selling, general and administrative
    (192,025 )     -       -       (192,025 )     -       (192,025 )
Other
    1,595       -       -       1,595       -       1,595  
                                                 
Operating income
    34,446       (14,889 )     (29,782 )     (10,225 )     -       (10,225 )
                                                 
Financial income (expenses)     27,243       1,623       2,763       31,629       -       31,629  
                                                 
Income before income tax, equity in results and noncontrolling interest
    61,689       (13,266 )     (27,019 )     21,404       -       21,404  
                                                 
Income tax expense
    (1,988 )     4,473       2,920       5,405       (182 )     5,223  
                                                 
Income (loss) before equity in results
                                            -  
 and noncontrolling interests
    59,701       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     26,809       (182 )     26,627  
Equity in results
    8,499       858       9,640       18,997       -       18,997  
                                                 
Net income (Loss)
    68,200       (7,935 )     (14,459 )     45,806       (182 )     45,624  
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests     (4,738 )     (858 )     (9,640 )     (15,236 )     -       (15,236 )
                                                 
Net income (loss) attributable to Gafisa
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570       (182 )     30,388  
                                                 
US GAAP net income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     30,570       (182 )     30,388  
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Basic earnings)      63,462        (8,793 )      (24,099 )      (32,892 )      (182 )      30,388  
                                                 
                                                 
Reconciliation from US GAAP net income to US GAAP net income available
                                               
to Common shareholders
                                               
US GAAP net Income (loss)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     (32,892 )     (182 )     30,388  
                                                 
US GAAP net income (loss) available to Common shareholders (Diluted earnings)
    63,462       (8,793 )     (24,099 )     (32,892 )     (182 )     24,443  
 
 
F-114